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converts that VO2 into speed or power. Genetic and motivational factors also decide who becomes a champion.", "limitations": "Review, not a training trial. Does not prescribe amateur hours.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY01", "citation_ids": [ "PHY01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY01", "authors": "Joyner MJ, Coyle EF", "year": 2008, "title": "Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834", "doi": "10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834", "pmid": "17901124", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Champion endurance athletes; synthesis, not a new cohort", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Performance VO2 is VO2max times sustainable fraction; efficiency converts that VO2 into speed or power. Genetic and motivational factors also decide who becomes a champion.", "limitations": "Review, not a training trial. Does not prescribe amateur hours.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY02", "authors": "Bassett DR, Howley ET", "year": 2000, "title": "Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012", "pmid": "10647532", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercising humans; endurance performance synthesis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "VO2max limited primarily by oxygen delivery. Mitochondrial adaptations improve submaximal endurance by raising fat oxidation and lowering lactate at a given VO2. LT speed integrates VO2max, economy and fractional utilization.", "limitations": "Review. Training evidence for a-vO2 difference cited is older than Montero 2015.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY02", "citation_ids": [ "PHY02" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2000 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY02", "authors": "Bassett DR, Howley ET", "year": 2000, "title": "Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012", "pmid": "10647532", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercising humans; endurance performance synthesis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "VO2max limited primarily by oxygen delivery. Mitochondrial adaptations improve submaximal endurance by raising fat oxidation and lowering lactate at a given VO2. LT speed integrates VO2max, economy and fractional utilization.", "limitations": "Review. Training evidence for a-vO2 difference cited is older than Montero 2015.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY03", "authors": "di Prampero PE", "year": 2003, "title": "Factors limiting maximal performance in humans", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z", "pmid": "12910345", "design": "Theoretical model", "population": "Model of track running; O2 conductance equation", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "For two-leg exercise, circulatory O2 transport estimated as about 75% of post-lung resistance to VO2max. Mitochondrial capacity and diffusion share the rest.", "limitations": "Model, not a cyclist intervention. Percentages are theoretical.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY03", "citation_ids": [ "PHY03" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2003 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY03", "authors": "di Prampero PE", "year": 2003, "title": "Factors limiting maximal performance in humans", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z", "pmid": "12910345", "design": "Theoretical model", "population": "Model of track running; O2 conductance equation", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "For two-leg exercise, circulatory O2 transport estimated as about 75% of post-lung resistance to VO2max. Mitochondrial capacity and diffusion share the rest.", "limitations": "Model, not a cyclist intervention. Percentages are theoretical.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s00421-003-0926-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY04", "authors": "Lundby C, Montero D, Joyner M", "year": 2017, "title": "Biology of VO2max: looking under the physiology lamp", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12827", "doi": "10.1111/apha.12827", "pmid": "27888580", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Training and athlete cross-sections", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Training-induced VO2max increases are largely via red-cell volume expansion and stroke volume. Previously untrained people respond if dose is sufficient.", "limitations": "Review. Does not quantify 7-12 h amateur gains.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/apha.12827" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY04", "citation_ids": [ "PHY04" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY04", "authors": "Lundby C, Montero D, Joyner M", "year": 2017, "title": "Biology of VO2max: looking under the physiology lamp", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12827", "doi": "10.1111/apha.12827", "pmid": "27888580", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Training and athlete cross-sections", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Training-induced VO2max increases are largely via red-cell volume expansion and stroke volume. Previously untrained people respond if dose is sufficient.", "limitations": "Review. Does not quantify 7-12 h amateur gains.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/apha.12827" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY05", "authors": "Montero D, Diaz-Canestro C, Lundby C", "year": 2015, "title": "Endurance training and VO2max: role of maximal cardiac output and oxygen extraction", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000640", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000640", "pmid": "25680086", "design": "Systematic review and data pooling", "population": "13 studies, 130 untrained or moderately trained healthy young adults, mean age 22-28", "duration": "5 to 12.9 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max SMD 0.75. Conclusion in retrieved abstract: improvement associated with increase in maximal cardiac output, not arteriovenous O2 difference. Exact Qmax SMD truncated in first Europe PMC pull; conclusion verified.", "limitations": "Not well-trained cyclists. Small evidence base. Some effect sizes not fully captured in the retrieved abstract fragment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000000640" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY05", "citation_ids": [ "PHY05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY05", "authors": "Montero D, Diaz-Canestro C, Lundby C", "year": 2015, "title": "Endurance training and VO2max: role of maximal cardiac output and oxygen extraction", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000640", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000640", "pmid": "25680086", "design": "Systematic review and data pooling", "population": "13 studies, 130 untrained or moderately trained healthy young adults, mean age 22-28", "duration": "5 to 12.9 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max SMD 0.75. Conclusion in retrieved abstract: improvement associated with increase in maximal cardiac output, not arteriovenous O2 difference. Exact Qmax SMD truncated in first Europe PMC pull; conclusion verified.", "limitations": "Not well-trained cyclists. Small evidence base. Some effect sizes not fully captured in the retrieved abstract fragment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000000640" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY06", "authors": "Montero D, Cathomen A, Jacobs RA, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Haematological rather than skeletal muscle adaptations contribute to the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by moderate endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp270250", "doi": "10.1113/jp270250", "pmid": "26282186", "design": "Controlled training plus phlebotomy", "population": "16 untrained healthy men, age 25±4, VO2peak 3.5±0.5 L/min", "duration": "6 weeks, 3-4 sessions/week", "key_results": "VO2peak +9±8%, Qpeak +7±6%, RBCV +8±4%, plasma volume +4±6%, Hb mass +6±5%, capillary-to-fibre +18±16%, mitochondrial volume density +43±30%. Phlebotomy returning RBCV to baseline reduced VO2peak -7±7% and Qpeak -10±7%. OXPHOS unchanged.", "limitations": "Untrained men. Moderate endurance training, not a cyclist TID comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp270250" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY06", "citation_ids": [ "PHY06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY06", "authors": "Montero D, Cathomen A, Jacobs RA, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Haematological rather than skeletal muscle adaptations contribute to the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by moderate endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp270250", "doi": "10.1113/jp270250", "pmid": "26282186", "design": "Controlled training plus phlebotomy", "population": "16 untrained healthy men, age 25±4, VO2peak 3.5±0.5 L/min", "duration": "6 weeks, 3-4 sessions/week", "key_results": "VO2peak +9±8%, Qpeak +7±6%, RBCV +8±4%, plasma volume +4±6%, Hb mass +6±5%, capillary-to-fibre +18±16%, mitochondrial volume density +43±30%. Phlebotomy returning RBCV to baseline reduced VO2peak -7±7% and Qpeak -10±7%. OXPHOS unchanged.", "limitations": "Untrained men. Moderate endurance training, not a cyclist TID comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp270250" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY07", "authors": "Skattebo O, Martin-Rincon M, Rud B, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained females and males", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp289218", "doi": "10.1113/jp289218", "pmid": "40974561", "design": "Cross-sectional invasive mechanistic study", "population": "23 highly trained cyclists and triathletes, 10 women, age 29±6", "duration": "acute maximal test", "key_results": "Maximal cardiac output 22±3 vs 30±3 L/min. Leg O2 extraction 91±3% vs 92±3%, similar mitochondria and capillaries. Women had ~10% lower Hb concentration and lower LBM-normalised O2 delivery and VO2max.", "limitations": "Cross-sectional, not a training intervention. Small female n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp289218" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY07", "citation_ids": [ "PHY07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY07", "authors": "Skattebo O, Martin-Rincon M, Rud B, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained females and males", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp289218", "doi": "10.1113/jp289218", "pmid": "40974561", "design": "Cross-sectional invasive mechanistic study", "population": "23 highly trained cyclists and triathletes, 10 women, age 29±6", "duration": "acute maximal test", "key_results": "Maximal cardiac output 22±3 vs 30±3 L/min. Leg O2 extraction 91±3% vs 92±3%, similar mitochondria and capillaries. Women had ~10% lower Hb concentration and lower LBM-normalised O2 delivery and VO2max.", "limitations": "Cross-sectional, not a training intervention. Small female n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp289218" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY08", "authors": "Skattebo O, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL, Hallen J, Holmberg HC", "year": 2026, "title": "A review of central and peripheral limitations to endurance exercise performance on the road to the Milano-Cortina 2026 Olympics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70266", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70266", "pmid": "41845944", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance athletes, winter-sport emphasis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Systemic O2 delivery is the primary limiter of VO2max in elite athletes. Mitochondrial density and capillarisation support fractional utilization and extraction, which may exceed 95% in some elite skiers. Most fractional-utilization values in the literature are estimates.", "limitations": "First publication 2026-03-01, before cutoff. Scarce invasive female data. Not a cycling dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/sms.70266" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY08", "citation_ids": [ "PHY08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY08", "authors": "Skattebo O, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL, Hallen J, Holmberg HC", "year": 2026, "title": "A review of central and peripheral limitations to endurance exercise performance on the road to the Milano-Cortina 2026 Olympics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70266", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70266", "pmid": "41845944", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance athletes, winter-sport emphasis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Systemic O2 delivery is the primary limiter of VO2max in elite athletes. Mitochondrial density and capillarisation support fractional utilization and extraction, which may exceed 95% in some elite skiers. Most fractional-utilization values in the literature are estimates.", "limitations": "First publication 2026-03-01, before cutoff. Scarce invasive female data. Not a cycling dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/sms.70266" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY09", "authors": "Jones AM, Carter H", "year": 2000, "title": "The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001", "pmid": "10870864", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Key aerobic parameters: VO2max, economy, lactate/ventilatory threshold, VO2 kinetics; related markers include velocity at VO2max and MLSS or critical power.", "limitations": "Review from 2000. Does not give amateur hour prescriptions.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY09", "citation_ids": [ "PHY09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2000 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY09", "authors": "Jones AM, Carter H", "year": 2000, "title": "The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001", "pmid": "10870864", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Key aerobic parameters: VO2max, economy, lactate/ventilatory threshold, VO2 kinetics; related markers include velocity at VO2max and MLSS or critical power.", "limitations": "Review from 2000. Does not give amateur hour prescriptions.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2165/00007256-200029060-00001" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY10", "authors": "Jones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A", "year": 2019, "title": "The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the gold standard", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14098", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14098", "pmid": "31124324", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology synthesis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "MLSS as commonly measured underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. CP is the heavy-severe boundary. Exercise at CP is typically sustainable for about 20-30 min.", "limitations": "Argumentative review. Sustainability range is typical, not a universal constant.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6533178", "Europe PMC core abstract", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6533178/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY10", "citation_ids": [ "PHY10", "DUR08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY10", "authors": "Jones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A", "year": 2019, "title": "The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the gold standard", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14098", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14098", "pmid": "31124324", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology synthesis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "MLSS as commonly measured underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. CP is the heavy-severe boundary. Exercise at CP is typically sustainable for about 20-30 min.", "limitations": "Argumentative review. Sustainability range is typical, not a universal constant.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6533178", "Europe PMC core abstract" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR08", "authors": "Jones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A", "year": 2019, "title": "The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the 'gold standard'", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14098", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14098", "pmid": "31124324", "design": "Review/position", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Argues conventional MLSS underestimates MMSS and CP is the heavy-severe boundary; exercise at CP often sustainable ~20-30 min. Do not treat MLSS and CP as synonymous.", "limitations": "Interpretation paper, not a new trial.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC6533178/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY11", "authors": "Galan-Rioja MA, Gonzalez-Mohino F, Poole DC, Gonzalez-Rave JM", "year": 2020, "title": "Relative proximity of critical power and metabolic/ventilatory thresholds: systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "pmid": "32613479", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "9 studies, 104 participants", "duration": "n/a cross-sectional comparisons", "key_results": "Pooled r=0.73 between CP and thresholds. VT1 underestimated CP by ~30%, MLSS by ~11%, RCP overestimated by ~6%, VT2 by ~21%. CP and VT2 correlation not significant in subgroup.", "limitations": "Small study set. Inclusion wording required RCTs, which is an odd filter for correlation studies. Offsets are not individual constants.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32613479" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY11", "citation_ids": [ "PHY11", "DUR07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY11", "authors": "Galan-Rioja MA, Gonzalez-Mohino F, Poole DC, Gonzalez-Rave JM", "year": 2020, "title": "Relative proximity of critical power and metabolic/ventilatory thresholds: systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "pmid": "32613479", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "9 studies, 104 participants", "duration": "n/a cross-sectional comparisons", "key_results": "Pooled r=0.73 between CP and thresholds. VT1 underestimated CP by ~30%, MLSS by ~11%, RCP overestimated by ~6%, VT2 by ~21%. CP and VT2 correlation not significant in subgroup.", "limitations": "Small study set. Inclusion wording required RCTs, which is an odd filter for correlation studies. Offsets are not individual constants.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR07", "authors": "Galán-Rioja MÁ, González-Mohíno F, Poole DC, González-Ravé JM", "year": 2020, "title": "Relative Proximity of Critical Power and Metabolic/Ventilatory Thresholds: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01314-8", "pmid": "32613479", "design": "Meta-analysis, 9 studies, 104 participants", "population": "Mixed exercise studies meeting inclusion", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "CP correlated with MLSS r=0.77, RCP r=0.80, VT1 r=0.76; not with VT2. MLSS ~11% below CP, VT1 ~30% below, RCP ~6% above, VT2 ~21% above.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous methods; abstract only; search date 2 Oct 2019.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32613479" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY12", "authors": "Burnley M, Jones AM", "year": 2018, "title": "Power-duration relationship: physiology, fatigue, and the limits of human performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524", "pmid": "27806677", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human power-duration physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Only a small power range is sustainable, below CP. Moderate domain fatigue is slow and largely central; heavy domain involves glycogen-related fatigue; severe domain loses metabolic homeostasis and VO2 rises toward max. W-prime is finite work above CP.", "limitations": "Review. W-prime is model-dependent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY12", "citation_ids": [ "PHY12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY12", "authors": "Burnley M, Jones AM", "year": 2018, "title": "Power-duration relationship: physiology, fatigue, and the limits of human performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524", "pmid": "27806677", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human power-duration physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Only a small power range is sustainable, below CP. Moderate domain fatigue is slow and largely central; heavy domain involves glycogen-related fatigue; severe domain loses metabolic homeostasis and VO2 rises toward max. W-prime is finite work above CP.", "limitations": "Review. W-prime is model-dependent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1080/17461391.2016.1249524" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY13", "authors": "Poole DC, Rossiter HB, Brooks GA, Gladden LB", "year": 2021, "title": "The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp279963", "doi": "10.1113/jp279963", "pmid": "33112439", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lactate rise is not evidence of muscle anoxia. The threshold for a sustained non-oxidative contribution is critical power, often far above the lactate threshold.", "limitations": "Conceptual review. Does not validate a zone chart.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp279963" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY13", "citation_ids": [ "PHY13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY13", "authors": "Poole DC, Rossiter HB, Brooks GA, Gladden LB", "year": 2021, "title": "The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp279963", "doi": "10.1113/jp279963", "pmid": "33112439", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lactate rise is not evidence of muscle anoxia. The threshold for a sustained non-oxidative contribution is critical power, often far above the lactate threshold.", "limitations": "Conceptual review. Does not validate a zone chart.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp279963" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY14", "authors": "Coyle EF", "year": 1999, "title": "Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80172-8", "doi": "10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80172-8", "pmid": "10668757", "design": "Narrative review / model", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "events of 30 min to 4 h", "key_results": "Endurance model centres on lactate-threshold velocity and gross mechanical efficiency. At 80 rpm, efficiency positively related to type I fibre composition. Oxygen and blood-glucose availability also influence performance.", "limitations": "1999 synthesis. Carbohydrate 30-60 g/h is historical relative to current fueling evidence and is not used as a prescription here.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core AUTH:Coyle AND TITLE:determinants" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY14", "citation_ids": [ "PHY14" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1999 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY14", "authors": "Coyle EF", "year": 1999, "title": "Physiological determinants of endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80172-8", "doi": "10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80172-8", "pmid": "10668757", "design": "Narrative review / model", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "events of 30 min to 4 h", "key_results": "Endurance model centres on lactate-threshold velocity and gross mechanical efficiency. At 80 rpm, efficiency positively related to type I fibre composition. Oxygen and blood-glucose availability also influence performance.", "limitations": "1999 synthesis. Carbohydrate 30-60 g/h is historical relative to current fueling evidence and is not used as a prescription here.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core AUTH:Coyle AND TITLE:determinants" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY15", "authors": "Hopker J, Passfield L, Coleman D, Jobson S, Edwards L, Carter H", "year": 2009, "title": "The effects of training on gross efficiency in cycling: a review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237712", "doi": "10.1055/s-0029-1237712", "pmid": "19941249", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Cyclists, cross-sectional and training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Authors conclude well-controlled studies show training can raise gross efficiency; many null cross-sectional comparisons were methodologically weak. Mechanisms remain undetermined.", "limitations": "Review. Specific effect sizes not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0029-1237712" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY15", "citation_ids": [ "PHY15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2009 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY15", "authors": "Hopker J, Passfield L, Coleman D, Jobson S, Edwards L, Carter H", "year": 2009, "title": "The effects of training on gross efficiency in cycling: a review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237712", "doi": "10.1055/s-0029-1237712", "pmid": "19941249", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Cyclists, cross-sectional and training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Authors conclude well-controlled studies show training can raise gross efficiency; many null cross-sectional comparisons were methodologically weak. Mechanisms remain undetermined.", "limitations": "Review. Specific effect sizes not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0029-1237712" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY16", "authors": "Hopker J, Coleman D, Jobson SA, Passfield L", "year": 2012, "title": "Inverse relationship between VO2max and gross efficiency", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1304640", "doi": "10.1055/s-0032-1304640", "pmid": "22562732", "design": "Two training experiments", "population": "Experiment 1: 14 trained cyclists across a season. Experiment 2: 29 trained cyclists, 12 weeks", "duration": "season and 12 weeks", "key_results": "Training raised gross efficiency but not VO2max. Within-subject inverse correlation r=-0.32 across the season and r=-0.78 in the high-intensity group over the first 6 weeks.", "limitations": "Self-coached season in experiment 1. Not a randomized intensity-percentage trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1304640" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY16", "citation_ids": [ "PHY16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY16", "authors": "Hopker J, Coleman D, Jobson SA, Passfield L", "year": 2012, "title": "Inverse relationship between VO2max and gross efficiency", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1304640", "doi": "10.1055/s-0032-1304640", "pmid": "22562732", "design": "Two training experiments", "population": "Experiment 1: 14 trained cyclists across a season. Experiment 2: 29 trained cyclists, 12 weeks", "duration": "season and 12 weeks", "key_results": "Training raised gross efficiency but not VO2max. Within-subject inverse correlation r=-0.32 across the season and r=-0.78 in the high-intensity group over the first 6 weeks.", "limitations": "Self-coached season in experiment 1. Not a randomized intensity-percentage trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1304640" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY17", "authors": "Hopker JG, O'Grady C, Pageaux B", "year": 2017, "title": "Prolonged constant load cycling exercise is associated with reduced gross efficiency and increased muscle oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12673", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12673", "pmid": "26993076", "design": "Acute repeated-measures", "population": "14 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "2 h at 60% of maximal minute power", "key_results": "Gross efficiency was tracked at 5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during prolonged constant-load cycling. Title and abstract report reduced gross efficiency with increased muscle oxygen uptake. Magnitude of the GE drop was truncated in the retrieved abstract and is not stated.", "limitations": "Acute, not a training effect. 60% of maximal minute power is not 60% FTP.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/sms.12673" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY17", "citation_ids": [ "PHY17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY17", "authors": "Hopker JG, O'Grady C, Pageaux B", "year": 2017, "title": "Prolonged constant load cycling exercise is associated with reduced gross efficiency and increased muscle oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12673", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12673", "pmid": "26993076", "design": "Acute repeated-measures", "population": "14 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "2 h at 60% of maximal minute power", "key_results": "Gross efficiency was tracked at 5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during prolonged constant-load cycling. Title and abstract report reduced gross efficiency with increased muscle oxygen uptake. Magnitude of the GE drop was truncated in the retrieved abstract and is not stated.", "limitations": "Acute, not a training effect. 60% of maximal minute power is not 60% FTP.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/sms.12673" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY18", "authors": "Jacobs RA, Rasmussen P, Siebenmann C, et al.", "year": 2011, "title": "Determinants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011", "pmid": "21885805", "design": "Cross-sectional multivariate", "population": "16 highly trained cyclists; 150 variables reduced to 10 factors", "duration": "26 km time trial and incremental test", "key_results": "Time-trial power associated with vastus lateralis oxidative phosphorylation capacity, submaximal lactate, and maximal leg oxygenation, accounting for 78% of variance. Maximal power associated with Hb mass, VO2max and leg oxygenation.", "limitations": "Small n, large predictor set, overfitting risk. Not a training trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY18", "citation_ids": [ "PHY18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY18", "authors": "Jacobs RA, Rasmussen P, Siebenmann C, et al.", "year": 2011, "title": "Determinants of time trial performance and maximal incremental exercise in highly trained endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011", "pmid": "21885805", "design": "Cross-sectional multivariate", "population": "16 highly trained cyclists; 150 variables reduced to 10 factors", "duration": "26 km time trial and incremental test", "key_results": "Time-trial power associated with vastus lateralis oxidative phosphorylation capacity, submaximal lactate, and maximal leg oxygenation, accounting for 78% of variance. Maximal power associated with Hb mass, VO2max and leg oxygenation.", "limitations": "Small n, large predictor set, overfitting risk. Not a training trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2011" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY19", "authors": "Maunder E, Seiler S, Mildenhall MJ, Kilding AE, Plews DJ", "year": 2021, "title": "The importance of durability in the physiological profiling of endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "pmid": "33886100", "design": "Narrative review with field illustration", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Physiological profiling variables change during prolonged exercise. Durability defined as timing and magnitude of that deterioration. Fresh profiles mislead intensity regulation and performance prediction if durability is ignored.", "limitations": "Conceptual. Does not prove a training method.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33886100" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY19", "citation_ids": [ "PHY19", "DUR48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY19", "authors": "Maunder E, Seiler S, Mildenhall MJ, Kilding AE, Plews DJ", "year": 2021, "title": "The importance of durability in the physiological profiling of endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "pmid": "33886100", "design": "Narrative review with field illustration", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Physiological profiling variables change during prolonged exercise. Durability defined as timing and magnitude of that deterioration. Fresh profiles mislead intensity regulation and performance prediction if durability is ignored.", "limitations": "Conceptual. Does not prove a training method.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR48", "authors": "Maunder E, Seiler S, Mildenhall MJ, Kilding AE, Plews DJ", "year": 2021, "title": "The Importance of 'Durability' in the Physiological Profiling of Endurance Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01459-0", "pmid": "33886100", "design": "Review plus illustrative field data", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Defines durability as time of onset and magnitude of deterioration in profiling characteristics during prolonged exercise.", "limitations": "Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33886100" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY20", "authors": "Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J", "year": 2023, "title": "The relationship between training characteristics and durability in professional cyclists across a competitive season", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "pmid": "35239466", "design": "Observational season analysis", "population": "30 male U23 professional cyclists, VO2max 73.8±2.5, CP 5.48±0.38 W/kg", "duration": "competitive season, early/mid/late", "key_results": "Fatigued power profile (after 2000 kJ) varied more across the season than the fresh profile. Time below VT1 correlated with fatigued 5-min (r=0.43, p=0.018) and 12-min power (r=0.376, p=0.04). A shift toward polarized distribution correlated with fatigued 12-min power (r=0.414, p=0.023).", "limitations": "Observational, one level of rider, not a randomized volume trial. Abstract punctuation was messy; correlations cited are those explicitly recoverable.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35239466" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY20", "citation_ids": [ "PHY20", "DUR42" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY20", "authors": "Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J", "year": 2023, "title": "The relationship between training characteristics and durability in professional cyclists across a competitive season", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "pmid": "35239466", "design": "Observational season analysis", "population": "30 male U23 professional cyclists, VO2max 73.8±2.5, CP 5.48±0.38 W/kg", "duration": "competitive season, early/mid/late", "key_results": "Fatigued power profile (after 2000 kJ) varied more across the season than the fresh profile. Time below VT1 correlated with fatigued 5-min (r=0.43, p=0.018) and 12-min power (r=0.376, p=0.04). A shift toward polarized distribution correlated with fatigued 12-min power (r=0.414, p=0.023).", "limitations": "Observational, one level of rider, not a randomized volume trial. Abstract punctuation was messy; correlations cited are those explicitly recoverable.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR42", "authors": "Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J", "year": 2023, "title": "The relationship between training characteristics and durability in professional cyclists across a competitive season", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2022.2049886", "pmid": "35239466", "design": "Observational season, fresh MMP before 2000 kJ vs fatigued after 2000 kJ", "population": "30 U23 professionals, VO2max 73.8±2.5, CP 5.48±0.38 W/kg", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "Fatigued 5- and 12-min MMP lower late season. Time below VT1 associated with fatigued MMP (r=0.43 and 0.376). Polarised shift associated with 12-min fatigued MMP (r=0.414).", "limitations": "Observational; abstract only; not causal.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35239466" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY21", "authors": "Gallo G, Faelli EL, Ruggeri P, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Power output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition decreases in a non-linear fashion during prolonged exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3", "pmid": "38483635", "design": "Acute prolonged cycling", "population": "12 trained cyclists, age 40±8, VO2peak 52.3±5.2", "duration": "to task failure, 234±66 min", "key_results": "VT1 power fell as a second-order polynomial in 11 of 12. Time to 5% VT1 drop 139±78 min correlated with time to failure (rs=0.676). Related to rested fat-oxidation rates.", "limitations": "Acute, not a training study. Recreationally trained rather than WorldTour.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY21", "citation_ids": [ "PHY21" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY21", "authors": "Gallo G, Faelli EL, Ruggeri P, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Power output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition decreases in a non-linear fashion during prolonged exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3", "pmid": "38483635", "design": "Acute prolonged cycling", "population": "12 trained cyclists, age 40±8, VO2peak 52.3±5.2", "duration": "to task failure, 234±66 min", "key_results": "VT1 power fell as a second-order polynomial in 11 of 12. Time to 5% VT1 drop 139±78 min correlated with time to failure (rs=0.676). Related to rested fat-oxidation rates.", "limitations": "Acute, not a training study. Recreationally trained rather than WorldTour.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s00421-024-05440-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY22", "authors": "Leo P, Spragg J, Simon D, Lawley JS, Mujika I", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics and power profile of professional U23 cyclists throughout a competitive season", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8120167", "doi": "10.3390/sports8120167", "pmid": "33348618", "design": "Observational season monitoring", "population": "30 male U23 professionals, age 20.0±1.0, VO2max 73.7±2.5", "duration": "one season in four calendar periods", "key_results": "Period hours: pre 167±46, early 202±28, mid 219±26, late 150±36. VT1 256±22 W, VT2 367±38 W, CP 382±33 W, W-prime 17.8±3.6 kJ. Season HR distribution about 17-19% below VT1, 51-63% between thresholds, 8-9% above VT2.", "limitations": "One team. Includes racing. Weekly hours in the brief are derived from calendar windows, not reported by the paper. Heart-rate zones can misclassify intensity.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7766290" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY22", "citation_ids": [ "PHY22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY22", "authors": "Leo P, Spragg J, Simon D, Lawley JS, Mujika I", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics and power profile of professional U23 cyclists throughout a competitive season", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8120167", "doi": "10.3390/sports8120167", "pmid": "33348618", "design": "Observational season monitoring", "population": "30 male U23 professionals, age 20.0±1.0, VO2max 73.7±2.5", "duration": "one season in four calendar periods", "key_results": "Period hours: pre 167±46, early 202±28, mid 219±26, late 150±36. VT1 256±22 W, VT2 367±38 W, CP 382±33 W, W-prime 17.8±3.6 kJ. Season HR distribution about 17-19% below VT1, 51-63% between thresholds, 8-9% above VT2.", "limitations": "One team. Includes racing. Weekly hours in the brief are derived from calendar windows, not reported by the paper. Heart-rate zones can misclassify intensity.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7766290" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY23", "authors": "Molmen KS, Almquist NW, Skattebo O", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-regression", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2", "pmid": "39390310", "design": "Systematic review and meta-regression", "population": "5973 participants; 353 mitochondrial and 131 capillary articles. Well-trained mean VO2max 62.2±6.7, few groups, 97% men", "duration": "search to 2 February 2022; interventions of varying weeks", "key_results": "Adjusted mitochondrial content +23±5% ET, +27±5% HIT, +27±7% SIT. Per hour SIT ~3.9x ET and HIT ~1.7x ET. Frequency 6>4>2 sessions/week. Well-trained pooled mito estimate +6.6±6.5% (P=0.046). Per-hour endurance-training estimate in that stratum was not statistically distinguished from zero (P=0.933); imprecise, not proof that extra easy hours cannot change mitochondria. Capillaries per fibre similar across modalities and mostly <4 weeks; not clear in well-trained. Load = volume x intensity.", "limitations": "ET bin is everything below VT2, not Zone 2. Mostly untrained. Not cycling performance. No newer meta-analysis found through 2026-10-02.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11787188", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39390310/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY23", "citation_ids": [ "PHY23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY23", "authors": "Molmen KS, Almquist NW, Skattebo O", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-regression", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02120-2", "pmid": "39390310", "design": "Systematic review and meta-regression", "population": "5973 participants; 353 mitochondrial and 131 capillary articles. Well-trained mean VO2max 62.2±6.7, few groups, 97% men", "duration": "search to 2 February 2022; interventions of varying weeks", "key_results": "Adjusted mitochondrial content +23±5% ET, +27±5% HIT, +27±7% SIT. Per hour SIT ~3.9x ET and HIT ~1.7x ET. Frequency 6>4>2 sessions/week. Well-trained pooled mito estimate +6.6±6.5% (P=0.046). Per-hour endurance-training estimate in that stratum was not statistically distinguished from zero (P=0.933); imprecise, not proof that extra easy hours cannot change mitochondria. Capillaries per fibre similar across modalities and mostly <4 weeks; not clear in well-trained. Load = volume x intensity.", "limitations": "ET bin is everything below VT2, not Zone 2. Mostly untrained. Not cycling performance. No newer meta-analysis found through 2026-10-02.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11787188", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39390310/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY24", "authors": "Granata C, Jamnick NA, Bishop DJ", "year": 2018, "title": "Training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and respiratory function in human skeletal muscle", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y", "pmid": "29934848", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Volume may be critical for mitochondrial content; relative intensity for respiratory function. Content and function can dissociate. Acute signalling does not guarantee training adaptation.", "limitations": "Review preceding the 2025 meta-regression. Some claims are interpretive.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY24", "citation_ids": [ "PHY24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY24", "authors": "Granata C, Jamnick NA, Bishop DJ", "year": 2018, "title": "Training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and respiratory function in human skeletal muscle", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y", "pmid": "29934848", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Volume may be critical for mitochondrial content; relative intensity for respiratory function. Content and function can dissociate. Acute signalling does not guarantee training adaptation.", "limitations": "Review preceding the 2025 meta-regression. Some claims are interpretive.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY25", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196", "doi": "10.1113/JP273196", "pmid": "27748956", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human interval and continuous training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Work-matched comparisons suggest greater mitochondrial content after HIIT than MICT. SIT can match MICT mitochondrial gains at lower volume. HIIT generally increases VO2max more than MICT for a given volume. Intensity-duration-frequency interactions not thoroughly explored.", "limitations": "Review. Not cyclist-only. Does not establish a Zone 2 pathway.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "workspace retrieval of PMID 27748956 abstract from Europe PMC record", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748956/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY25", "citation_ids": [ "PHY25", "INT32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY25", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196", "doi": "10.1113/JP273196", "pmid": "27748956", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human interval and continuous training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Work-matched comparisons suggest greater mitochondrial content after HIIT than MICT. SIT can match MICT mitochondrial gains at lower volume. HIIT generally increases VO2max more than MICT for a given volume. Intensity-duration-frequency interactions not thoroughly explored.", "limitations": "Review. Not cyclist-only. Does not establish a Zone 2 pathway.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "workspace retrieval of PMID 27748956 abstract from Europe PMC record" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "INT32", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196", "doi": "10.1113/JP273196", "pmid": "27748956", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Mixed human training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "HIIT generally increases VO2max more than MICT for a given volume. SIT can match MICT mitochondrial and VO2max gains at lower volume. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and capillarization less completely mapped than muscle signaling.", "limitations": "Review, not a cyclist trial. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748956/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY26", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Zacharewicz E, Martin BJ, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle after interval compared to continuous single-leg cycling matched for total work", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp272570", "doi": "10.1113/jp272570", "pmid": "27396440", "design": "Within-subject training", "population": "10 young active men, single-leg cycling", "duration": "6 sessions over 2 weeks", "key_results": "HIIT (4x5 min at 65% single-leg Wpeak) increased citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiration more than work- and duration-matched continuous cycling at 50% Wpeak.", "limitations": "Active men, not trained cyclists. Single-leg model. Short. Abstract truncated before exact percent changes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp272570" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY26", "citation_ids": [ "PHY26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY26", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Zacharewicz E, Martin BJ, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle after interval compared to continuous single-leg cycling matched for total work", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp272570", "doi": "10.1113/jp272570", "pmid": "27396440", "design": "Within-subject training", "population": "10 young active men, single-leg cycling", "duration": "6 sessions over 2 weeks", "key_results": "HIIT (4x5 min at 65% single-leg Wpeak) increased citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiration more than work- and duration-matched continuous cycling at 50% Wpeak.", "limitations": "Active men, not trained cyclists. Single-leg model. Short. Abstract truncated before exact percent changes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/jp272570" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY27", "authors": "Skelly LE, MacInnis MJ, Bostad W, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to single-leg intermittent or continuous cycle exercise training matched for absolute intensity and total work", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14332", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14332", "pmid": "36779702", "design": "Within-subject training", "population": "10 young healthy adults, 5 women", "duration": "12 sessions over 4 weeks", "key_results": "When absolute intensity, time and volume were matched, interval pattern did not produce greater mitochondrial-content biomarkers than continuous cycling. Abstract truncated before exact null statistics.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Intensity was moderate (~50% single-leg Wpeak), so this does not refute higher-intensity advantages.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core PMID 36779702" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY27", "citation_ids": [ "PHY27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY27", "authors": "Skelly LE, MacInnis MJ, Bostad W, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial responses to single-leg intermittent or continuous cycle exercise training matched for absolute intensity and total work", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14332", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14332", "pmid": "36779702", "design": "Within-subject training", "population": "10 young healthy adults, 5 women", "duration": "12 sessions over 4 weeks", "key_results": "When absolute intensity, time and volume were matched, interval pattern did not produce greater mitochondrial-content biomarkers than continuous cycling. Abstract truncated before exact null statistics.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Intensity was moderate (~50% single-leg Wpeak), so this does not refute higher-intensity advantages.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core PMID 36779702" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY28", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Arnold J, Nelson H, Watt J, Seiler S", "year": 2024, "title": "The additional effect of training above the maximal metabolic steady state on VO2peak, Wpeak and time-trial performance in endurance-trained athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y", "pmid": "37737543", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "14 studies, 171 recreational and 128 competitive endurance athletes, VO2peak 38-68", "duration": "2-12 weeks", "key_results": "Training above MMSS added 2.5 mL/kg/min (95% CI 1.4-3.6) to VO2peak versus training only below MMSS. No intensity-specific effect concluded for Wpeak or time trial, partly from smaller samples.", "limitations": "Mixed sports. Not a volume-dose trial. TT evidence underpowered by the authors' own statement.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY28", "citation_ids": [ "PHY28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY28", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Arnold J, Nelson H, Watt J, Seiler S", "year": 2024, "title": "The additional effect of training above the maximal metabolic steady state on VO2peak, Wpeak and time-trial performance in endurance-trained athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y", "pmid": "37737543", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "14 studies, 171 recreational and 128 competitive endurance athletes, VO2peak 38-68", "duration": "2-12 weeks", "key_results": "Training above MMSS added 2.5 mL/kg/min (95% CI 1.4-3.6) to VO2peak versus training only below MMSS. No intensity-specific effect concluded for Wpeak or time trial, partly from smaller samples.", "limitations": "Mixed sports. Not a volume-dose trial. TT evidence underpowered by the authors' own statement.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-023-01924-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY29", "authors": "Cove B, Chalmers S, Nelson MJ, Anderson M, Bennett H", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO2max and performance in trained cyclists: a systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, and multivariate meta-regression", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "pmid": "39788807", "design": "Multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression", "population": "Trained cyclists. Abstract: 41 studies, 81 groups, 797 participants. Inclusion was sex-specific Tier 3 study-mean VO2max (men >=59, women >=54.4 mL/kg/min), not every participant >=59.", "duration": "interventions >4 weeks; database search closed 23 October 2023; 2025 is the journal issue year", "key_results": "Abstract point estimates only: training improved VO2max (g=0.42) and time-trial performance (g=0.39); no significant between-model difference. Confidence intervals are not copied because abstract and body intervals disagree. Longer duration was positively associated with both outcomes. No detected association of weekly or total volume with either outcome in the subsets that reported volume.", "limitations": "POL meant LIT or habitual training plus intervals shorter than 5 min above MLSS or at the highest sustainable intensity, not a measured 80/20 or below-LT1 distribution. Intervals longer than 5 min were non-polarized. Counts are internally inconsistent (abstract 41 studies; discussion 44; 23 randomized plus 21 non-randomized). Do not use body confidence intervals. Do not copy the reported weekly volume 4.9 plus or minus 7.3 h (range 2.6-14.3): that SD is implausible for the range. Certainty low. Null volume regression is not a causal optimum or proof that extra hours cannot help.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39788807/", "Europe PMC EXT_ID:39788807", "Parent full-text handoff, not opened by PHY: methods 2.2, body 3.2, search end 23 October 2023, internal count and weekly-volume SD inconsistencies", "TID PDF actually read: https://cdck-file-uploads-global.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/trainerroad/original/3X/4/c/4c4615506951980ed84df665545b0fc04dd83829.pdf", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "https://cdck-file-uploads-global.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/trainerroad/original/3X/4/c/4c4615506951980ed84df665545b0fc04dd83829.pdf", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39788807" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID08", "citation_ids": [ "PHY29", "TID08", "DUR20" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY29", "authors": "Cove B, Chalmers S, Nelson MJ, Anderson M, Bennett H", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO2max and performance in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "pmid": "39788807", "design": "Systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, multivariate meta-regression", "population": "Abstract reports 41 studies and 797 participants. Not every cyclist had VO2max >=59. Methods 2.2 (parent PDF handoff, not opened by PHY): Tier 3 group-mean cut, men >=59 and women >=54.4 mL/kg/min. Body 3.2 baseline mean 60.4±4.8, range 54.0-69.1.", "duration": "interventions >4 weeks; literature search ended 23 October 2023 (parent PDF); online 2024-12-20, issue May 2025", "key_results": "Abstract-reported point estimates: VO2max g=0.42 (0.31-0.53); time trial g=0.39 (0.25-0.53). Longer intervention duration positively associated (VO2max g=0.03, 0.02-0.05; TT g=0.04, 0.03-0.06). No association of weekly or total volume with either outcome in the reporting subset. Authors: beyond a necessary volume, further increases did not appear to enhance performance. That sentence is not a causal optimum. A null polarized vs non-polarized contrast (P>0.05) used their review labels, not a measured 80/20 or below-LT1 split. Cohort mean fitness about 60 mL/kg/min, not a universal individual cutoff of 59. No conflicts declared in the abstract.", "limitations": "Study-level association, not a randomized hour dose. PHY retrieved the abstract only and did not independently open the PDF. Parent full-text handoff (2026-10-02): methods 2.2 is a sex-specific group-mean Tier 3 cut (male >=59, female >=54.4 mL/kg/min), so the abstract >=59 wording oversimplifies; body 3.2 baseline is 60.4±4.8 (range 54.0-69.1), not every cyclist >=59. Internal counts disagree and are not treated as validated: abstract 41 studies, discussion 44, body 23 RCT + 21 non-RCT, and 37 acceptable + 7 low also sum to 44. Safe figures used here are abstract 41 studies and 797 participants, g=0.42 and 0.39, and cohort mean about 60. A mean weekly volume of 4.9±7.3 h (range 2.6-14.3) is internally questionable; the 7.3 SD is not used. Search ended 23 October 2023 despite the 2025 issue. DistributionRecovery full-text handoff, also not opened by PHY (section 2.4, p. 424; PDF https://cdck-file-uploads-global.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/trainerroad/original/3X/4/c/4c4615506951980ed84df665545b0fc04dd83829.pdf): polarized required a low-intensity or habitual component plus intervals shorter than 5 min at the highest sustainable intensity or above MLSS; longer intervals were non-polarized. That is not 80/20 or time below LT1. Null weekly/total-volume regression used only subsets that reported volume; GRADE certainty for VO2max and time-trial analyses was low. Those limits do not change the published g point estimates and do not show that extra low-intensity hours cannot help.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39788807/", "Europe PMC EXT_ID:39788807", "Parent full-text handoff, not opened by PHY: methods 2.2, body 3.2, search end 23 October 2023, internal count and weekly-volume SD inconsistencies", "TID PDF actually read: https://cdck-file-uploads-global.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/trainerroad/original/3X/4/c/4c4615506951980ed84df665545b0fc04dd83829.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID08", "authors": "Cove B, Chalmers S, Nelson MJ, Anderson M, Bennett H", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO2max and performance in trained cyclists: a systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, and multivariate meta-regression", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "pmid": "39788807", "design": "Multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression", "population": "Trained cyclists. Abstract: 41 studies, 81 groups, 797 participants. Inclusion was sex-specific Tier 3 study-mean VO2max (men >=59, women >=54.4 mL/kg/min), not every participant >=59.", "duration": "interventions >4 weeks; database search closed 23 October 2023; 2025 is the journal issue year", "key_results": "Abstract point estimates only: training improved VO2max (g=0.42) and time-trial performance (g=0.39); no significant between-model difference. Confidence intervals are not copied because abstract and body intervals disagree. Longer duration was positively associated with both outcomes. No detected association of weekly or total volume with either outcome in the subsets that reported volume.", "limitations": "POL meant LIT or habitual training plus intervals shorter than 5 min above MLSS or at the highest sustainable intensity, not a measured 80/20 or below-LT1 distribution. Intervals longer than 5 min were non-polarized. Counts are internally inconsistent (abstract 41 studies; discussion 44; 23 randomized plus 21 non-randomized). Do not use body confidence intervals. Do not copy the reported weekly volume 4.9 plus or minus 7.3 h (range 2.6-14.3): that SD is implausible for the range. Certainty low. Null volume regression is not a causal optimum or proof that extra hours cannot help.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "https://cdck-file-uploads-global.s3.dualstack.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/trainerroad/original/3X/4/c/4c4615506951980ed84df665545b0fc04dd83829.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "DUR20", "authors": "Cove B, Chalmers S, Nelson MJ, Anderson M, Bennett H", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO2max and performance in trained cyclists: A systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, and multivariate meta-regression", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.005", "pmid": "39788807", "design": "Multilevel meta-analysis, 41 studies, 81 groups, 797 participants", "population": "Cyclists with VO2max ≥59", "duration": "Interventions >4 weeks", "key_results": "Abstract: training improved VO2max (g=0.42) and time-trial performance (g=0.39) with no significant difference between groups labelled polarised and non-polarised. Longer interventions associated with larger VO2max gains; extra volume beyond a necessary amount not clearly additive. This abstract does not establish that the labels were measured 80/20 or pyramidal distributions.", "limitations": "Abstract only in this brief (PMID 39788807, first indexed 2024-12-20). Distribution-brief full text, not re-extracted here, classified polarised versus non-polarised by interval duration <5 min, not by measured 80/20 or pyramidal time in zone. Do not use this paper as the polarised-versus-pyramidal comparison. A separate 2025 IPD network meta-analysis using heart-rate time in zones is the better TID contrast and lives in the intensity-distribution brief; this sidecar does not cite its results.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39788807" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY30", "authors": "Sandbakk O, Tonnessen E, Sandbakk SB, Losnegard T, Seiler S, Haugen T", "year": 2025, "title": "Best-practice training characteristics within Olympic endurance sports as described by Norwegian world-class coaches", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "pmid": "40278987", "design": "Qualitative multiple-case study", "population": "12 male Norwegian world-class coaches; one road-cycling coach. Medal record >380 international medals across sports", "duration": "coach-described annual cycle; data collection 2022; published 2025-04-25", "key_results": "Road cycling high-load preparation weeks described as 7-10 sessions, 20-24 h total, 19-23 h endurance, 2-3 intensive days, 90-180 min intensive. Competition weeks 7-9 sessions, 18-22 h. One daily ride of 3-6 h. One-versus-two sessions per day untested. Common emphasis on high LIT volume and 2-3 key days.", "limitations": "One cycling informant. Coach report, not a trial. Zone scale is not Coggan or the three-zone research model. 30 h quote in the paper is not the road-cycling row.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12031707", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40278987&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY30", "citation_ids": [ "PHY30", "TID35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY30", "authors": "Sandbakk O, Tonnessen E, Sandbakk SB, Losnegard T, Seiler S, Haugen T", "year": 2025, "title": "Best-practice training characteristics within Olympic endurance sports as described by Norwegian world-class coaches", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "pmid": "40278987", "design": "Qualitative multiple-case study", "population": "12 male Norwegian world-class coaches; one road-cycling coach. Medal record >380 international medals across sports", "duration": "coach-described annual cycle; data collection 2022; published 2025-04-25", "key_results": "Road cycling high-load preparation weeks described as 7-10 sessions, 20-24 h total, 19-23 h endurance, 2-3 intensive days, 90-180 min intensive. Competition weeks 7-9 sessions, 18-22 h. One daily ride of 3-6 h. One-versus-two sessions per day untested. Common emphasis on high LIT volume and 2-3 key days.", "limitations": "One cycling informant. Coach report, not a trial. Zone scale is not Coggan or the three-zone research model. 30 h quote in the paper is not the road-cycling row.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC12031707" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID35", "authors": "Sandbakk Ø et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Best-practice training characteristics within Olympic endurance sports as described by Norwegian world-class coaches", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3", "pmid": "40278987", "design": "Coach interview synthesis", "population": "Norwegian world-class Olympic endurance coaches", "duration": "not an intervention", "key_results": "Common pattern: high LIT volume plus 2-3 key workout days that may contain several intensive sessions. Large sport-specific differences.", "limitations": "Coach report, not a cyclist RCT. Do not copy session counts to amateurs.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40278987&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY31", "authors": "Seiler S", "year": 2010, "title": "What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "pmid": "20861519", "design": "Narrative synthesis of descriptive and intensification studies", "population": "National/international endurance athletes, typically 10-13 sessions/week", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Successful athletes converge near 80% low-intensity sessions and ~20% sessions dominated by high-intensity work. Intensification studies in the already well trained do not convincingly show long-term gains from more HIT emphasis.", "limitations": "Review/synthesis. Not an interval-format trial. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20861519&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861519/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20861519" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT45", "citation_ids": [ "PHY31", "TID02", "INT45", "DUR24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY31", "authors": "Seiler S", "year": 2010, "title": "What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "pmid": "20861519", "design": "Narrative review of descriptive and intensification studies", "population": "National or international endurance athletes training about 10-13 times/week", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "About 80% of sessions low intensity (below ~2 mM lactate) and about 20% dominated by high intensity. Intensification studies in already well-trained athletes do not convincingly show long-term gains from more HIT.", "limitations": "Session-goal description, not a proven optimal minute percentage. Not a cyclist RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID02", "authors": "Seiler S", "year": 2010, "title": "What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "pmid": "20861519", "design": "Narrative synthesis of descriptive studies", "population": "Endurance athletes often training 10-13 times/week", "duration": "not an intervention", "key_results": "Describes ~80% of sessions below about 2 mmol/L and ~20% dominated by high-intensity work as a common self-organized pattern.", "limitations": "Not a dose-response trial of 80/20 vs other percentages.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20861519&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT45", "authors": "Seiler S", "year": 2010, "title": "What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "pmid": "20861519", "design": "Narrative synthesis of descriptive and intensification studies", "population": "National/international endurance athletes, typically 10-13 sessions/week", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Successful athletes converge near 80% low-intensity sessions and ~20% sessions dominated by high-intensity work. Intensification studies in the already well trained do not convincingly show long-term gains from more HIT emphasis.", "limitations": "Review/synthesis. Not an interval-format trial. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861519/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR24", "authors": "Seiler S", "year": 2010, "title": "What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.5.3.276", "pmid": "20861519", "design": "Narrative review of descriptive training studies", "population": "National/international endurance athletes training 10-13 sessions/week", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Describes ~80% of sessions low intensity and ~20% high intensity. Not a 7-12 h prescription.", "limitations": "Descriptive; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20861519" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY32", "authors": "Seiler KS, Kjerland GO", "year": 2006, "title": "Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an optimal distribution?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "pmid": "16430681", "design": "Observational training quantification", "population": "11 male nationally competitive junior cross-country skiers", "duration": "32 days, 384 sessions", "key_results": "Heart-rate distribution about 75% zone 1, 8% zone 2, 17% zone 3, using VT1 and VT2. Session RPE similar. Athletes performed little training at lactate-threshold intensity.", "limitations": "Skiers, not cyclists. Descriptive, not an optimum trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:16430681&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY32", "citation_ids": [ "PHY32", "TID01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2006 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY32", "authors": "Seiler KS, Kjerland GO", "year": 2006, "title": "Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an optimal distribution?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "pmid": "16430681", "design": "Observational training quantification", "population": "11 male nationally competitive junior cross-country skiers", "duration": "32 days, 384 sessions", "key_results": "Heart-rate distribution about 75% zone 1, 8% zone 2, 17% zone 3, using VT1 and VT2. Session RPE similar. Athletes performed little training at lactate-threshold intensity.", "limitations": "Skiers, not cyclists. Descriptive, not an optimum trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID01", "authors": "Seiler KS, Kjerland GØ", "year": 2006, "title": "Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an optimal distribution?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x", "pmid": "16430681", "design": "Observational TID quantification", "population": "11 nationally competitive junior male XC skiers", "duration": "32 days", "key_results": "HR time about 75/8/17% across VT zones; session RPE about 76/6/18%; lactate subset about 71/7/22%.", "limitations": "Male juniors, skiers, short window, not an intervention.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:16430681&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY33", "authors": "Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E", "year": 2007, "title": "Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "pmid": "17762370", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "9 highly trained male runners (VO2max 72±5, 14±3 h/week) and 8 trained runners (VO2max 60±5, 7±1 h/week)", "duration": "single sessions; HRV followed 4 h", "key_results": "In highly trained runners, HRV recovered in 5-10 min after 60 or 120 min below VT1. Threshold and above-VT2 sessions delayed recovery to about 30 min, similarly. Less-trained runners were slower after the same intervals (>=90 min).", "limitations": "Runners, small n, acute autonomic marker, no 4 h arm, not an adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17762370&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY33", "citation_ids": [ "PHY33", "TID25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY33", "authors": "Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E", "year": 2007, "title": "Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "pmid": "17762370", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "9 highly trained male runners (VO2max 72±5, 14±3 h/week) and 8 trained runners (VO2max 60±5, 7±1 h/week)", "duration": "single sessions; HRV followed 4 h", "key_results": "In highly trained runners, HRV recovered in 5-10 min after 60 or 120 min below VT1. Threshold and above-VT2 sessions delayed recovery to about 30 min, similarly. Less-trained runners were slower after the same intervals (>=90 min).", "limitations": "Runners, small n, acute autonomic marker, no 4 h arm, not an adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID25", "authors": "Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E", "year": 2007, "title": "Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e318060f17d", "pmid": "17762370", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "9 highly trained male runners (VO2max 72±5, 14±3 h/wk) and 8 trained (VO2max 60±5, 7±1 h/wk)", "duration": "single sessions, HRV to 4 h", "key_results": "≤120 min below VT1: HRV back in 5-10 min in the highly trained. Threshold and HIT delayed recovery similarly (~30 min in highly trained; ≥90 min in trained after intervals).", "limitations": "Hour-scale autonomic recovery, not next-day performance or 4-hour rides.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17762370&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY34", "authors": "Tonnessen E, Sylta O, Haugen TA, Hem E, Svendsen IS, Seiler S", "year": 2014, "title": "The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101796", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0101796", "pmid": "25019608", "design": "Retrospective training logs", "population": "11 elite XC skiers and biathletes, 4 men VO2max 85±5, 7 women 73±3", "duration": "1 year before career-best competition", "key_results": "About 800 h and 500 sessions per year; ~500 h sport-specific. About 90% of aerobic time below the first lactate threshold. About 23% of sessions categorized as HIT. HIT volume stayed fairly stable; total volume followed traditional periodization.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Self-report. 800 h/year is not a weekly peak.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0101796" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY34", "citation_ids": [ "PHY34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY34", "authors": "Tonnessen E, Sylta O, Haugen TA, Hem E, Svendsen IS, Seiler S", "year": 2014, "title": "The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101796", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0101796", "pmid": "25019608", "design": "Retrospective training logs", "population": "11 elite XC skiers and biathletes, 4 men VO2max 85±5, 7 women 73±3", "duration": "1 year before career-best competition", "key_results": "About 800 h and 500 sessions per year; ~500 h sport-specific. About 90% of aerobic time below the first lactate threshold. About 23% of sessions categorized as HIT. HIT volume stayed fairly stable; total volume followed traditional periodization.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Self-report. 800 h/year is not a weekly peak.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0101796" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY35", "authors": "van Erp T, Sanders D, de Koning JJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female professional road cyclists: a 4-year retrospective analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "pmid": "31722298", "design": "Retrospective observational", "population": "20 male and 10 female professional cyclists, 4 years", "duration": "multi-year team monitoring", "key_results": "Men had higher distance, duration, kilojoules and mean power (d=0.44-1.98) and more time in low-intensity zones. Session TSS/TRIMP differences were trivial (d=0.07-0.12). Load per kilometre was moderately higher in women (d=0.67-0.76). Women appeared to compensate lower volume with higher intensity.", "limitations": "Abstract does not report weekly hours. One professional programme. Not an experiment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31722298&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY35", "citation_ids": [ "PHY35", "TID16", "MON21" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY35", "authors": "van Erp T, Sanders D, de Koning JJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female professional road cyclists: a 4-year retrospective analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "pmid": "31722298", "design": "Retrospective observational", "population": "20 male and 10 female professional cyclists, 4 years", "duration": "multi-year team monitoring", "key_results": "Men had higher distance, duration, kilojoules and mean power (d=0.44-1.98) and more time in low-intensity zones. Session TSS/TRIMP differences were trivial (d=0.07-0.12). Load per kilometre was moderately higher in women (d=0.67-0.76). Women appeared to compensate lower volume with higher intensity.", "limitations": "Abstract does not report weekly hours. One professional programme. Not an experiment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID16", "authors": "van Erp T, Sanders D, de Koning JJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female professional road cyclists: a 4-year retrospective analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "pmid": "31722298", "design": "Retrospective observational", "population": "20 male and 10 female professional cyclists", "duration": "4 years", "key_results": "Men had more low-intensity time and higher volume. Women had higher load per kilometre. TSS differences trivial.", "limitations": "Abstract only; zone percentages not in abstract; multi-zone model.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31722298&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "MON21", "authors": "van Erp T; Sanders D; de Koning JJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female professional road cyclists: a 4-year retrospective analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320", "pmid": "31722298", "design": "Retrospective", "population": "20 male and 10 female professionals", "duration": "4 years", "key_results": "Men had higher distance, duration, kJ, and mean power (d=0.44-1.98). TSS and TRIMP differed trivially (d=0.07-0.12). Women had higher load per kilometre.", "limitations": "Abstract does not report absolute weekly hours.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0320&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY36", "authors": "Gallo G, Leo P, March MM, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Differences in training characteristics between junior, under-23 and professional cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1847-5414", "doi": "10.1055/a-1847-5414", "pmid": "35533684", "design": "Retrospective observational", "population": "30 male cyclists, junior, U23 and professional, 2019 season", "duration": "one competitive season", "key_results": "Retrieved abstract: professional session duration 2.6±0.3 h versus U23 2.2±0.3 h. Juniors spent more time in medium and high heart-rate zones than U23 and professionals. Other load figures were truncated and are not used.", "limitations": "Abstract incomplete. Not weekly hours.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core TITLE:Differences in training characteristics between junior" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY36", "citation_ids": [ "PHY36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY36", "authors": "Gallo G, Leo P, March MM, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Differences in training characteristics between junior, under-23 and professional cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1847-5414", "doi": "10.1055/a-1847-5414", "pmid": "35533684", "design": "Retrospective observational", "population": "30 male cyclists, junior, U23 and professional, 2019 season", "duration": "one competitive season", "key_results": "Retrieved abstract: professional session duration 2.6±0.3 h versus U23 2.2±0.3 h. Juniors spent more time in medium and high heart-rate zones than U23 and professionals. Other load figures were truncated and are not used.", "limitations": "Abstract incomplete. Not weekly hours.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core TITLE:Differences in training characteristics between junior" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY37", "authors": "Svendsen IS, Tonnessen E, Tjelta LI, Orn S", "year": 2018, "title": "Training, performance, and physiological predictors of a successful elite senior career in junior competitive road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824", "pmid": "29745739", "design": "Retrospective cohort", "population": "80 male cyclists at age 18, later classified at age 23: 9 WorldTour, 24 continental, 26 club, 21 retired", "duration": "junior competition exposure", "key_results": "Future WorldTour riders competed more at age 18 (91.5±19.1 h) than club (62.8±21.8 h) or retired riders (61.8±23.4 h). Abstract conclusion mentions high training and competition volume; the verified numeric result is competition hours.", "limitations": "Competition hours, not a controlled training-volume effect. Small WorldTour n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY37", "citation_ids": [ "PHY37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY37", "authors": "Svendsen IS, Tonnessen E, Tjelta LI, Orn S", "year": 2018, "title": "Training, performance, and physiological predictors of a successful elite senior career in junior competitive road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824", "pmid": "29745739", "design": "Retrospective cohort", "population": "80 male cyclists at age 18, later classified at age 23: 9 WorldTour, 24 continental, 26 club, 21 retired", "duration": "junior competition exposure", "key_results": "Future WorldTour riders competed more at age 18 (91.5±19.1 h) than club (62.8±21.8 h) or retired riders (61.8±23.4 h). Abstract conclusion mentions high training and competition volume; the verified numeric result is competition hours.", "limitations": "Competition hours, not a controlled training-volume effect. Small WorldTour n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY38", "authors": "Iannetta D, Inglis EC, Mattu AT, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "A critical evaluation of current methods for exercise prescription in women and men", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002147", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000002147", "pmid": "31479001", "design": "Cross-sectional laboratory comparison", "population": "100 adults, 46 women, 54 men; VO2max 3.06±0.41 and 4.10±0.56 L/min", "duration": "ramp plus 30-min constant-load trials", "key_results": "LT at 45-74% VO2max and MLSS at 69-96% VO2max. Fixed %VO2max, %WRpeak and %HRmax scattered individuals across domains.", "limitations": "Not specifically trained cyclists. Shows prescription error, not a training outcome.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000002147" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY38", "citation_ids": [ "PHY38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY38", "authors": "Iannetta D, Inglis EC, Mattu AT, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "A critical evaluation of current methods for exercise prescription in women and men", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002147", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000002147", "pmid": "31479001", "design": "Cross-sectional laboratory comparison", "population": "100 adults, 46 women, 54 men; VO2max 3.06±0.41 and 4.10±0.56 L/min", "duration": "ramp plus 30-min constant-load trials", "key_results": "LT at 45-74% VO2max and MLSS at 69-96% VO2max. Fixed %VO2max, %WRpeak and %HRmax scattered individuals across domains.", "limitations": "Not specifically trained cyclists. Shows prescription error, not a training outcome.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000002147" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY39", "authors": "Meyler S, Bottoms L, Wellsted D, Muniz-Pumares D", "year": 2023, "title": "Variability in exercise tolerance and physiological responses to exercise prescribed relative to physiological thresholds and to maximum oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/ep090878", "doi": "10.1113/ep090878", "pmid": "36710454", "design": "Repeated-measures laboratory", "population": "10 individuals", "duration": "acute bouts", "key_results": "Threshold-based prescription, especially critical power, reduced variability versus fixed %VO2max. All completed heavy-threshold bouts; only 30% completed heavy bouts prescribed by %VO2max, and 70% of those work rates exceeded CP.", "limitations": "Small n. Acute tolerance, not longitudinal adaptation. Population training status not fully specified in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/ep090878", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10103872" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY39", "citation_ids": [ "PHY39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY39", "authors": "Meyler S, Bottoms L, Wellsted D, Muniz-Pumares D", "year": 2023, "title": "Variability in exercise tolerance and physiological responses to exercise prescribed relative to physiological thresholds and to maximum oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/ep090878", "doi": "10.1113/ep090878", "pmid": "36710454", "design": "Repeated-measures laboratory", "population": "10 individuals", "duration": "acute bouts", "key_results": "Threshold-based prescription, especially critical power, reduced variability versus fixed %VO2max. All completed heavy-threshold bouts; only 30% completed heavy bouts prescribed by %VO2max, and 70% of those work rates exceeded CP.", "limitations": "Small n. Acute tolerance, not longitudinal adaptation. Population training status not fully specified in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1113/ep090878", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC10103872" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY40", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Bossi AH, Carminatti LJ, Costa VP", "year": 2018, "title": "Functional threshold power in cyclists: validity of the concept and physiological responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-101546", "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-101546", "pmid": "29801189", "design": "Validity study", "population": "23 trained male cyclists", "duration": "incremental, 20- and 60-min trials, time to exhaustion", "key_results": "FTP20, FTP60 and individual anaerobic threshold not different on average, large correlations, but limits of agreement from about -40 to +32 W up to -62 to +60 W. Time to exhaustion at FTP20 50.9±15.7 min.", "limitations": "Men only. IAT is not MLSS or CP.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0044-101546", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29801189&format=json&resultType=core", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29801189/", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/s-0044-101546&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY40", "citation_ids": [ "PHY40", "DUR01", "MON24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY40", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Bossi AH, Carminatti LJ, Costa VP", "year": 2018, "title": "Functional threshold power in cyclists: validity of the concept and physiological responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-101546", "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-101546", "pmid": "29801189", "design": "Validity study", "population": "23 trained male cyclists", "duration": "incremental, 20- and 60-min trials, time to exhaustion", "key_results": "FTP20, FTP60 and individual anaerobic threshold not different on average, large correlations, but limits of agreement from about -40 to +32 W up to -62 to +60 W. Time to exhaustion at FTP20 50.9±15.7 min.", "limitations": "Men only. IAT is not MLSS or CP.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1055/s-0044-101546" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR01", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Bossi AH, Carminatti LJ, Costa VP", "year": 2018, "title": "Functional Threshold Power in Cyclists: Validity of the Concept and Physiological Responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-101546", "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-101546", "pmid": "29801189", "design": "Validity study: incremental test, 20- and 60-min TTs, TTE at FTP20", "population": "23 trained male cyclists", "duration": "Acute tests", "key_results": "FTP20, FTP60 and IAT power/HR/VO2 not different; bias -1 to -5 W but LoA tens of watts; TTE at FTP20 50.9±15.7 min. Not interchangeable individually.", "limitations": "Male trained cyclists; IAT not MLSS; abstract plus PubMed abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29801189&format=json&resultType=core", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29801189/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "MON24", "authors": "Borszcz FK; Tramontin AF; Bossi AH; Carminatti LJ; Costa VP", "year": 2018, "title": "Functional threshold power in cyclists: validity of the concept and physiological responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-101546", "doi": "10.1055/s-0044-101546", "pmid": "29801189", "design": "Cross-sectional validity", "population": "23 trained male cyclists", "duration": "Acute tests", "key_results": "FTP20, FTP60, and IAT not different on average (bias -1 to -5 W) with large limits of agreement (about ±30-60 W). TTE at FTP20 50.9±15.7 min. r=0.61-0.88.", "limitations": "Abstract. Men only. Not interchangeable individually.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/s-0044-101546&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY41", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Costa VP", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the functional threshold power interchangeable with the maximal lactate steady state in trained cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "pmid": "30676826", "design": "Validity study", "population": "15 cyclists, 7 trained and 8 well trained, VO2max 62.3±6.4, MAP 329±30 W", "duration": "incremental, FTP, constant-load MLSS series", "key_results": "FTP vs MLSS bias 1.4%±9.2% limits of agreement, TEE 4.7%, r=0.91. Agreement tighter in well-trained than trained riders.", "limitations": "Small n. Group validity is not individual interchangeability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30676826", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY41", "citation_ids": [ "PHY41", "DUR02", "MON26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY41", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Costa VP", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the functional threshold power interchangeable with the maximal lactate steady state in trained cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "pmid": "30676826", "design": "Validity study", "population": "15 cyclists, 7 trained and 8 well trained, VO2max 62.3±6.4, MAP 329±30 W", "duration": "incremental, FTP, constant-load MLSS series", "key_results": "FTP vs MLSS bias 1.4%±9.2% limits of agreement, TEE 4.7%, r=0.91. Agreement tighter in well-trained than trained riders.", "limitations": "Small n. Group validity is not individual interchangeability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR02", "authors": "Borszcz FK, Tramontin AF, Costa VP", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the Functional Threshold Power Interchangeable With the Maximal Lactate Steady State in Trained Cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "pmid": "30676826", "design": "Validity: incremental, FTP, constant-load MLSS", "population": "15 cyclists, 7 trained and 8 well trained, VO2max 62.3±6.4", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "FTP vs MLSS bias 1.4% ± 9.2% LoA, TEE 4.7%, r=0.91. Agreement tighter in well-trained (TEE 3.0%) than trained (6.4%).", "limitations": "Small n; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30676826" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "MON26", "authors": "Klitzke Borszcz F; Tramontin AF; Costa VP", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the functional threshold power interchangeable with the maximal lactate steady state in trained cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572", "pmid": "30676826", "design": "Cross-sectional validity", "population": "15 cyclists, VO2max 62.3±6.4, MAP 329±30 W", "duration": "Acute MLSS series", "key_results": "FTP vs MLSS bias 1.4%±9.2% LoA, TEE 4.7%, r=0.91. TEE 6.4% trained vs 3.0% well trained.", "limitations": "Abstract. Authors call it practical; individual LoA remains wide.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0572&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY42", "authors": "Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P", "year": 2018, "title": "Is the functional threshold power a valid surrogate of the lactate threshold?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "pmid": "29745765", "design": "Validity study", "population": "20 male cyclists split by fitness; recreational vs higher peak power", "duration": "incremental plus 20-min trial", "key_results": "Overall FTP 240±35 W vs LT 246±24 W, r=0.95, limits of agreement -2.4%±11.5%. Authors: better estimate in trained than recreational cyclists, where FTP may underestimate LT.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated on the exact subgroup split. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29745765", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY42", "citation_ids": [ "PHY42", "DUR03", "MON25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY42", "authors": "Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P", "year": 2018, "title": "Is the functional threshold power a valid surrogate of the lactate threshold?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "pmid": "29745765", "design": "Validity study", "population": "20 male cyclists split by fitness; recreational vs higher peak power", "duration": "incremental plus 20-min trial", "key_results": "Overall FTP 240±35 W vs LT 246±24 W, r=0.95, limits of agreement -2.4%±11.5%. Authors: better estimate in trained than recreational cyclists, where FTP may underestimate LT.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated on the exact subgroup split. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR03", "authors": "Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Foster C, Lucia A, de la Villa P", "year": 2018, "title": "Is the Functional Threshold Power a Valid Surrogate of the Lactate Threshold?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "pmid": "29745765", "design": "Incremental LT vs 95% of 20-min TT", "population": "20 male cyclists, split recreational vs trained at 4.5 W/kg PPO", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "FTP 240±35 W vs LT 246±24 W, r=0.95, LoA -2.4% (11.5%). FTP may underestimate LT in recreational cyclists.", "limitations": "Incremental LT, not MLSS; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29745765" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "MON25", "authors": "Valenzuela PL; Morales JS; Foster C; Lucia A; de la Villa P", "year": 2018, "title": "Is the functional threshold power a valid surrogate of the lactate threshold?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008", "pmid": "29745765", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "20 male cyclists, split by fitness", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "FTP 240±35 W vs LT 246±24 W, ES 0.20, LoA -2.4%±11.5%, r=0.95. Bias depended on fitness; FTP may underestimate LT in recreational cyclists.", "limitations": "Abstract. HTML truncation of the group cut-point. Men only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0008&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY43", "authors": "San-Millan I, Brooks GA", "year": 2018, "title": "Assessment of metabolic flexibility by means of measuring blood lactate, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation responses to exercise in professional endurance athletes and less-fit individuals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x", "pmid": "28623613", "design": "Cross-sectional comparison", "population": "Professional endurance athletes, moderately active individuals, and metabolic-syndrome patients", "duration": "acute exercise tests", "key_results": "Fat oxidation higher and blood lactate lower in professionals than in moderately active and metabolic-syndrome groups. Fat oxidation and lactate inversely correlated. Not a Zone 2 training trial.", "limitations": "Cross-sectional. Abstract truncated before all statistics. Does not isolate a training wattage.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY43", "citation_ids": [ "PHY43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY43", "authors": "San-Millan I, Brooks GA", "year": 2018, "title": "Assessment of metabolic flexibility by means of measuring blood lactate, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation responses to exercise in professional endurance athletes and less-fit individuals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x", "pmid": "28623613", "design": "Cross-sectional comparison", "population": "Professional endurance athletes, moderately active individuals, and metabolic-syndrome patients", "duration": "acute exercise tests", "key_results": "Fat oxidation higher and blood lactate lower in professionals than in moderately active and metabolic-syndrome groups. Fat oxidation and lactate inversely correlated. Not a Zone 2 training trial.", "limitations": "Cross-sectional. Abstract truncated before all statistics. Does not isolate a training wattage.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0751-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY44", "authors": "Faude O, Kindermann W, Meyer T", "year": 2009, "title": "Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003", "pmid": "19453206", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance performance diagnosis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lactate thresholds can index endurance capacity but methods differ, and a fixed lactate concentration is not an individual threshold. Two-threshold aerobic-anaerobic transition framework is useful if the method is stated.", "limitations": "Review. Abstract truncated before a single recommended protocol.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY44", "citation_ids": [ "PHY44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2009 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY44", "authors": "Faude O, Kindermann W, Meyer T", "year": 2009, "title": "Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003", "pmid": "19453206", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance performance diagnosis", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lactate thresholds can index endurance capacity but methods differ, and a fixed lactate concentration is not an individual threshold. Two-threshold aerobic-anaerobic transition framework is useful if the method is stated.", "limitations": "Review. Abstract truncated before a single recommended protocol.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY45", "authors": "Dudley GA, Abraham WM, Terjung RL", "year": 1982, "title": "Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844", "pmid": "6295989", "design": "Animal dose-response", "population": "Rats, 19 treadmill protocols", "duration": "8 weeks, 5 days/week", "key_results": "Cytochrome c rose with daily duration toward an intensity-dependent asymptote. Higher intensity reached the plateau in less daily time. Fast-twitch white fibres needed higher intensity.", "limitations": "Rats. Not transferable as a human FTP percentage.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY45", "citation_ids": [ "PHY45" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1982 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY45", "authors": "Dudley GA, Abraham WM, Terjung RL", "year": 1982, "title": "Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844", "pmid": "6295989", "design": "Animal dose-response", "population": "Rats, 19 treadmill protocols", "duration": "8 weeks, 5 days/week", "key_results": "Cytochrome c rose with daily duration toward an intensity-dependent asymptote. Higher intensity reached the plateau in less daily time. Fast-twitch white fibres needed higher intensity.", "limitations": "Rats. Not transferable as a human FTP percentage.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.844" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY46", "authors": "Buist I, Bredeweg SW, van Mechelen W, et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "No effect of a graded training program on the number of running-related injuries in novice runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507307505", "doi": "10.1177/0363546507307505", "pmid": "17940147", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "population": "532 novice runners preparing for a 4-mile event", "duration": "13-week graded programme vs 8-week standard", "key_results": "10% rule programme did not reduce injuries: 20.8% vs 20.3%, P=0.90.", "limitations": "Novice runners, not cyclists. Does not prove all progression rates are equal.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1177/0363546507307505" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY46", "citation_ids": [ "PHY46" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY46", "authors": "Buist I, Bredeweg SW, van Mechelen W, et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "No effect of a graded training program on the number of running-related injuries in novice runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507307505", "doi": "10.1177/0363546507307505", "pmid": "17940147", "design": "Randomized controlled trial", "population": "532 novice runners preparing for a 4-mile event", "duration": "13-week graded programme vs 8-week standard", "key_results": "10% rule programme did not reduce injuries: 20.8% vs 20.3%, P=0.90.", "limitations": "Novice runners, not cyclists. Does not prove all progression rates are equal.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1177/0363546507307505" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY47", "authors": "Nielsen RO, Parner ET, Nohr EA, Sorensen H, Lind M, Rasmussen S", "year": 2014, "title": "Excessive progression in weekly running distance and risk of running-related injuries", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.5164", "doi": "10.2519/jospt.2014.5164", "pmid": "25155475", "design": "Prospective cohort", "population": "874 healthy novice runners", "duration": "1 year", "key_results": "No statistically significant overall injury-rate difference across <10%, 10-30% and >30% weekly distance progression. Some distance-related injuries higher above 30%. Abstract truncated before all injury-specific estimates.", "limitations": "Novice runners. Exploratory. Not a cycling rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2519/jospt.2014.5164" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY47", "citation_ids": [ "PHY47" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY47", "authors": "Nielsen RO, Parner ET, Nohr EA, Sorensen H, Lind M, Rasmussen S", "year": 2014, "title": "Excessive progression in weekly running distance and risk of running-related injuries", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.5164", "doi": "10.2519/jospt.2014.5164", "pmid": "25155475", "design": "Prospective cohort", "population": "874 healthy novice runners", "duration": "1 year", "key_results": "No statistically significant overall injury-rate difference across <10%, 10-30% and >30% weekly distance progression. Some distance-related injuries higher above 30%. Abstract truncated before all injury-specific estimates.", "limitations": "Novice runners. Exploratory. Not a cycling rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.2519/jospt.2014.5164" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY48", "authors": "Damsted C, Glad S, Nielsen RO, Sorensen H, Malisoux L", "year": 2018, "title": "Is there evidence for an association between changes in training load and running-related injuries? A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180931", "doi": "10.26603/ijspt20180931", "pmid": "30534459", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Runners 18-65; 4 eligible articles", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Three of four articles found some association between load increases and running injury. Evidence base is small.", "limitations": "Running only. Does not validate a percentage rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.26603/ijspt20180931" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY48", "citation_ids": [ "PHY48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY48", "authors": "Damsted C, Glad S, Nielsen RO, Sorensen H, Malisoux L", "year": 2018, "title": "Is there evidence for an association between changes in training load and running-related injuries? A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180931", "doi": "10.26603/ijspt20180931", "pmid": "30534459", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Runners 18-65; 4 eligible articles", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Three of four articles found some association between load increases and running injury. Evidence base is small.", "limitations": "Running only. Does not validate a percentage rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.26603/ijspt20180931" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY49", "authors": "Impellizzeri FM, Tenan MS, Kempton T, Novak A, Coutts AJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Acute:chronic workload ratio: conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "pmid": "32502973", "design": "Methodological critique", "population": "Training-load injury literature", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No evidence supports using ACWR to manage training or reduce injury. Ratio properties and missing causal evidence make it unsuitable.", "limitations": "Critique, not a cyclist trial. Does not say load spikes are harmless.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY49", "citation_ids": [ "PHY49", "MON13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY49", "authors": "Impellizzeri FM, Tenan MS, Kempton T, Novak A, Coutts AJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Acute:chronic workload ratio: conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "pmid": "32502973", "design": "Methodological critique", "population": "Training-load injury literature", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No evidence supports using ACWR to manage training or reduce injury. Ratio properties and missing causal evidence make it unsuitable.", "limitations": "Critique, not a cyclist trial. Does not say load spikes are harmless.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "MON13", "authors": "Impellizzeri FM; Tenan MS; Kempton T; Novak A; Coutts AJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Acute:chronic workload ratio: conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864", "pmid": "32502973", "design": "Methodological review", "population": "Mostly team-sport ACWR literature", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No evidence supports using ACWR to manage injury risk. Ratio statistics are misleading and the causal link is unestablished.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not a cycling TSB trial. Cited only to block injury-switch use.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY50", "authors": "Soligard T et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 1) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "pmid": "27535989", "design": "IOC consensus", "population": "Athletes generally", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Poor load management, including rapid changes, calendar congestion, psychological load, and travel, is a major injury-risk theme. Does not validate a CTL cut-off.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not cycling-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON14", "citation_ids": [ "PHY50", "MON14" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY50", "authors": "Soligard T, Schwellnus M, Alonso JM, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 1) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "pmid": "27535989", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Elite and developing athletes across sports", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Poor load management, including rapid changes, is a major injury risk factor. Provides monitoring principles, not a cycling percentage.", "limitations": "Consensus. Not cyclist-specific dose data.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "MON14", "authors": "Soligard T et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 1) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581", "pmid": "27535989", "design": "IOC consensus", "population": "Athletes generally", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Poor load management, including rapid changes, calendar congestion, psychological load, and travel, is a major injury-risk theme. Does not validate a CTL cut-off.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not cycling-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY51", "authors": "Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Alonso JM, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 2) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "pmid": "27535991", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes in elite sport", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Inappropriate load management is a risk factor for illness and overtraining syndrome. Guidelines are principles, not hour targets.", "limitations": "Consensus. Not a cycling RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY51", "citation_ids": [ "PHY51", "MON15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY51", "authors": "Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Alonso JM, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 2) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "pmid": "27535991", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes in elite sport", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Inappropriate load management is a risk factor for illness and overtraining syndrome. Guidelines are principles, not hour targets.", "limitations": "Consensus. Not a cycling RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "MON15", "authors": "Schwellnus M et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "How much is too much? (Part 2) IOC consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572", "pmid": "27535991", "design": "IOC consensus", "population": "Athletes generally", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Inappropriate load management is a risk factor for illness and overtraining syndrome. No cycling TSS threshold.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY52", "authors": "Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a", "pmid": "23247672", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Functional overreaching can precede supercompensation; non-functional overreaching and overtraining syndrome reflect inadequate recovery. No single diagnostic marker. Exclude illness and low energy availability.", "limitations": "Consensus. Does not define a cycling volume ceiling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23247672&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY52", "citation_ids": [ "PHY52", "TID40", "MON57" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY52", "authors": "Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a", "pmid": "23247672", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Functional overreaching can precede supercompensation; non-functional overreaching and overtraining syndrome reflect inadequate recovery. No single diagnostic marker. Exclude illness and low energy availability.", "limitations": "Consensus. Does not define a cycling volume ceiling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID40", "authors": "Meeusen R et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the ECSS and ACSM", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "pmid": "23247672", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes at risk of non-functional overreaching/OTS", "duration": "not a trial", "key_results": "OTS is a diagnosis of exclusion after prolonged maladaptation. No single marker. Recovery, illness, and energy availability must be considered.", "limitations": "Does not prescribe 48 h or a deload percentage.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23247672&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "MON57", "authors": "Meeusen R et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: ECSS/ACSM joint consensus", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a", "pmid": "23247672", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Cited for scope only: overtraining is a clinical diagnosis, not a single HRV or load cut-off. Algorithm not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Metadata.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY53", "authors": "Convertino VA", "year": 1991, "title": "Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199112000-00004", "doi": "10.1249/00005768-199112000-00004", "pmid": "1798375", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance-training literature of the time", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Plasma volume accounts for nearly all exercise-induced hypervolemia for about 2-4 weeks; thereafter expansion may be shared equally with red-cell volume.", "limitations": "1991 review. Not a modern CO-rebreathing cyclist cohort.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core AUTH:Convertino AND TITLE:Blood volume" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY53", "citation_ids": [ "PHY53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1991 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY53", "authors": "Convertino VA", "year": 1991, "title": "Blood volume: its adaptation to endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199112000-00004", "doi": "10.1249/00005768-199112000-00004", "pmid": "1798375", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance-training literature of the time", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Plasma volume accounts for nearly all exercise-induced hypervolemia for about 2-4 weeks; thereafter expansion may be shared equally with red-cell volume.", "limitations": "1991 review. Not a modern CO-rebreathing cyclist cohort.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core AUTH:Convertino AND TITLE:Blood volume" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY54", "authors": "Nelson WB, Walker JM, Hansen C, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "The influence of exercise volume and posture on exercise-induced plasma volume expansion", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15601", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.15601", "pmid": "36802178", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "10 subjects per comparison", "duration": "24 h after interval sessions", "key_results": "Plasma volume +7.3±4.4% after treadmill and +6.3±3.5% after cycle intervals. Four, six and eight intervals produced similar expansion (6.6±4.0%, 4.7±2.6%, 4.2±5.6%).", "limitations": "Acute, not training adaptation. Not trained cyclists specified in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.14814/phy2.15601" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY54", "citation_ids": [ "PHY54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY54", "authors": "Nelson WB, Walker JM, Hansen C, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "The influence of exercise volume and posture on exercise-induced plasma volume expansion", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15601", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.15601", "pmid": "36802178", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "10 subjects per comparison", "duration": "24 h after interval sessions", "key_results": "Plasma volume +7.3±4.4% after treadmill and +6.3±3.5% after cycle intervals. Four, six and eight intervals produced similar expansion (6.6±4.0%, 4.7±2.6%, 4.2±5.6%).", "limitations": "Acute, not training adaptation. Not trained cyclists specified in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.14814/phy2.15601" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY55", "authors": "Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Rasica L, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase VO2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "pmid": "38376995", "design": "Randomized six-group training trial", "population": "84 young healthy adults, 42 women and 42 men, 14 per group. Not described as trained cyclists", "duration": "6 weeks, 3 sessions/week", "key_results": "Versus control VO2max change 0.1±1.2 mL/kg/min, moderate-domain change 1.8±2.7 was not statistically different from control, nor was the estimated lactate-threshold change. Lower heavy 3.3±2.4, upper heavy 5.4±2.3, severe HIIT 6.2±2.8 and sprint 4.7±2.3 showed a between-group increase versus control. Work-matched except sprints. No clear between-group benefit is not proof of ineffectiveness.", "limitations": "Untrained/recreational young adults. Not 55 vs 75% FTP. Not high-volume LIT over months. Does not prove moderate riding never adapts other qualities.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376995/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY55", "citation_ids": [ "PHY55", "INT44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY55", "authors": "Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Rasica L, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase VO2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "pmid": "38376995", "design": "Randomized six-group training trial", "population": "84 young healthy adults, 42 women and 42 men, 14 per group. Not described as trained cyclists", "duration": "6 weeks, 3 sessions/week", "key_results": "Versus control VO2max change 0.1±1.2 mL/kg/min, moderate-domain change 1.8±2.7 was not statistically different from control, nor was the estimated lactate-threshold change. Lower heavy 3.3±2.4, upper heavy 5.4±2.3, severe HIIT 6.2±2.8 and sprint 4.7±2.3 showed a between-group increase versus control. Work-matched except sprints. No clear between-group benefit is not proof of ineffectiveness.", "limitations": "Untrained/recreational young adults. Not 55 vs 75% FTP. Not high-volume LIT over months. Does not prove moderate riding never adapts other qualities.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376995/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "INT44", "authors": "Inglis EC, Iannetta D, Rasica L, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase VO2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003406", "pmid": "38376995", "design": "6-week randomized domain-based training", "population": "84 young healthy adults, 42 women, not trained cyclists", "duration": "6 weeks, 3 sessions/week", "key_results": "Severe-domain HIIT +6.2±2.8 mL/kg/min VO2max; upper heavy +5.4±2.3; moderate +1.8±2.7, not different from control. Work-matched except SIT.", "limitations": "Untrained/healthy. Gains do not transfer in magnitude to cyclists at 65-75 mL/kg/min. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376995/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY56", "authors": "Sitko S, Artetxe X, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "What is zone 2 training? Experts' viewpoint on definition, training methods, and expected adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "pmid": "40010355", "design": "Expert commentary", "population": "14 applied sport scientists and professional coaches", "duration": "n/a; online 2025-02-26", "key_results": "Consensus that zone 2 should preferably be immediately below LT1 or VT1, via continuous, variable or interval sessions. Expected central and peripheral adaptations might also occur slightly above or below that intensity.", "limitations": "Opinion, not a trial. Abstract does not state a minimum session duration or an FTP percentage. Do not treat panel preference as experimental proof.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40010355/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40010355" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY56", "citation_ids": [ "PHY56", "DUR23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY56", "authors": "Sitko S, Artetxe X, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "What is zone 2 training? Experts' viewpoint on definition, training methods, and expected adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "pmid": "40010355", "design": "Expert commentary", "population": "14 applied sport scientists and professional coaches", "duration": "n/a; online 2025-02-26", "key_results": "Consensus that zone 2 should preferably be immediately below LT1 or VT1, via continuous, variable or interval sessions. Expected central and peripheral adaptations might also occur slightly above or below that intensity.", "limitations": "Opinion, not a trial. Abstract does not state a minimum session duration or an FTP percentage. Do not treat panel preference as experimental proof.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40010355/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR23", "authors": "Sitko S, Artetxe X, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Galán-Rioja MÁ, Gallo G, Grappe F, Leo P, Mateo M, Mujika I, Sanders D, Seiler S, Zabala M, Valenzuela PL, Viribay A", "year": 2025, "title": "What Is Zone 2 Training?: Experts' Viewpoint on Definition, Training Methods, and Expected Adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303", "pmid": "40010355", "design": "Expert commentary, 14 scientists and coaches", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Consensus: zone 2 immediately below LT1/VT1; continuous, variable or interval formats acceptable; adaptations may not be unique to that exact intensity.", "limitations": "Consensus, not a trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40010355" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY57", "authors": "Kjosen Talsnes R, Torvik PO, Skovereng K, Sandbakk O", "year": 2024, "title": "Comparison of acute physiological responses between one long and two short sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "pmid": "39139482", "design": "Counterbalanced crossover, acute", "population": "14 male endurance athletes, VO2max 69.2±4.2", "duration": "one day of 6x10 min vs two bouts of 3x10 min separated by 6.5 h; running", "key_results": "Single session produced second-half drift in HR, lactate and RPE, higher supine HR in the next hour, and higher session RPE. Second short session had lower HR and lactate than the first. Authors state training-intervention studies are still required.", "limitations": "Running, not cycling. Moderate intervals, not 4 h easy riding. Acute only.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11319183", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39139482" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY57", "citation_ids": [ "PHY57", "DUR57" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY57", "authors": "Kjosen Talsnes R, Torvik PO, Skovereng K, Sandbakk O", "year": 2024, "title": "Comparison of acute physiological responses between one long and two short sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "pmid": "39139482", "design": "Counterbalanced crossover, acute", "population": "14 male endurance athletes, VO2max 69.2±4.2", "duration": "one day of 6x10 min vs two bouts of 3x10 min separated by 6.5 h; running", "key_results": "Single session produced second-half drift in HR, lactate and RPE, higher supine HR in the next hour, and higher session RPE. Second short session had lower HR and lactate than the first. Authors state training-intervention studies are still required.", "limitations": "Running, not cycling. Moderate intervals, not 4 h easy riding. Acute only.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11319183" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "DUR57", "authors": "Kjøsen Talsnes R, Torvik PØ, Skovereng K, Sandbakk Ø", "year": 2024, "title": "Comparison of acute physiological responses between one long and two short sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "pmid": "39139482", "design": "Counterbalanced crossover, one 6x10 min vs two 3x10 min sessions", "population": "14 male endurance athletes, VO2max 69.2±4.2, running", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Single session drifted (HR 168±7 to 173±7; lactate 2.60±0.75 to 3.01±0.81) and cost more next-morning soreness than the split. Not a chronic cycling trial.", "limitations": "Running; acute; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39139482" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY58", "authors": "Prommer N, Wachsmuth N, Thieme I, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Influence of endurance training during childhood on total hemoglobin mass", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00251", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.00251", "pmid": "29618981", "design": "Longitudinal plus cross-sectional", "population": "17 endurance-trained children aged 9.7±1.3 followed up to 3.5 years; 18 untrained controls", "duration": "up to 3.5 years", "key_results": "Hb mass rose ~50% and tracked lean mass (r=0.959). Training >4 h/week associated with +25.4 g versus low-volume peers, overlapping age effects. About 3.6 mL/min VO2max per gram Hb (r=0.939).", "limitations": "Children. Growth confounded. Not adult cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.3389/fphys.2018.00251" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY58", "citation_ids": [ "PHY58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY58", "authors": "Prommer N, Wachsmuth N, Thieme I, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Influence of endurance training during childhood on total hemoglobin mass", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00251", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.00251", "pmid": "29618981", "design": "Longitudinal plus cross-sectional", "population": "17 endurance-trained children aged 9.7±1.3 followed up to 3.5 years; 18 untrained controls", "duration": "up to 3.5 years", "key_results": "Hb mass rose ~50% and tracked lean mass (r=0.959). Training >4 h/week associated with +25.4 g versus low-volume peers, overlapping age effects. About 3.6 mL/min VO2max per gram Hb (r=0.939).", "limitations": "Children. Growth confounded. Not adult cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.3389/fphys.2018.00251" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY59", "authors": "Barranco-Gil D, Muriel X, Lucia A, Joyner MJ, DeSouza CA, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2024, "title": "The Tour de France, also possible for mortals? A comparison of a recreational and a World Tour cyclist", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023", "pmid": "38174376", "design": "Case comparison", "population": "One 58-year-old recreational man, estimated VO2max 45.4, and one WorldTour man, 80.5 mL/kg/min", "duration": "2023 Tour de France, 21 stages", "key_results": "Recreational rider finished in 191 h at 1.50 W/kg; professional in 87 h at 3.45 W/kg. Estimated daily energy expenditure was high in both. Not a training-volume prescription.", "limitations": "n=2. Illustrates demand difference, not how to train.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY59", "citation_ids": [ "PHY59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY59", "authors": "Barranco-Gil D, Muriel X, Lucia A, Joyner MJ, DeSouza CA, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2024, "title": "The Tour de France, also possible for mortals? A comparison of a recreational and a World Tour cyclist", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023", "pmid": "38174376", "design": "Case comparison", "population": "One 58-year-old recreational man, estimated VO2max 45.4, and one WorldTour man, 80.5 mL/kg/min", "duration": "2023 Tour de France, 21 stages", "key_results": "Recreational rider finished in 191 h at 1.50 W/kg; professional in 87 h at 3.45 W/kg. Estimated daily energy expenditure was high in both. Not a training-volume prescription.", "limitations": "n=2. Illustrates demand difference, not how to train.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "Europe PMC core DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2023" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY60", "authors": "Mateo-March M, et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female WorldTour professional road cyclists before the competitive phase", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13217385", "doi": "10.5114/biolsport.2026.156234", "pmid": "42220588", "design": "Observational training-log comparison", "population": "16 female (age 26±5) and 16 male (age 29±6) WorldTour road cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks before the first competition of the season; published 23 February 2026", "key_results": "Sessions 5.9±0.9 vs 6.0±0.9 per week. Hours 16.7±2.6 vs 19.1±2.7 (p=0.016). Week-9 peak 20.1±3.2 h and 22.5±2.8 h; week-10 taper 11.2±4.6 h and 17.7±4.9 h. More than 90% pyramidal. LIT defined as below an assumed 70% of estimated CP, not measured LT1. By power, LIT was 59.7±10.4% of time in women and 70.4±6.2% in men.", "limitations": "One pre-competitive block, not a full season. LIT/MIT boundary assumed from a meta-analysis (70% CP), not individual LT1. Not a training intervention.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13217385/fullTextXML", "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13217385" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY60", "citation_ids": [ "PHY60", "TID15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY60", "authors": "Mateo-March M, et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female WorldTour professional road cyclists before the competitive phase", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13217385", "doi": "10.5114/biolsport.2026.156234", "pmid": "42220588", "design": "Observational training-log comparison", "population": "16 female (age 26±5) and 16 male (age 29±6) WorldTour road cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks before the first competition of the season; published 23 February 2026", "key_results": "Sessions 5.9±0.9 vs 6.0±0.9 per week. Hours 16.7±2.6 vs 19.1±2.7 (p=0.016). Week-9 peak 20.1±3.2 h and 22.5±2.8 h; week-10 taper 11.2±4.6 h and 17.7±4.9 h. More than 90% pyramidal. LIT defined as below an assumed 70% of estimated CP, not measured LT1. By power, LIT was 59.7±10.4% of time in women and 70.4±6.2% in men.", "limitations": "One pre-competitive block, not a full season. LIT/MIT boundary assumed from a meta-analysis (70% CP), not individual LT1. Not a training intervention.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13217385/fullTextXML", "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13217385" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID15", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Barranco-Gil D, Muriel X, Pallarés JG, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2026, "title": "Training characteristics of male and female WorldTour professional road cyclists before the competitive phase", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2026.156234", "doi": "10.5114/biolsport.2026.156234", "pmid": "42220588", "design": "Observational team monitoring", "population": "16 female and 16 male WorldTour cyclists; data Oct-Dec 2018", "duration": "10 weeks before first 2019 race", "key_results": "~6 sessions/week; women 16.7±2.6 h, men 19.1±2.7 h. >90% pyramidal. Power TID women 59.7/32.8/7.4%, men 70.4/25.4/4.2%. Zones: estimated CP and assumed 70% CP, not measured LT1. PI >2 required for polarized; means ~1.03-1.07 power.", "limitations": "One team, pre-season, observational, field thresholds. Does not prove optimality.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13217385/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "PHY61", "authors": "Moran-MacDonald A, Wilson S, Wu Z, Haines G, Beaupre L, Aube J, Andrews C, Jonsson N, Gurd BJ", "year": 2026, "title": "The effectiveness of polarized versus high-intensity training in moderately trained cyclists: a randomized parallel-design study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "pmid": "42560532", "design": "Randomized parallel added-volume trial", "population": "19 moderately trained cyclists/triathletes, 17 men; baseline VO2max not reported in the retrieved abstract", "duration": "6 weeks; first published 2026-08-06", "key_results": "Three weekly HIIT days with versus without 240 min/week of moderate-domain cycling. Both groups reduced TT time by an average 8.5±1.2%. No time×group interaction for TT, peak work rate, LT1 or LT2 despite about 23 extra hours. No VO2max change reported in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Small, short, mostly male and moderately trained; total load not matched. Nonsignificance is not equivalence or a long-term dose optimum. Does not test a 6/8/10/12 h dose curve. The abstract's internally questionable exploratory eta-squared/power statement is not interpreted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42560532%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=1", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42560532&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42560532/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "PHY61", "citation_ids": [ "PHY61", "TID09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "PHY61", "authors": "Moran-MacDonald A, Wilson S, Wu Z, Haines G, Beaupre L, Aube J, Andrews C, Jonsson N, Gurd BJ", "year": 2026, "title": "The effectiveness of polarized versus high-intensity training in moderately trained cyclists: a randomized parallel-design study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "pmid": "42560532", "design": "Randomized parallel added-volume trial", "population": "19 moderately trained cyclists/triathletes, 17 men; baseline VO2max not reported in the retrieved abstract", "duration": "6 weeks; first published 2026-08-06", "key_results": "Three weekly HIIT days with versus without 240 min/week of moderate-domain cycling. Both groups reduced TT time by an average 8.5±1.2%. No time×group interaction for TT, peak work rate, LT1 or LT2 despite about 23 extra hours. No VO2max change reported in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Small, short, mostly male and moderately trained; total load not matched. Nonsignificance is not equivalence or a long-term dose optimum. Does not test a 6/8/10/12 h dose curve. The abstract's internally questionable exploratory eta-squared/power statement is not interpreted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42560532%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=1" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "source_id": "TID09", "authors": "Moran-MacDonald A et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "The effectiveness of polarized versus high-intensity training in moderately trained cyclists: a randomized parallel-design study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "pmid": "42560532", "design": "Randomized parallel trial", "population": "19 moderately trained cyclists/triathletes, 17 men", "duration": "6 weeks", "key_results": "3 HIIT days/week ± 240 min/week moderate-domain cycling. Both reduced TT time 8.5±1.2%. No time×group interaction for TT, peak work rate, LT1, or LT2 despite ~23 extra hours.", "limitations": "Not POL vs threshold or pyramidal; not load-matched; short; mostly male; abstract only. Exploratory eta-squared statement not interpreted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42560532&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42560532/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID03", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Seiler S", "year": 2014, "title": "From heart-rate data to training quantification: a comparison of 3 methods of training-intensity analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0298", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2013-0298", "pmid": "24408353", "design": "Method comparison", "population": "29 elite XC skiers, 16 male 13 female, VO2max 76±7", "duration": "~14-day camp, 570 sessions", "key_results": "Time-in-zone, session-goal, and hybrid methods are not interchangeable; conversion factors are provided.", "limitations": "Altitude camp; exact zone percentages partly lost to HTML stripping in retrieval.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24408353&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID03", "citation_ids": [ "TID03" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID03", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Seiler S", "year": 2014, "title": "From heart-rate data to training quantification: a comparison of 3 methods of training-intensity analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0298", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2013-0298", "pmid": "24408353", "design": "Method comparison", "population": "29 elite XC skiers, 16 male 13 female, VO2max 76±7", "duration": "~14-day camp, 570 sessions", "key_results": "Time-in-zone, session-goal, and hybrid methods are not interchangeable; conversion factors are provided.", "limitations": "Altitude camp; exact zone percentages partly lost to HTML stripping in retrieval.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24408353&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID04", "authors": "Neal CM et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "pmid": "23264537", "design": "Randomized crossover", "population": "12 male cyclists", "duration": "2 x 6 weeks, 4 weeks detraining between", "key_results": "POL 6.4±1.4 h/wk 80/0/20 vs THR 7.5±2.0 h/wk 57/43/0. Greater POL gains in PPO 8±2% vs 3±1%, LT 9±3% vs 2±4%, high-intensity capacity 85±14% vs 37±14%. Both improved 40 km TT; superior 40 km effect not stated. No mitochondrial enzyme change.", "limitations": "Small male sample; volumes not perfectly matched; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23264537&resultType=core&format=json", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23264537" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID04", "citation_ids": [ "TID04", "DUR18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID04", "authors": "Neal CM et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "pmid": "23264537", "design": "Randomized crossover", "population": "12 male cyclists", "duration": "2 x 6 weeks, 4 weeks detraining between", "key_results": "POL 6.4±1.4 h/wk 80/0/20 vs THR 7.5±2.0 h/wk 57/43/0. Greater POL gains in PPO 8±2% vs 3±1%, LT 9±3% vs 2±4%, high-intensity capacity 85±14% vs 37±14%. Both improved 40 km TT; superior 40 km effect not stated. No mitochondrial enzyme change.", "limitations": "Small male sample; volumes not perfectly matched; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23264537&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "DUR18", "authors": "Neal CM, Hunter AM, Brennan L, O'Sullivan A, Hamilton DL, De Vito G, Galloway SD", "year": 2013, "title": "Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012", "pmid": "23264537", "design": "Randomised crossover, 6 weeks polarised vs threshold, 4 weeks detraining between", "population": "12 trained male cyclists", "duration": "6 weeks each", "key_results": "Both improved. Polarised greater for PPO +8±2% vs +3±1%, LT +9±3% vs +2±4%, high-intensity capacity +85±14% vs +37±14%. Volumes 6.4 vs 7.5 h/week.", "limitations": "Small n; abstract only; threshold model had zero high-intensity zone.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23264537" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID05", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Perrotta AS, Vicenzino B", "year": 2019, "title": "Polarized vs. threshold training intensity distribution on endurance sport performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002618", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002618", "pmid": "29863593", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Endurance-trained athletes, VO2max/peak >50, >2 years training", "duration": "search 6 Nov 2016; interventions in included trials", "key_results": "4 studies qualitative, 3 in TT meta-analysis; PEDro 4-5/10. TT ES -0.66 (95% CI -1.17 to -0.15) favoring POL over THR.", "limitations": "Few studies, low quality scores, not pyramidal comparison, not cyclist-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29863593&resultType=core&format=json", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29863593" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID05", "citation_ids": [ "TID05", "DUR19" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID05", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Perrotta AS, Vicenzino B", "year": 2019, "title": "Polarized vs. threshold training intensity distribution on endurance sport performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002618", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002618", "pmid": "29863593", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Endurance-trained athletes, VO2max/peak >50, >2 years training", "duration": "search 6 Nov 2016; interventions in included trials", "key_results": "4 studies qualitative, 3 in TT meta-analysis; PEDro 4-5/10. TT ES -0.66 (95% CI -1.17 to -0.15) favoring POL over THR.", "limitations": "Few studies, low quality scores, not pyramidal comparison, not cyclist-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29863593&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "DUR19", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Perrotta AS, Vicenzino B", "year": 2019, "title": "Polarized vs. Threshold Training Intensity Distribution on Endurance Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002618", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000002618", "pmid": "29863593", "design": "Meta-analysis of RCTs, search 6 Nov 2016", "population": "Endurance-trained, >2 years, VO2max/peak >50; 3 studies in TT meta-analysis", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Time-trial ES -0.66 (95% CI -1.17 to -0.15) favouring polarised. Study quality 4-5/10 PEDro.", "limitations": "Few studies; mixed sports; abstract only. Superseded in part by Cove 2025 for cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29863593" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID06", "authors": "Silva Oliveira P, Boppre G, Fonseca H", "year": 2024, "title": "Comparison of polarized versus other types of endurance training intensity distribution on athletes' endurance performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z", "pmid": "38717713", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "Adults/young adults in endurance TID trials, n=437 across 17 studies", "duration": "search to 20 Oct 2022; interventions ≥4 weeks", "key_results": "VO2peak SMD 0.24 (0.01 to 0.48); TT SMD -0.01 (-0.28 to 0.25); TTE and VT2/LT2 speed/power not different. VO2peak edge in <12 weeks (SMD 0.40, n=163) and highly trained (SMD 0.46, n=125).", "limitations": "Other TIDs pooled; small VO2peak effect; RCT risk of bias some concerns.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11329428/fullTextXML", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID06", "citation_ids": [ "TID06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID06", "authors": "Silva Oliveira P, Boppre G, Fonseca H", "year": 2024, "title": "Comparison of polarized versus other types of endurance training intensity distribution on athletes' endurance performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z", "pmid": "38717713", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "Adults/young adults in endurance TID trials, n=437 across 17 studies", "duration": "search to 20 Oct 2022; interventions ≥4 weeks", "key_results": "VO2peak SMD 0.24 (0.01 to 0.48); TT SMD -0.01 (-0.28 to 0.25); TTE and VT2/LT2 speed/power not different. VO2peak edge in <12 weeks (SMD 0.40, n=163) and highly trained (SMD 0.46, n=125).", "limitations": "Other TIDs pooled; small VO2peak effect; RCT risk of bias some concerns.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11329428/fullTextXML", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02034-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID07", "authors": "Rosenblat MA et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Which training intensity distribution intervention will produce the greatest improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and time-trial performance in endurance athletes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of individual participant data", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02149-3", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02149-3", "pmid": "39888556", "design": "IPD network meta-analysis", "population": "348 endurance athletes (296 male, 52 female); 150 recreational, 198 competitive", "duration": "search to 11 Feb 2024; 13 studies", "key_results": "Time-in-HR-zone: POL vs PYR VO2max SMD -0.06 p=0.68; TT SMD -0.05 p=0.34. No significant POL advantage vs other TIDs. Subgroup: competitive may gain more VO2max from POL and recreational from PYR (SMD -0.63, p<0.05).", "limitations": "Abstract only; not cyclist-only; nonsignificance is not equivalence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39888556&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39888556/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID07", "citation_ids": [ "TID07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID07", "authors": "Rosenblat MA et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Which training intensity distribution intervention will produce the greatest improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and time-trial performance in endurance athletes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of individual participant data", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02149-3", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02149-3", "pmid": "39888556", "design": "IPD network meta-analysis", "population": "348 endurance athletes (296 male, 52 female); 150 recreational, 198 competitive", "duration": "search to 11 Feb 2024; 13 studies", "key_results": "Time-in-HR-zone: POL vs PYR VO2max SMD -0.06 p=0.68; TT SMD -0.05 p=0.34. No significant POL advantage vs other TIDs. Subgroup: competitive may gain more VO2max from POL and recreational from PYR (SMD -0.63, p<0.05).", "limitations": "Abstract only; not cyclist-only; nonsignificance is not equivalence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39888556&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39888556/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID10", "authors": "Esteve-Lanao J, Foster C, Seiler S, Lucia A", "year": 2007, "title": "Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/r-19725.1", "doi": "10.1519/r-19725.1", "pmid": "17685689", "design": "Randomized training comparison", "population": "12 sub-elite runners", "duration": "5 months", "key_results": "Zone 3 matched ~8%. More zone 1 (80.5/11.8/8.3) improved 10.4 km more than more zone 2 (66.8/24.7/8.5): -157±13 s vs -121.5±7.1 s, p=0.03.", "limitations": "Runners, n=12, not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17685689&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID10", "citation_ids": [ "TID10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID10", "authors": "Esteve-Lanao J, Foster C, Seiler S, Lucia A", "year": 2007, "title": "Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/r-19725.1", "doi": "10.1519/r-19725.1", "pmid": "17685689", "design": "Randomized training comparison", "population": "12 sub-elite runners", "duration": "5 months", "key_results": "Zone 3 matched ~8%. More zone 1 (80.5/11.8/8.3) improved 10.4 km more than more zone 2 (66.8/24.7/8.5): -157±13 s vs -121.5±7.1 s, p=0.03.", "limitations": "Runners, n=12, not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17685689&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID11", "authors": "Muñoz I, Seiler S, Bautista J, España J, Larumbe E, Esteve-Lanao J", "year": 2014, "title": "Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0350", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2012-0350", "pmid": "23752040", "design": "Randomized 10-week training", "population": "30 recreational runners", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Both improved 10 km (about 5.0% vs 3.6%); difference not significant. Subset who achieved the prescribed distributions favored polarized (ES 1.29).", "limitations": "Recreational runners; adherence differed from prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23752040&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID11", "citation_ids": [ "TID11" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID11", "authors": "Muñoz I, Seiler S, Bautista J, España J, Larumbe E, Esteve-Lanao J", "year": 2014, "title": "Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0350", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2012-0350", "pmid": "23752040", "design": "Randomized 10-week training", "population": "30 recreational runners", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Both improved 10 km (about 5.0% vs 3.6%); difference not significant. Subset who achieved the prescribed distributions favored polarized (ES 1.29).", "limitations": "Recreational runners; adherence differed from prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23752040&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID12", "authors": "Treff G et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Eleven-week preparation involving polarized intensity distribution is not superior to pyramidal distribution in national elite rowers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00515", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2017.00515", "pmid": "28824440", "design": "Controlled preparation comparison", "population": "14 national elite male rowers, VO2max 66±5", "duration": "11 weeks", "key_results": "Zone 1 clamped ~93%. POL had more zone 3 (6±3% vs 2±1%). 2000 m power change ~1.5% in both, not significant; VO2max unchanged.", "limitations": "Small male rower sample; little zone 2 in either arm.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28824440&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID12", "citation_ids": [ "TID12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID12", "authors": "Treff G et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Eleven-week preparation involving polarized intensity distribution is not superior to pyramidal distribution in national elite rowers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00515", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2017.00515", "pmid": "28824440", "design": "Controlled preparation comparison", "population": "14 national elite male rowers, VO2max 66±5", "duration": "11 weeks", "key_results": "Zone 1 clamped ~93%. POL had more zone 3 (6±3% vs 2±1%). 2000 m power change ~1.5% in both, not significant; VO2max unchanged.", "limitations": "Small male rower sample; little zone 2 in either arm.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28824440&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID13", "authors": "Filipas L, Bonato M, Gallo G, Codella R", "year": 2022, "title": "Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14101", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14101", "pmid": "34792817", "design": "Randomized 4-group training", "population": "60 well-trained male runners", "duration": "16 weeks", "key_results": "All four periodizations improved markers. PYR then POL had the largest gains (~3% relative VO2peak, ~1.5% 5 km).", "limitations": "Male runners only; small sequence difference.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34792817&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID13", "citation_ids": [ "TID13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID13", "authors": "Filipas L, Bonato M, Gallo G, Codella R", "year": 2022, "title": "Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14101", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14101", "pmid": "34792817", "design": "Randomized 4-group training", "population": "60 well-trained male runners", "duration": "16 weeks", "key_results": "All four periodizations improved markers. PYR then POL had the largest gains (~3% relative VO2peak, ~1.5% 5 km).", "limitations": "Male runners only; small sequence difference.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34792817&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID14", "authors": "Stöggl T, Sperlich B", "year": 2014, "title": "Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "pmid": "24550842", "design": "9-week randomised comparison of four training concepts", "population": "48 well-trained runners, cyclists, triathletes and skiers, VO2peak 62.6±7.1", "duration": "9 weeks", "key_results": "Polarised training increased VO2peak by 6.8 ml/min/kg (11.7%). Abstract states threshold or high-volume did not lead to further improvements in performance-related variables. Used only as background; cyclist-specific trials and Cove 2025 carry the programming claim.", "limitations": "Mixed sports; abstract truncated before all outcomes; not a cycling-only recipe trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24550842&resultType=core&format=json", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24550842" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR60", "citation_ids": [ "TID14", "DUR60" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID14", "authors": "Stöggl T, Sperlich B", "year": 2014, "title": "Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "pmid": "24550842", "design": "Randomized 4-group training", "population": "48 mixed endurance athletes, VO2peak 62.6±7.1", "duration": "9 weeks", "key_results": "Abstract reports largest VO2peak rise with POL (+6.8 mL/kg/min, 11.7%) and greatest improvements in most key variables.", "limitations": "Not cyclists only; between-group statistics incompletely preserved in retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24550842&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "DUR60", "authors": "Stöggl T, Sperlich B", "year": 2014, "title": "Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2014.00033", "pmid": "24550842", "design": "9-week randomised comparison of four training concepts", "population": "48 well-trained runners, cyclists, triathletes and skiers, VO2peak 62.6±7.1", "duration": "9 weeks", "key_results": "Polarised training increased VO2peak by 6.8 ml/min/kg (11.7%). Abstract states threshold or high-volume did not lead to further improvements in performance-related variables. Used only as background; cyclist-specific trials and Cove 2025 carry the programming claim.", "limitations": "Mixed sports; abstract truncated before all outcomes; not a cycling-only recipe trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24550842" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID17", "authors": "Sylta Ø et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001007", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001007", "pmid": "27300278", "design": "Randomized 3-group, load-matched", "population": "63 cyclists, VO2peak 61.3±5.8", "duration": "12 weeks, 24 interval sessions plus high LIT", "key_results": "Increasing was 4x16 then 4x8 then 4x4 (mean session lactate about 4.7, 9.2, and 12.7 mmol/L: longer and lower intensity first). Decreasing was the opposite (shorter, higher intensity first). Mixed alternated formats. All improved about 5-10% in 40-min power, peak power, and VO2peak. No 12-week group difference. Neither order isolates a pure threshold-then-VO2 or VO2-then-threshold sequence.", "limitations": "Candidate for the prompt's sequencing claim; transcript not supplied. Abstract only. Do not map increasing to VO2-first or decreasing to threshold-first.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27300278&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27300278/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27300278" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID17", "citation_ids": [ "TID17", "INT09", "DUR16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID17", "authors": "Sylta Ø et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001007", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001007", "pmid": "27300278", "design": "Randomized 3-group, load-matched", "population": "63 cyclists, VO2peak 61.3±5.8", "duration": "12 weeks, 24 interval sessions plus high LIT", "key_results": "Increasing was 4x16 then 4x8 then 4x4 (mean session lactate about 4.7, 9.2, and 12.7 mmol/L: longer and lower intensity first). Decreasing was the opposite (shorter, higher intensity first). Mixed alternated formats. All improved about 5-10% in 40-min power, peak power, and VO2peak. No 12-week group difference. Neither order isolates a pure threshold-then-VO2 or VO2-then-threshold sequence.", "limitations": "Candidate for the prompt's sequencing claim; transcript not supplied. Abstract only. Do not map increasing to VO2-first or decreasing to threshold-first.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27300278&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27300278/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT09", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Ravn T, Rønnestad BR, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S", "year": 2016, "title": "The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007", "pmid": "27300278", "design": "12-week randomized comparison of interval order, load matched", "population": "63 cyclists, VO2peak 61.3±5.8", "duration": "12 weeks, 24 interval sessions", "key_results": "Increasing (4x16 then 4x8 then 4x4), decreasing, or mixed. All groups +5-10% in 40-min power, peak power, and VO2peak. No between-group difference.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Not a test of exclusive durations. Easy volume ad libitum.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27300278/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR16", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Ravn T, Rønnestad BR, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S", "year": 2016, "title": "The Effect of Different High-Intensity Periodization Models on Endurance Adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001007", "pmid": "27300278", "design": "12-week load-matched order of 4x16, 4x8, 4x4", "population": "63 cyclists, VO2peak 61.3±5.8", "duration": "12 weeks, 24 interval sessions", "key_results": "All groups improved 40-min power, PPO and VO2peak 5-10%. Mesocycle order did not matter. Lactate 4.7, 9.2, 12.7 mmol/L in 16, 8 and 4 min sessions.", "limitations": "Abstract only; not a recipe-vs-recipe FTP trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27300278" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID18", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Ellefsen S", "year": 2014, "title": "Block periodization of high-intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "pmid": "22646668", "design": "4-week block vs traditional HIT organization, volume matched", "population": "Trained cyclists, VO2max ~62-63, n=10 and 9", "duration": "4 weeks", "key_results": "Block (5 HIT sessions in week 1, then 1/week) improved VO2max 4.6±3.7%, Wmax 2.1±2.8%, power at 2 mmol 10±12%. Traditional 2 HIT/week: no significant changes. Interval length not stated in abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Format unspecified. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22646668&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22646668/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT49", "citation_ids": [ "TID18", "INT49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID18", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Ellefsen S", "year": 2014, "title": "Block periodization of high-intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "pmid": "22646668", "design": "Randomized group comparison", "population": "19 trained male cyclists, VO2max ~62-63", "duration": "4 weeks, similar HIT and LIT volume", "key_results": "Block (5 HIT then 1/week) increased VO2max 4.6±3.7%, Wmax 2.1±2.8%, power at 2 mmol 10±12%; traditional 2 HIT/week did not change significantly.", "limitations": "Small male sample, 4 weeks.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22646668&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT49", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Ellefsen S", "year": 2014, "title": "Block periodization of high-intensity aerobic intervals provides superior training effects in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01485.x", "pmid": "22646668", "design": "4-week block vs traditional HIT organization, volume matched", "population": "Trained cyclists, VO2max ~62-63, n=10 and 9", "duration": "4 weeks", "key_results": "Block (5 HIT sessions in week 1, then 1/week) improved VO2max 4.6±3.7%, Wmax 2.1±2.8%, power at 2 mmol 10±12%. Traditional 2 HIT/week: no significant changes. Interval length not stated in abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Format unspecified. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22646668/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID19", "authors": "Almquist NW, Eriksen HB, Wilhelmsen M, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "No differences between 12 weeks of block- vs. traditional-periodized training in performance adaptations in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "pmid": "35299664", "design": "12-week load-matched block vs traditional periodization", "population": "Trained cyclists, VO2peak 58±8; n=14 and 16", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "No performance difference. Both improved 5-min and 40-min TT power. VO2peak unchanged. Some hematological and capillary differences.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Not an interval-duration trial. Included so it is not confused with Sylta.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35299664&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299664/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT48", "citation_ids": [ "TID19", "INT48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID19", "authors": "Almquist NW et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "No differences between 12 weeks of block- vs. traditional-periodized training in performance adaptations in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "pmid": "35299664", "design": "Randomized load-matched comparison", "population": "Trained cyclists, VO2peak 58±8; n=14 block, n=16 traditional", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "No TT group difference. RBC volume increased more with block; type I capillaries more with traditional. Both improved.", "limitations": "Different block structure from the 4-week Rønnestad model.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35299664&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT48", "authors": "Almquist NW, Eriksen HB, Wilhelmsen M, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "No differences between 12 weeks of block- vs. traditional-periodized training in performance adaptations in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2022.837634", "pmid": "35299664", "design": "12-week load-matched block vs traditional periodization", "population": "Trained cyclists, VO2peak 58±8; n=14 and 16", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "No performance difference. Both improved 5-min and 40-min TT power. VO2peak unchanged. Some hematological and capillary differences.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Not an interval-duration trial. Included so it is not confused with Sylta.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35299664/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID20", "authors": "Mølmen KS, Odden I, Sørensen MD, Rustaden AM, Hammarström D, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Hamarsland H, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2025, "title": "A moderate-intensity interval training block improves endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003706", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000003706", "pmid": "40101160", "design": "Randomized crossover vs regular preparatory training", "population": "30 well-trained male cyclists, VO2max 70.5±4.6", "duration": "6 sessions in 7 days plus 6 days active recovery", "key_results": "5-7 x 10-14 min at RPE 14.4, 66% of power at VO2max, 85% HRmax, 2.8 mmol/L. Vs regular training: power at 4 mmol +4.0 vs -1.3%; power at VO2max +2.5 vs -0.7%; VO2max +2.0 vs 0.0% (p=0.05). 15-min power not significantly different.", "limitations": "Abstract only. One-week block. Men only. Not a format comparison against 30/15.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40101160&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40101160/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40101160" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT37", "citation_ids": [ "TID20", "INT37", "DUR17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID20", "authors": "Mølmen KS et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "A moderate-intensity interval training block improves endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003706", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000003706", "pmid": "40101160", "design": "Randomized crossover", "population": "30 well-trained male cyclists, VO2max 70.5±4.6", "duration": "6 MIT sessions in 7 days plus 6 recovery days vs regular training", "key_results": "Similar TRIMP. MIT block better for power at 4 mmol (+4.0±4.4% vs -1.3±3.7%), power at VO2max, and VO2max. 15-min power not significantly different. Intervals ~RPE 14.4, 2.8 mmol/L.", "limitations": "Male, short block, abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40101160&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT37", "authors": "Mølmen KS, Odden I, Sørensen MD, Rustaden AM, Hammarström D, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Hamarsland H, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2025, "title": "A moderate-intensity interval training block improves endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003706", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003706", "pmid": "40101160", "design": "Randomized crossover vs regular preparatory training", "population": "30 well-trained male cyclists, VO2max 70.5±4.6", "duration": "6 sessions in 7 days plus 6 days active recovery", "key_results": "5-7 x 10-14 min at RPE 14.4, 66% of power at VO2max, 85% HRmax, 2.8 mmol/L. Vs regular training: power at 4 mmol +4.0 vs -1.3%; power at VO2max +2.5 vs -0.7%; VO2max +2.0 vs 0.0% (p=0.05). 15-min power not significantly different.", "limitations": "Abstract only. One-week block. Men only. Not a format comparison against 30/15.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40101160/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR17", "authors": "Mølmen KS, Odden I, Sørensen MD, Rustaden AM, Hammarström D, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Hamarsland H, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2025, "title": "A Moderate-Intensity Interval Training Block Improves Endurance Performance in Well-Trained Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003706", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003706", "pmid": "40101160", "design": "Randomised crossover, MIT block vs regular preparation", "population": "30 well-trained male cyclists, VO2max 70.5±4.6", "duration": "6 MIT sessions in 7 days plus 6 days recovery", "key_results": "Power at 4 mmol/L +4.0±4.4% vs -1.3±3.7% in regular training. TRIMP not different. Intervals were 5-7 x 10-14 min at RPE 14-15.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated for some outcomes; block, not a standing 2x20 prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40101160" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID21", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Odden IU, Solum KS, Rustaden AM, Hamarsland H, Hammarström D, Nygaard H, Mølmen KS", "year": 2025, "title": "Block training with moderate- or high-intensity intervals both improve endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70067", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.70067", "pmid": "41169000", "design": "Crossover of MIT vs HIT microcycles", "population": "22 cyclists, 21 men 1 woman, VO2max 69.5±6.0", "duration": "HIT 5 sessions/6 days; MIT 6 sessions/7 days; test after 6 easy days", "key_results": "Both improved 15-min power (HIT +2.8±5.3%, MIT +4.9±8.7%, p=0.44). MIT better for power at 4 mmol. No VO2max difference. HIT RPE 17.1; MIT RPE 14.5. HIT was 5x8.75 min multiple short intervals.", "limitations": "Short blocks. Mostly men. Abstract plus partial full text.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41169000&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12575440/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169000/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT38", "citation_ids": [ "TID21", "INT38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID21", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Block training with moderate- or high-intensity intervals both improve endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70067", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.70067", "pmid": "41169000", "design": "Randomized crossover", "population": "22 well-trained cyclists, 1 woman 21 men, VO2max 69.5±6.0", "duration": "MIT 6 sessions/7 days vs HIT 5 sessions/6 days, tested after 6 easy days", "key_results": "Both improved 15-min power, no difference (p=0.44). MIT better for power at 4 mmol. HIT nonsignificant sprint edge. VO2max no difference.", "limitations": "Mostly male; blocks separated by 2 months.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41169000&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT38", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Odden IU, Solum KS, Rustaden AM, Hamarsland H, Hammarström D, Nygaard H, Mølmen KS", "year": 2025, "title": "Block training with moderate- or high-intensity intervals both improve endurance performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70067", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.70067", "pmid": "41169000", "design": "Crossover of MIT vs HIT microcycles", "population": "22 cyclists, 21 men 1 woman, VO2max 69.5±6.0", "duration": "HIT 5 sessions/6 days; MIT 6 sessions/7 days; test after 6 easy days", "key_results": "Both improved 15-min power (HIT +2.8±5.3%, MIT +4.9±8.7%, p=0.44). MIT better for power at 4 mmol. No VO2max difference. HIT RPE 17.1; MIT RPE 14.5. HIT was 5x8.75 min multiple short intervals.", "limitations": "Short blocks. Mostly men. Abstract plus partial full text.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12575440/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41169000/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID22", "authors": "Solli GS, Odden I, Sælen V, Hansen J, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2025, "title": "A microcycle of high-intensity short-interval sessions induces improvements in indicators of endurance performance compared to regular training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12223", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12223", "pmid": "39639702", "design": "6-day 30/15 block vs regular training", "population": "22 block completers (21 men, 1 woman, VO2max 71.1±6.5) vs 11 regular (9 men, 2 women, VO2max 71.1±8.3). Five withdrew because testing was too hard.", "duration": "6 days, five sessions of 5x8.75 min 30/15, plus 6 days reduced load", "key_results": "Block improved last-minute power of the VO2max test more (+3.7% vs +0.7%) and 10-s sprint more. No significant difference in VO2max, power at 4 mmol, or 15-min power.", "limitations": "Unequal groups. Supervised vs self-administered. Selection from hard testing. Not a clean format RCT.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39639702&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11680548/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39639702/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT39", "citation_ids": [ "TID22", "INT39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID22", "authors": "Solli GS et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "A microcycle of high-intensity short-interval sessions induces improvements in indicators of endurance performance compared to regular training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12223", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12223", "pmid": "39639702", "design": "Group comparison of a HIT microcycle vs regular training", "population": "Well-trained cyclists", "duration": "5 HIT sessions in 6 days plus 6 easier days vs 12 days regular training with 4 HIT", "key_results": "Power at VO2max 3.7% vs 0.7% (p=0.009). No significant difference in VO2max, power at 4 mmol, or 15-min power.", "limitations": "Short; interval format details belong with the interval brief.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39639702&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT39", "authors": "Solli GS, Odden I, Sælen V, Hansen J, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2025, "title": "A microcycle of high-intensity short-interval sessions induces improvements in indicators of endurance performance compared to regular training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12223", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12223", "pmid": "39639702", "design": "6-day 30/15 block vs regular training", "population": "22 block completers (21 men, 1 woman, VO2max 71.1±6.5) vs 11 regular (9 men, 2 women, VO2max 71.1±8.3). Five withdrew because testing was too hard.", "duration": "6 days, five sessions of 5x8.75 min 30/15, plus 6 days reduced load", "key_results": "Block improved last-minute power of the VO2max test more (+3.7% vs +0.7%) and 10-s sprint more. No significant difference in VO2max, power at 4 mmol, or 15-min power.", "limitations": "Unequal groups. Supervised vs self-administered. Selection from hard testing. Not a clean format RCT.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11680548/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39639702/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID23", "authors": "Laursen PB, Shing CM, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG", "year": 2002, "title": "Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "pmid": "12439086", "design": "4-week randomized HIT comparison plus control", "population": "38 cyclists and triathletes, VO2peak 64.5±5.2", "duration": "4 weeks, HIT twice weekly", "key_results": "All HIT groups improved 40 km TT +4.4 to +5.8% and peak power +3.0 to +6.2% vs control. Groups using 8x60% Tmax at Pmax improved VO2peak more than control (+5.4% and +8.1% vs +1.0%). 12x30 s at 175% PPO also improved TT. Abstract duplicates a group label, so recovery-mode assignment is unclear.", "limitations": "Abstract labeling error. Short intervention. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12439086&resultType=core&format=json", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12439086/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12439086" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT15", "citation_ids": [ "TID23", "INT15", "DUR14" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2002 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID23", "authors": "Laursen PB et al.", "year": 2002, "title": "Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "pmid": "12439086", "design": "Controlled HIT formats plus usual LIT", "population": "38 cyclists/triathletes, VO2peak 64.5±5.2", "duration": "4 weeks, HIT twice weekly", "key_results": "HIT groups improved 40 km TT about 4.4-5.8% and peak power 3.0-6.2% more than control.", "limitations": "Compares formats, not 1 vs 2 vs 3 sessions.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12439086&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "INT15", "authors": "Laursen PB, Shing CM, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG", "year": 2002, "title": "Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "pmid": "12439086", "design": "4-week randomized HIT comparison plus control", "population": "38 cyclists and triathletes, VO2peak 64.5±5.2", "duration": "4 weeks, HIT twice weekly", "key_results": "All HIT groups improved 40 km TT +4.4 to +5.8% and peak power +3.0 to +6.2% vs control. Groups using 8x60% Tmax at Pmax improved VO2peak more than control (+5.4% and +8.1% vs +1.0%). 12x30 s at 175% PPO also improved TT. Abstract duplicates a group label, so recovery-mode assignment is unclear.", "limitations": "Abstract labeling error. Short intervention. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12439086/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR14", "authors": "Laursen PB, Shing CM, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG", "year": 2002, "title": "Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-200211000-00017", "pmid": "12439086", "design": "4-week HIT vs continued base", "population": "38 cyclists/triathletes, VO2peak 64.5±5.2", "duration": "4 weeks, HIT twice weekly", "key_results": "HIT groups improved 40 km TT +4.4 to +5.8% and PPO +3.0 to +6.2% more than control.", "limitations": "Not threshold recipes; abstract only; group protocol details truncated in abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12439086" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID24", "authors": "Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M", "year": 2013, "title": "Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4", "pmid": "23912805", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance training literature", "duration": "not a new trial", "key_results": "Autonomic recovery summarized as up to 24 h after low intensity, 24-48 h after threshold, at least 48 h after high intensity. Fitter athletes recover faster.", "limitations": "Marker review, not a performance dose-response.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23912805&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID24", "citation_ids": [ "TID24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID24", "authors": "Stanley J, Peake JM, Buchheit M", "year": 2013, "title": "Cardiac parasympathetic reactivation following exercise: implications for training prescription", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0083-4", "pmid": "23912805", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance training literature", "duration": "not a new trial", "key_results": "Autonomic recovery summarized as up to 24 h after low intensity, 24-48 h after threshold, at least 48 h after high intensity. Fitter athletes recover faster.", "limitations": "Marker review, not a performance dose-response.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:23912805&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID26", "authors": "Gross M, Swensen T, King D", "year": 2007, "title": "Nonconsecutive- versus consecutive-day high-intensity interval training in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180cac209", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3180cac209", "pmid": "17805101", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "15 trained cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks, 3 HIT sessions/week", "key_results": "Consecutive (n=9) and nonconsecutive (n=6) schedules both improved VO2peak, peak aerobic power, and 5 km TT, with no between-group difference in the authors' conclusion.", "limitations": "Small, short; not equivalence. Unverified secondary percentages not used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17805101&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID26", "citation_ids": [ "TID26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID26", "authors": "Gross M, Swensen T, King D", "year": 2007, "title": "Nonconsecutive- versus consecutive-day high-intensity interval training in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180cac209", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3180cac209", "pmid": "17805101", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "15 trained cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks, 3 HIT sessions/week", "key_results": "Consecutive (n=9) and nonconsecutive (n=6) schedules both improved VO2peak, peak aerobic power, and 5 km TT, with no between-group difference in the authors' conclusion.", "limitations": "Small, short; not equivalence. Unverified secondary percentages not used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17805101&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID27", "authors": "Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I", "year": 2007, "title": "Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0", "pmid": "17762369", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "Competitive athletes, 27 datasets", "duration": "pre-event tapers", "key_results": "Larger effects with ~2 weeks and exponential volume cuts of about 41-60%, without cutting intensity or frequency.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous sports; subgroup 'optima' are not a factorial law; not a mid-build deload trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17762369&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID27", "citation_ids": [ "TID27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID27", "authors": "Bosquet L, Montpetit J, Arvisais D, Mujika I", "year": 2007, "title": "Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0", "pmid": "17762369", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "Competitive athletes, 27 datasets", "duration": "pre-event tapers", "key_results": "Larger effects with ~2 weeks and exponential volume cuts of about 41-60%, without cutting intensity or frequency.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous sports; subgroup 'optima' are not a factorial law; not a mid-build deload trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:17762369&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID28", "authors": "Aubry A et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Functional overreaching: the key to peak performance during the taper?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000301", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000301", "pmid": "25134000", "design": "Controlled overload and taper", "population": "33 trained male triathletes", "duration": "8 weeks including overload and 4-week taper", "key_results": "Functionally overreached athletes supercompensated less than acutely fatigued athletes (~2.6%) and had more infections (70% vs 20%).", "limitations": "Male triathletes; qualitative statistics.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25134000&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID28", "citation_ids": [ "TID28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID28", "authors": "Aubry A et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Functional overreaching: the key to peak performance during the taper?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000301", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000301", "pmid": "25134000", "design": "Controlled overload and taper", "population": "33 trained male triathletes", "duration": "8 weeks including overload and 4-week taper", "key_results": "Functionally overreached athletes supercompensated less than acutely fatigued athletes (~2.6%) and had more infections (70% vs 20%).", "limitations": "Male triathletes; qualitative statistics.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25134000&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID29", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Askestad A, Hansen J", "year": 2014, "title": "HIT maintains performance during the transition period and improves next season performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2919-5", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-2919-5", "pmid": "24878691", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "13 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "8-week transition", "key_results": "One HIT every 7-10 days plus LIT (n=7) vs LIT emphasis (n=6). Magnitude-based inference favored HIT for power at 4 mmol and 40-min performance.", "limitations": "Tiny sample; MBI; not a universal minimum.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24878691&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID29", "citation_ids": [ "TID29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID29", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Askestad A, Hansen J", "year": 2014, "title": "HIT maintains performance during the transition period and improves next season performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2919-5", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-2919-5", "pmid": "24878691", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "13 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "8-week transition", "key_results": "One HIT every 7-10 days plus LIT (n=7) vs LIT emphasis (n=6). Magnitude-based inference favored HIT for power at 4 mmol and 40-min performance.", "limitations": "Tiny sample; MBI; not a universal minimum.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24878691&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID30", "authors": "Hickson RC, Rosenkoetter MA", "year": 1981, "title": "Reduced training frequencies and maintenance of increased aerobic power", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7219129/", "doi": null, "pmid": "7219129", "design": "Reduced-training experiment after a build", "population": "Young adults, recently trained, n=12", "duration": "15 weeks reduced frequency after 10 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max maintained at 2 or 4 days/week if intensity and duration kept.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:7219129&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID30", "citation_ids": [ "TID30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1981 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID30", "authors": "Hickson RC, Rosenkoetter MA", "year": 1981, "title": "Reduced training frequencies and maintenance of increased aerobic power", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7219129/", "doi": null, "pmid": "7219129", "design": "Reduced-training experiment after a build", "population": "Young adults, recently trained, n=12", "duration": "15 weeks reduced frequency after 10 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max maintained at 2 or 4 days/week if intensity and duration kept.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:7219129&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID31", "authors": "Hickson RC et al.", "year": 1985, "title": "Reduced training intensities and loss of aerobic power, endurance, and cardiac growth", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.492", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.492", "pmid": "3156841", "design": "Reduced-intensity experiment", "population": "Recently trained young adults", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "Cutting intensity by one-third or two-thirds lost VO2max gains despite maintained frequency and duration.", "limitations": "Not athletes in season.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:3156841&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID31", "citation_ids": [ "TID31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1985 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID31", "authors": "Hickson RC et al.", "year": 1985, "title": "Reduced training intensities and loss of aerobic power, endurance, and cardiac growth", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.492", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.492", "pmid": "3156841", "design": "Reduced-intensity experiment", "population": "Recently trained young adults", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "Cutting intensity by one-third or two-thirds lost VO2max gains despite maintained frequency and duration.", "limitations": "Not athletes in season.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:3156841&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID32", "authors": "Coyle EF et al.", "year": 1984, "title": "Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857", "pmid": "6511559", "design": "Detraining time course", "population": "7 endurance-trained subjects who stopped", "duration": "84 days of inactivity", "key_results": "VO2max -7% by 21 days and -16% by 56 days. Enzyme half-time ~12 days. Capillarization did not decline in the observed window.", "limitations": "Complete cessation, not reduced training.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:6511559&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID32", "citation_ids": [ "TID32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1984 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID32", "authors": "Coyle EF et al.", "year": 1984, "title": "Time course of loss of adaptations after stopping prolonged intense endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1857", "pmid": "6511559", "design": "Detraining time course", "population": "7 endurance-trained subjects who stopped", "duration": "84 days of inactivity", "key_results": "VO2max -7% by 21 days and -16% by 56 days. Enzyme half-time ~12 days. Capillarization did not decline in the observed window.", "limitations": "Complete cessation, not reduced training.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:6511559&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID33", "authors": "Spiering BA, Mujika I, Sharp MA, Foulis SA", "year": 2021, "title": "Maintaining physical performance: the minimal dose of exercise needed to preserve endurance and strength over time", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003964", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003964", "pmid": "33629972", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "General and military populations", "duration": "up to 15 weeks in cited maintenance studies", "key_results": "Endurance can be maintained with frequency as low as 2 sessions/week or volume cut 33-66% if intensity is maintained.", "limitations": "Not a trained-cyclist prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33629972&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID33", "citation_ids": [ "TID33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID33", "authors": "Spiering BA, Mujika I, Sharp MA, Foulis SA", "year": 2021, "title": "Maintaining physical performance: the minimal dose of exercise needed to preserve endurance and strength over time", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003964", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003964", "pmid": "33629972", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "General and military populations", "duration": "up to 15 weeks in cited maintenance studies", "key_results": "Endurance can be maintained with frequency as low as 2 sessions/week or volume cut 33-66% if intensity is maintained.", "limitations": "Not a trained-cyclist prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33629972&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID34", "authors": "Javaloyes A; Sarabia JM; Lamberts RP; Moya-Ramon M", "year": 2019, "title": "Training prescription guided by heart-rate variability in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "pmid": "29809080", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "17 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "4 baseline + 8 training weeks", "key_results": "HRV-guided group improved PPO 5.1%±4.5%, W at VT2 13.9%±8.8%, 40-min TT 7.3%±4.5%. Traditional group did not improve significantly. Between-group differences not significant.", "limitations": "Abstract. Small. Magnitude-based inference used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29809080&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON44", "citation_ids": [ "TID34", "MON44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID34", "authors": "Javaloyes A, Sarabia JM, Lamberts RP, Moya-Ramón M", "year": 2019, "title": "Training prescription guided by heart-rate variability in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "pmid": "29809080", "design": "Randomized comparison", "population": "17 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "HRV-guided group improved PPO 5.1%, power at VT2 13.9%, and 40-min TT 7.3%; traditional group did not improve significantly. Between-group tests not significant.", "limitations": "Small; magnitude-based inference.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29809080&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "MON44", "authors": "Javaloyes A; Sarabia JM; Lamberts RP; Moya-Ramon M", "year": 2019, "title": "Training prescription guided by heart-rate variability in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122", "pmid": "29809080", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "17 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "4 baseline + 8 training weeks", "key_results": "HRV-guided group improved PPO 5.1%±4.5%, W at VT2 13.9%±8.8%, 40-min TT 7.3%±4.5%. Traditional group did not improve significantly. Between-group differences not significant.", "limitations": "Abstract. Small. Magnitude-based inference used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0122&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID36", "authors": "Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S, Tønnessen E", "year": 2022, "title": "The training characteristics of world-class distance runners: an integration of scientific literature and results-proven practice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1", "pmid": "35362850", "design": "Narrative integration of observational practice", "population": "World-class distance runners", "duration": "training year", "key_results": "≥80% of running volume at low intensity; 11-14 sessions/week; race-pace work increases toward the main competition; taper often 7-10 days.", "limitations": "Runners, observational.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35362850&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID36", "citation_ids": [ "TID36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID36", "authors": "Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S, Tønnessen E", "year": 2022, "title": "The training characteristics of world-class distance runners: an integration of scientific literature and results-proven practice", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1", "pmid": "35362850", "design": "Narrative integration of observational practice", "population": "World-class distance runners", "duration": "training year", "key_results": "≥80% of running volume at low intensity; 11-14 sessions/week; race-pace work increases toward the main competition; taper often 7-10 days.", "limitations": "Runners, observational.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35362850&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID37", "authors": "Tønnessen E, Hisdal J, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2020, "title": "Influence of interval training frequency on time-trial performance in elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093190", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph17093190", "pmid": "32375328", "design": "Randomized frequency comparison, volume matched", "population": "Elite XC skiers/biathletes; 4 short sessions n=6 vs 2 longer n=9", "duration": "intervention period in-season preparation", "key_results": "Intervals ~85% HRmax. Two longer sessions improved economy and fractional utilization; four shorter did not show those changes. VO2max unchanged in both.", "limitations": "Tiny, mostly male, skiers; 85% HRmax is not necessarily severe-domain work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32375328&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID37", "citation_ids": [ "TID37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID37", "authors": "Tønnessen E, Hisdal J, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2020, "title": "Influence of interval training frequency on time-trial performance in elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093190", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph17093190", "pmid": "32375328", "design": "Randomized frequency comparison, volume matched", "population": "Elite XC skiers/biathletes; 4 short sessions n=6 vs 2 longer n=9", "duration": "intervention period in-season preparation", "key_results": "Intervals ~85% HRmax. Two longer sessions improved economy and fractional utilization; four shorter did not show those changes. VO2max unchanged in both.", "limitations": "Tiny, mostly male, skiers; 85% HRmax is not necessarily severe-domain work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32375328&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID38", "authors": "Billat VL et al.", "year": 1999, "title": "Interval training at VO2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199901000-00024", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199901000-00024", "pmid": "9927024", "design": "Sequential training phases", "population": "8 subjects", "duration": "4 weeks of 1 vVO2max session/week, then 4 weeks of 3/week", "key_results": "One session/week improved velocity at VO2max. Three sessions/week did not further improve performance; end-test norepinephrine rose.", "limitations": "Sequential, small, not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:9927024&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID38", "citation_ids": [ "TID38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1999 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID38", "authors": "Billat VL et al.", "year": 1999, "title": "Interval training at VO2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199901000-00024", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199901000-00024", "pmid": "9927024", "design": "Sequential training phases", "population": "8 subjects", "duration": "4 weeks of 1 vVO2max session/week, then 4 weeks of 3/week", "key_results": "One session/week improved velocity at VO2max. 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Performed at 90% HRpeak and 9.6 mmol/L vs 94%/13.2 for 4x4 and 88%/4.9 for 4x16.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Recreational, not well-trained. n=9 per interval arm.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21812820/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR11", "authors": "Seiler S, Jøranson K, Olesen BV, Hetlelid KJ", "year": 2013, "title": "Adaptations to aerobic interval training: interactive effects of exercise intensity and total work duration", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01351.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01351.x", "pmid": "21812820", "design": "7-week randomised interval comparison", "population": "35 recreational cyclists, 29 men 6 women, VO2peak 52±6, ~6 h/week", "duration": "7 weeks", "key_results": "4x8 min greater gains in VO2peak, power at VO2peak and power at 4 mmol/L than 4x4, 4x16 or low-intensity only. 4x16 was 88% HRpeak and 4.9 mmol/L.", "limitations": "Recreational, not well-trained; abstract only; not an FTP-recipe trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21812820" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID49", "authors": "Ortiz RO et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "A systematic review on the effectiveness of active recovery interventions on athletic performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002589", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002589", "pmid": "29742750", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "competitive adult athletes", "duration": "post-exercise active recovery", "key_results": "Weak evidence that active recovery improves subsequent performance; psychological benefit more plausible.", "limitations": "Not a test of multi-hour easy rides.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29742750&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID49", "citation_ids": [ "TID49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID49", "authors": "Ortiz RO et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "A systematic review on the effectiveness of active recovery interventions on athletic performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002589", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002589", "pmid": "29742750", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "competitive adult athletes", "duration": "post-exercise active recovery", "key_results": "Weak evidence that active recovery improves subsequent performance; psychological benefit more plausible.", "limitations": "Not a test of multi-hour easy rides.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29742750&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID50", "authors": "Wang Z et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Effects of tapering on performance in endurance athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282838", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0282838", "pmid": "37163550", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "endurance athletes, 14 studies", "duration": "pre-event tapers", "key_results": "TT SMD -0.45. Volume cuts of 41-60% with intensity and frequency maintained, lasting up to 21 days, were associated with better TTs.", "limitations": "Mixes sports; pre-taper overload finding conflicts with Aubry on functional overreaching.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37163550&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID50", "citation_ids": [ "TID50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID50", "authors": "Wang Z et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Effects of tapering on performance in endurance athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282838", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0282838", "pmid": "37163550", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "endurance athletes, 14 studies", "duration": "pre-event tapers", "key_results": "TT SMD -0.45. Volume cuts of 41-60% with intensity and frequency maintained, lasting up to 21 days, were associated with better TTs.", "limitations": "Mixes sports; pre-taper overload finding conflicts with Aubry on functional overreaching.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37163550&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID51", "authors": "Javaloyes A et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Training prescription guided by heart rate variability vs block periodization in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003337", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003337", "pmid": "31490431", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "HRV-guided training improved VO2max, PPO, VT powers, and 40-min TT. Block improved power at VT2.", "limitations": "Small; between-group sentence incomplete in retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31490431&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID51", "citation_ids": [ "TID51" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID51", "authors": "Javaloyes A et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Training prescription guided by heart rate variability vs block periodization in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003337", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003337", "pmid": "31490431", "design": "Group comparison", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "HRV-guided training improved VO2max, PPO, VT powers, and 40-min TT. Block improved power at VT2.", "limitations": "Small; between-group sentence incomplete in retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31490431&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID52", "authors": "Vesterinen V et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "pmid": "26909534", "design": "Randomized comparison", "population": "40 recreational runners", "duration": "8 weeks intensive", "key_results": "HRV group did fewer moderate/HIT sessions (13.2±6.0 vs 17.7±2.5) and improved 3000 m; traditional change not significant.", "limitations": "Recreational runners.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26909534&resultType=core&format=json", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000000910&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID52", "citation_ids": [ "TID52", "MON45" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID52", "authors": "Vesterinen V et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "pmid": "26909534", "design": "Randomized comparison", "population": "40 recreational runners", "duration": "8 weeks intensive", "key_results": "HRV group did fewer moderate/HIT sessions (13.2±6.0 vs 17.7±2.5) and improved 3000 m; traditional change not significant.", "limitations": "Recreational runners.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26909534&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "source_id": "MON45", "authors": "Vesterinen V et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000910", "pmid": "26909534", "design": "Randomized-style comparison", "population": "40 recreational endurance runners", "duration": "8-week intensive period", "key_results": "HRV group did fewer hard sessions (13.2±6.0 vs 17.7±2.5). 3000 m improved 2.1% vs 1.1%. VO2max improved in both.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0000000000000910&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID53", "authors": "Casado A et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435", "pmid": "35418513", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "highly trained and elite runners", "duration": "observational and intervention reports", "key_results": "Pyramidal TID common; both pyramidal and polarized used; marathoners more pyramidal, 1500 m more polarized.", "limitations": "Runners, not a cyclist RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35418513&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID53", "citation_ids": [ "TID53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID53", "authors": "Casado A et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435", "pmid": "35418513", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "highly trained and elite runners", "duration": "observational and intervention reports", "key_results": "Pyramidal TID common; both pyramidal and polarized used; marathoners more pyramidal, 1500 m more polarized.", "limitations": "Runners, not a cyclist RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35418513&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID54", "authors": "Stöggl TL, Sperlich B", "year": 2015, "title": "The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00295", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2015.00295", "pmid": "26578968", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "well-trained and elite endurance athletes", "duration": "mixed designs", "key_results": "Retrospective studies often pyramidal; some phases polarized; early RCTs favored polarized vs threshold or HVLIT in less elite groups.", "limitations": "2015; later syntheses narrow the RCT claim.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26578968&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID54", "citation_ids": [ "TID54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID54", "authors": "Stöggl TL, Sperlich B", "year": 2015, "title": "The training intensity distribution among well-trained and elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00295", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2015.00295", "pmid": "26578968", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "well-trained and elite endurance athletes", "duration": "mixed designs", "key_results": "Retrospective studies often pyramidal; some phases polarized; early RCTs favored polarized vs threshold or HVLIT in less elite groups.", "limitations": "2015; later syntheses narrow the RCT claim.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26578968&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID55", "authors": "García-Pallarés J et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Performance changes in world-class kayakers following two different training periodization models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1484-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-010-1484-9", "pmid": "20414669", "design": "Two-season comparison, not randomized parallel", "population": "10 world-class kayakers", "duration": "two training cycles", "key_results": "Similar VO2peak gains despite block cycle being 10 weeks and 120 h shorter; larger peak speed/power gains after block.", "limitations": "Not randomized; kayak; n=10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20414669&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID55", "citation_ids": [ "TID55" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID55", "authors": "García-Pallarés J et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Performance changes in world-class kayakers following two different training periodization models", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1484-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-010-1484-9", "pmid": "20414669", "design": "Two-season comparison, not randomized parallel", "population": "10 world-class kayakers", "duration": "two training cycles", "key_results": "Similar VO2peak gains despite block cycle being 10 weeks and 120 h shorter; larger peak speed/power gains after block.", "limitations": "Not randomized; kayak; n=10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20414669&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID56", "authors": "Issurin V", "year": 2008, "title": "Block periodization versus traditional training theory: a review", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18212712/", "doi": null, "pmid": "18212712", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "training theory", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues for concentrated blocks over mixed traditional loading.", "limitations": "Conceptual; not cyclist outcome data.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18212712&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID56", "citation_ids": [ "TID56" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID56", "authors": "Issurin V", "year": 2008, "title": "Block periodization versus traditional training theory: a review", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18212712/", "doi": null, "pmid": "18212712", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "training theory", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues for concentrated blocks over mixed traditional loading.", "limitations": "Conceptual; not cyclist outcome data.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18212712&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID57", "authors": "Hickson RC et al.", "year": 1982, "title": "Reduced training duration effects on aerobic power, endurance, and cardiac growth", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1982.53.1.225", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1982.53.1.225", "pmid": "6214534", "design": "Reduced-duration experiment", "population": "recently trained young adults", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max maintained when duration was cut and intensity and frequency kept.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:6214534&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID57", "citation_ids": [ "TID57" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1982 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID57", "authors": "Hickson RC et al.", "year": 1982, "title": "Reduced training duration effects on aerobic power, endurance, and cardiac growth", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1982.53.1.225", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1982.53.1.225", "pmid": "6214534", "design": "Reduced-duration experiment", "population": "recently trained young adults", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max maintained when duration was cut and intensity and frequency kept.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:6214534&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID58", "authors": "Neufer PD et al.", "year": 1987, "title": "Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3683154/", "doi": null, "pmid": "3683154", "design": "Reduced-training comparison", "population": "competitive male swimmers", "duration": "4 weeks after 5 months", "key_results": "3 sessions/week maintained VO2max better than 1/week or rest. Swim power fell in all groups.", "limitations": "Swimming, 4 weeks.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:3683154&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID58", "citation_ids": [ "TID58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1987 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID58", "authors": "Neufer PD et al.", "year": 1987, "title": "Effect of reduced training on muscular strength and endurance in competitive swimmers", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3683154/", "doi": null, "pmid": "3683154", "design": "Reduced-training comparison", "population": "competitive male swimmers", "duration": "4 weeks after 5 months", "key_results": "3 sessions/week maintained VO2max better than 1/week or rest. Swim power fell in all groups.", "limitations": "Swimming, 4 weeks.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:3683154&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID59", "authors": "Nøst HL, Aune MA, van den Tillaar R", "year": 2024, "title": "The effect of polarized training intensity distribution on maximal oxygen uptake and work economy among endurance athletes: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120326", "doi": "10.3390/sports12120326", "pmid": "39728866", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "endurance athletes, 14 studies", "duration": "short-term interventions", "key_results": "Concludes polarized patterns can improve VO2max, VO2peak, and economy short term.", "limitations": "Narrative endorsement more than a head-to-head effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39728866&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID59", "citation_ids": [ "TID59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID59", "authors": "Nøst HL, Aune MA, van den Tillaar R", "year": 2024, "title": "The effect of polarized training intensity distribution on maximal oxygen uptake and work economy among endurance athletes: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12120326", "doi": "10.3390/sports12120326", "pmid": "39728866", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "endurance athletes, 14 studies", "duration": "short-term interventions", "key_results": "Concludes polarized patterns can improve VO2max, VO2peak, and economy short term.", "limitations": "Narrative endorsement more than a head-to-head effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39728866&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID60", "authors": "Rivera-Köfler T et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of polarized training vs other training intensity distribution models on physiological variables and endurance performance: a scoping review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000005033", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000005033", "pmid": "39714232", "design": "Scoping review", "population": "endurance athletes of different levels, 15 studies", "duration": "long-term TID comparisons", "key_results": "POL and PYR both linked to VO2max and aerobic-threshold gains; all included models could improve anaerobic-threshold markers.", "limitations": "Not a meta-analysis; heterogeneous tests.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39714232&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID60", "citation_ids": [ "TID60" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID60", "authors": "Rivera-Köfler T et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of polarized training vs other training intensity distribution models on physiological variables and endurance performance: a scoping review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000005033", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000005033", "pmid": "39714232", "design": "Scoping review", "population": "endurance athletes of different levels, 15 studies", "duration": "long-term TID comparisons", "key_results": "POL and PYR both linked to VO2max and aerobic-threshold gains; all included models could improve anaerobic-threshold markers.", "limitations": "Not a meta-analysis; heterogeneous tests.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39714232&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "TID61", "authors": "Kenneally M, Casado A, Santos-Concejero J", "year": 2018, "title": "The effect of periodization and training intensity distribution on middle- and long-distance running performance: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0327", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0327", "pmid": "29182410", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "middle- and long-distance runners, 16 studies", "duration": "≥4 weeks", "key_results": "Pyramidal and polarized appeared more effective than threshold in the included studies, with noted exceptions among top marathoners.", "limitations": "Running review; not used as a cyclist effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29182410&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "TID61", "citation_ids": [ "TID61" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "TID61", "authors": "Kenneally M, Casado A, Santos-Concejero J", "year": 2018, "title": "The effect of periodization and training intensity distribution on middle- and long-distance running performance: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0327", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0327", "pmid": "29182410", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "middle- and long-distance runners, 16 studies", "duration": "≥4 weeks", "key_results": "Pyramidal and polarized appeared more effective than threshold in the included studies, with noted exceptions among top marathoners.", "limitations": "Running review; not used as a cyclist effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29182410&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT01", "authors": "Odden I, Nymoen L, Urianstad T, Kristoffersen M, Hammarström D, Hansen J, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2024, "title": "The higher the fraction of maximal oxygen uptake is during interval training, the greater is the cycling performance gain", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12202", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12202", "pmid": "39385317", "design": "9-week training intervention; %VO2max measured every session; regression plus post-hoc median split, not randomized to high vs low fraction", "population": "22 well-trained cyclists, 19 men 3 women, VO2max 67.1±6.4 mL/kg/min", "duration": "9 weeks, ~21 sessions of 5x8 min at PO40min, three work-rate patterns in randomized order", "key_results": "Mean interval %VO2max associated with gains in VO2max (R2adj 0.54, p=0.029; multivariate model including baseline, sex, mass change; slope 0.25 mL/kg/min per percentage point), Wmax (R2adj 0.44), power at 4 mmol (R2adj 0.25), and a performance index (R2adj 0.36). No association with 15-min power (p=0.215) or Hb mass (p=0.853). Post-hoc high vs low fraction: VO2max +5.23 vs +1.78 mL/kg/min. High-fraction half did more zone 1 (3:12 vs 1:48 h) and tended to train more total hours (9:43 vs 7:40). Time≥90% only tended to relate to VO2max change. RPE and lactate did not separate the halves.", "limitations": "Association not causation. Post-hoc split. Easy-volume imbalance. Three women. R2adj is not fraction-alone variance. Title overclaims.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385317/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12202" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT01", "citation_ids": [ "INT01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT01", "authors": "Odden I, Nymoen L, Urianstad T, Kristoffersen M, Hammarström D, Hansen J, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2024, "title": "The higher the fraction of maximal oxygen uptake is during interval training, the greater is the cycling performance gain", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12202", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12202", "pmid": "39385317", "design": "9-week training intervention; %VO2max measured every session; regression plus post-hoc median split, not randomized to high vs low fraction", "population": "22 well-trained cyclists, 19 men 3 women, VO2max 67.1±6.4 mL/kg/min", "duration": "9 weeks, ~21 sessions of 5x8 min at PO40min, three work-rate patterns in randomized order", "key_results": "Mean interval %VO2max associated with gains in VO2max (R2adj 0.54, p=0.029; multivariate model including baseline, sex, mass change; slope 0.25 mL/kg/min per percentage point), Wmax (R2adj 0.44), power at 4 mmol (R2adj 0.25), and a performance index (R2adj 0.36). No association with 15-min power (p=0.215) or Hb mass (p=0.853). Post-hoc high vs low fraction: VO2max +5.23 vs +1.78 mL/kg/min. High-fraction half did more zone 1 (3:12 vs 1:48 h) and tended to train more total hours (9:43 vs 7:40). Time≥90% only tended to relate to VO2max change. RPE and lactate did not separate the halves.", "limitations": "Association not causation. Post-hoc split. Easy-volume imbalance. Three women. R2adj is not fraction-alone variance. Title overclaims.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39385317/", "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12202" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT02", "authors": "Urianstad T, Hamarsland H, Odden I, Lorentzen HC, Hammarström D, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2024, "title": "The higher oxygen consumption during multiple short intervals is sex-independent and not influenced by skeletal muscle characteristics in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12214", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12214", "pmid": "39435498", "design": "Acute randomized crossover, workload-matched", "population": "11 well-trained women VO2max 62.5±6.4 and 8 men VO2max 81.0±5.2 mL/kg/min", "duration": "Single sessions: 6x8 min", "key_results": "30/15 at 118/60% PO40min produced higher mean %VO2max (86.7±10.1%) and longer time ≥90% (1123±787 s) than constant 100% (85.0±10.4%; 879±779 s) and 60/60 at 110/90% (85.6±10.0%; 917±745 s). No sex difference. Vastus lateralis fiber type, capillarization, and CS activity unrelated to %VO2max.", "limitations": "Acute only. Huge SD on time ≥90%. Mean %VO2max difference is 1-2 points.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534666/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435498/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT02", "citation_ids": [ "INT02" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT02", "authors": "Urianstad T, Hamarsland H, Odden I, Lorentzen HC, Hammarström D, Mølmen KS, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2024, "title": "The higher oxygen consumption during multiple short intervals is sex-independent and not influenced by skeletal muscle characteristics in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12214", "doi": "10.1002/ejsc.12214", "pmid": "39435498", "design": "Acute randomized crossover, workload-matched", "population": "11 well-trained women VO2max 62.5±6.4 and 8 men VO2max 81.0±5.2 mL/kg/min", "duration": "Single sessions: 6x8 min", "key_results": "30/15 at 118/60% PO40min produced higher mean %VO2max (86.7±10.1%) and longer time ≥90% (1123±787 s) than constant 100% (85.0±10.4%; 879±779 s) and 60/60 at 110/90% (85.6±10.0%; 917±745 s). No sex difference. Vastus lateralis fiber type, capillarization, and CS activity unrelated to %VO2max.", "limitations": "Acute only. Huge SD on time ≥90%. Mean %VO2max difference is 1-2 points.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534666/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435498/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT03", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Vegge G, Tønnessen E, Slettaløkken G", "year": 2015, "title": "Short intervals induce superior training adaptations compared with long intervals in cyclists - an effort-matched approach", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12165", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12165", "pmid": "24382021", "design": "Randomized 10-week training comparison, effort-matched not power-matched", "population": "Trained-to-well-trained male competitive cyclists; 20 randomized, 9 short and 7 long completers", "duration": "10 weeks, 2 HIT sessions/week", "key_results": "SI: 3x13x30/15, 3 min between series. LI: 4x5 min, 2.5 min recovery. Recovery 50% of work power. Work power 363±32 vs 324±42 W. RPE and lactate similar. VO2max +8.7±5.0% vs +2.6±5.2% (p≤0.05). Wmax +8.5±5.2% vs +1.6±3.6%. Power at 4 mmol +12±9% vs +5±6% (between-group p=0.12). 40-min power +12±10% vs +4±4% (p=0.056). 5-min +8±7% vs +3±7% (ns between groups). 30-s Wingate +5±3% vs +1.4±3.7% (p=0.10). Authors infer time≥90% VO2max as cause but did not measure VO2 during training.", "limitations": "Male only. Small n. Dropouts. Effort matching confounds duration with power. Mechanism not measured in this trial.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.paulogentil.com/pdf/Short%20intervals%20induce%20superior%20training%20adaptations%20compared%20with%20long%20intervals%20in%20cyclists%20%E2%80%93%20An%20effort-matched%20approach.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24382021/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24382021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT03", "citation_ids": [ "INT03", "DUR13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT03", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Vegge G, Tønnessen E, Slettaløkken G", "year": 2015, "title": "Short intervals induce superior training adaptations compared with long intervals in cyclists - an effort-matched approach", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12165", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12165", "pmid": "24382021", "design": "Randomized 10-week training comparison, effort-matched not power-matched", "population": "Trained-to-well-trained male competitive cyclists; 20 randomized, 9 short and 7 long completers", "duration": "10 weeks, 2 HIT sessions/week", "key_results": "SI: 3x13x30/15, 3 min between series. LI: 4x5 min, 2.5 min recovery. Recovery 50% of work power. Work power 363±32 vs 324±42 W. RPE and lactate similar. VO2max +8.7±5.0% vs +2.6±5.2% (p≤0.05). Wmax +8.5±5.2% vs +1.6±3.6%. Power at 4 mmol +12±9% vs +5±6% (between-group p=0.12). 40-min power +12±10% vs +4±4% (p=0.056). 5-min +8±7% vs +3±7% (ns between groups). 30-s Wingate +5±3% vs +1.4±3.7% (p=0.10). Authors infer time≥90% VO2max as cause but did not measure VO2 during training.", "limitations": "Male only. Small n. Dropouts. Effort matching confounds duration with power. Mechanism not measured in this trial.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.paulogentil.com/pdf/Short%20intervals%20induce%20superior%20training%20adaptations%20compared%20with%20long%20intervals%20in%20cyclists%20%E2%80%93%20An%20effort-matched%20approach.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24382021/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR13", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Vegge G, Tønnessen E, Slettaløkken G", "year": 2015, "title": "Short intervals induce superior training adaptations compared with long intervals in cyclists - an effort-matched approach", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12165", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12165", "pmid": "24382021", "design": "10-week effort-matched short vs long intervals", "population": "Cyclists, SI n=9, LI n=7", "duration": "10 weeks, HIT twice weekly", "key_results": "VO2max +8.7±5.0% vs +2.6±5.2%. Moderate-to-large ES favouring short intervals on 30 s, 5 min and 40 min power.", "limitations": "Small n; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24382021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT04", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Lundby C", "year": 2020, "title": "Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short-interval vs effort-matched long-interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13627", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13627", "pmid": "31977120", "design": "3-week randomized comparison, effort-matched by RPE", "population": "18 elite cyclists, VO2max 73±4 mL/kg/min, n=9 per group", "duration": "3 weeks, 9 sessions", "key_results": "3x13x30/15 vs 4x5 min. Short intervals improved peak aerobic power (+3.7±4.3% vs -0.3±2.8%), fractional utilization and power at 4 mmol, and 20-min power (+4.7±4.4% vs -1.4±2.2%). No group difference in VO2max change.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Very short. Elite male-dominated sample. One lab.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31977120/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31977120" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT04", "citation_ids": [ "INT04", "DUR12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT04", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Lundby C", "year": 2020, "title": "Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short-interval vs effort-matched long-interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13627", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13627", "pmid": "31977120", "design": "3-week randomized comparison, effort-matched by RPE", "population": "18 elite cyclists, VO2max 73±4 mL/kg/min, n=9 per group", "duration": "3 weeks, 9 sessions", "key_results": "3x13x30/15 vs 4x5 min. Short intervals improved peak aerobic power (+3.7±4.3% vs -0.3±2.8%), fractional utilization and power at 4 mmol, and 20-min power (+4.7±4.4% vs -1.4±2.2%). No group difference in VO2max change.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Very short. Elite male-dominated sample. One lab.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31977120/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR12", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H, Lundby C", "year": 2020, "title": "Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short-interval vs effort-matched long-interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13627", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13627", "pmid": "31977120", "design": "3-week effort-matched short vs long intervals", "population": "18 elite cyclists, VO2max 73±4, n=9 per group", "duration": "3 weeks, 9 sessions", "key_results": "30/15 s improved 20-min power 4.7±4.4% vs 4x5 min -1.4±2.2%.", "limitations": "Short; small n; abstract only; not 2x20.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31977120" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT05", "authors": "Almquist NW, Nygaard H, Vegge G, Hammarström D, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2020, "title": "Systemic and muscular responses to effort-matched short intervals and long intervals in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13672", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13672", "pmid": "32267032", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "8 elite cyclists", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "30 s vs 5 min, work:recovery 2:1. SI 14±3% higher mean power (421±27 vs 371±22 W) and longer time >90% VO2max and HRpeak, similar RPE, lactate, and EMG. Mostly similar mRNA; NHE1 decreased after SI.", "limitations": "Acute only. Large variance on time>90% (54±76% longer). Not an adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267032/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT05", "citation_ids": [ "INT05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT05", "authors": "Almquist NW, Nygaard H, Vegge G, Hammarström D, Ellefsen S, Rønnestad BR", "year": 2020, "title": "Systemic and muscular responses to effort-matched short intervals and long intervals in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13672", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13672", "pmid": "32267032", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "8 elite cyclists", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "30 s vs 5 min, work:recovery 2:1. SI 14±3% higher mean power (421±27 vs 371±22 W) and longer time >90% VO2max and HRpeak, similar RPE, lactate, and EMG. Mostly similar mRNA; NHE1 decreased after SI.", "limitations": "Acute only. Large variance on time>90% (54±76% longer). Not an adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267032/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT06", "authors": "Appelhans D, Rønnestad B, Skovereng K", "year": 2025, "title": "Multiple short intervals induce longer time above 90% of maximal oxygen consumption than long intervals when matched by similar fixed intensity, but not during self-paced cycling ergometry", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0115", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0115", "pmid": "40328438", "design": "Acute crossover, fixed %MAP and self-paced maximal", "population": "12 well-trained cyclists and triathletes, VO2max 68±6.3", "duration": "Single sessions: 3x13x30/15 vs 6x5 min", "key_results": "Time >90% VO2max greater for 30/15 than long intervals when fixed (p<0.01), not when self-paced (p=0.321). Self-paced raised time >90% from 420±259 to 1130±204 s (30/15) and 178±159 to 1016±312 s (long).", "limitations": "Abstract only. Acute. n=12.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40328438/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT06", "citation_ids": [ "INT06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT06", "authors": "Appelhans D, Rønnestad B, Skovereng K", "year": 2025, "title": "Multiple short intervals induce longer time above 90% of maximal oxygen consumption than long intervals when matched by similar fixed intensity, but not during self-paced cycling ergometry", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0115", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0115", "pmid": "40328438", "design": "Acute crossover, fixed %MAP and self-paced maximal", "population": "12 well-trained cyclists and triathletes, VO2max 68±6.3", "duration": "Single sessions: 3x13x30/15 vs 6x5 min", "key_results": "Time >90% VO2max greater for 30/15 than long intervals when fixed (p<0.01), not when self-paced (p=0.321). Self-paced raised time >90% from 420±259 to 1130±204 s (30/15) and 178±159 to 1016±312 s (long).", "limitations": "Abstract only. Acute. n=12.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40328438/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT07", "authors": "Bossi AH, Mesquida C, Passfield L, Rønnestad BR, Hopker JG", "year": 2020, "title": "Optimizing interval training through power-output variation within the work intervals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0260", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0260", "pmid": "32244222", "design": "Acute crossover, matched duration and mean power", "population": "14 cyclists, VO2max 69.2±6.6", "duration": "Two HIIT sessions", "key_results": "Varied-intensity work intervals: 410±207 s >90% VO2max vs 286±162 s constant (p=0.02). No difference in RPE, lactate, or perceptual/HR training load. Higher ventilation partly mediated.", "limitations": "Acute only. No adaptation follow-up.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32244222/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT07", "citation_ids": [ "INT07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT07", "authors": "Bossi AH, Mesquida C, Passfield L, Rønnestad BR, Hopker JG", "year": 2020, "title": "Optimizing interval training through power-output variation within the work intervals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0260", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0260", "pmid": "32244222", "design": "Acute crossover, matched duration and mean power", "population": "14 cyclists, VO2max 69.2±6.6", "duration": "Two HIIT sessions", "key_results": "Varied-intensity work intervals: 410±207 s >90% VO2max vs 286±162 s constant (p=0.02). No difference in RPE, lactate, or perceptual/HR training load. Higher ventilation partly mediated.", "limitations": "Acute only. No adaptation follow-up.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32244222/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT08", "authors": "Wommer D, Turnes T, Souza K, Guglielmo LGA", "year": 2022, "title": "Similar time near VO2max regardless of work rate manipulation in cycling interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1550-9977", "doi": "10.1055/a-1550-9977", "pmid": "34261134", "design": "Acute crossover, work-matched 8x60 s", "population": "10 healthy men, VO2max 3.82±0.52 L/min; not described as trained cyclists", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "Constant, decreasing 110-90%, and increasing 90-110% of peak power: time ≥90% VO2max 274±132, 313±102, 310±113 s (p=0.37). Lactate and final RPE similar.", "limitations": "Acute. Small, not clearly trained. Different protocol from Bossi 2020.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261134/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT08", "citation_ids": [ "INT08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT08", "authors": "Wommer D, Turnes T, Souza K, Guglielmo LGA", "year": 2022, "title": "Similar time near VO2max regardless of work rate manipulation in cycling interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1550-9977", "doi": "10.1055/a-1550-9977", "pmid": "34261134", "design": "Acute crossover, work-matched 8x60 s", "population": "10 healthy men, VO2max 3.82±0.52 L/min; not described as trained cyclists", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "Constant, decreasing 110-90%, and increasing 90-110% of peak power: time ≥90% VO2max 274±132, 313±102, 310±113 s (p=0.37). Lactate and final RPE similar.", "limitations": "Acute. Small, not clearly trained. Different protocol from Bossi 2020.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261134/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT10", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Sandbakk Ø, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Rønnestad BR, Seiler S", "year": 2017, "title": "Effects of high-intensity training on physiological and hormonal adaptions in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001214", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001214", "pmid": "28121800", "design": "Time-course analysis of the Sylta 2016 intervention", "population": "Same 63 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "12 weeks, tests every 4 weeks", "key_results": "First 4 weeks of 4x16 (about 2-3 h/week interval work) improved power at 4 mmol and VO2peak more than starting with 4x4 (about 1 h/week). Groups converged by week 12.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Early difference confounded by accumulated work, not just bout length.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28121800/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT10", "citation_ids": [ "INT10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT10", "authors": "Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Sandbakk Ø, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Rønnestad BR, Seiler S", "year": 2017, "title": "Effects of high-intensity training on physiological and hormonal adaptions in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001214", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001214", "pmid": "28121800", "design": "Time-course analysis of the Sylta 2016 intervention", "population": "Same 63 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "12 weeks, tests every 4 weeks", "key_results": "First 4 weeks of 4x16 (about 2-3 h/week interval work) improved power at 4 mmol and VO2peak more than starting with 4x4 (about 1 h/week). Groups converged by week 12.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Early difference confounded by accumulated work, not just bout length.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28121800/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT11", "authors": "Seiler S, Sylta Ø", "year": 2017, "title": "How does interval-training prescription affect physiological and perceptual responses?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0464", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0464", "pmid": "28051345", "design": "Observational analysis of >1400 maximal-effort sessions inside a training study", "population": "63 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 62±6", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "4x16, 4x8, 4x4 at maximal session effort were 95±5%, 106±5%, and 117±6% of 40-min TT power; peak HR 89, 91, 94% HRpeak; lactate 4.7, 9.2, 12.7 mmol/L. RPE 19-20 in 8% of 4x16 sessions vs 61% of 4x4.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Describes responses, not which format adapts more.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28051345/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT11", "citation_ids": [ "INT11" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT11", "authors": "Seiler S, Sylta Ø", "year": 2017, "title": "How does interval-training prescription affect physiological and perceptual responses?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0464", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0464", "pmid": "28051345", "design": "Observational analysis of >1400 maximal-effort sessions inside a training study", "population": "63 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 62±6", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "4x16, 4x8, 4x4 at maximal session effort were 95±5%, 106±5%, and 117±6% of 40-min TT power; peak HR 89, 91, 94% HRpeak; lactate 4.7, 9.2, 12.7 mmol/L. RPE 19-20 in 8% of 4x16 sessions vs 61% of 4x4.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Describes responses, not which format adapts more.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28051345/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT14", "authors": "Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG", "year": 1999, "title": "Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "pmid": "10331896", "design": "5-arm 3-week interval comparison plus usual base", "population": "20 male endurance cyclists, VO2peak 4.8±0.6 L/min, split across five protocols", "duration": "6 sessions in 3 weeks", "key_results": "8x4 min at 85% peak power (~2.8%) and 12x30 s at 175% peak power (~2.4%) improved 40 km TT. 12x60 s at 100% peak power and 4x8 min at 80% peak power did not significantly improve. Cells are small.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Fixed % peak power may under-dose longer bouts. Tiny cells.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10331896/", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10331896" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT14", "citation_ids": [ "INT14", "DUR15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1999 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT14", "authors": "Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG", "year": 1999, "title": "Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "pmid": "10331896", "design": "5-arm 3-week interval comparison plus usual base", "population": "20 male endurance cyclists, VO2peak 4.8±0.6 L/min, split across five protocols", "duration": "6 sessions in 3 weeks", "key_results": "8x4 min at 85% peak power (~2.8%) and 12x30 s at 175% peak power (~2.4%) improved 40 km TT. 12x60 s at 100% peak power and 4x8 min at 80% peak power did not significantly improve. Cells are small.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Fixed % peak power may under-dose longer bouts. Tiny cells.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10331896/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "source_id": "DUR15", "authors": "Stepto NK, Hawley JA, Dennis SC, Hopkins WG", "year": 1999, "title": "Effects of different interval-training programs on cycling time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199905000-00018", "pmid": "10331896", "design": "5 interval types, 6 sessions in 3 weeks plus base", "population": "20 male cyclists, VO2peak 4.8±0.6 L/min, ~4 per arm", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Modelled 40 km gains greatest for 8x4 min at 85% PP (~2.8%) and 12x30 s at 175% PP (~2.4%). 4x8 min at 80% PP and 12x60 s at 100% PP not significant.", "limitations": "Very small cells; PP is not FTP; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10331896" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT16", "authors": "Seiler S, Hetlelid KJ", "year": 2005, "title": "The impact of rest duration on work intensity and RPE during interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177560.18014.d8", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000177560.18014.d8", "pmid": "16177614", "design": "Acute crossover of rest duration", "population": "9 well-trained male runners, VO2max 71±4", "duration": "Single sessions, 6x4 min", "key_results": "Speed rose slightly from 1 to 2 min rest and no further at 4 min. Self-selected rest averaged 118±23 s.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16177614/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT16", "citation_ids": [ "INT16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT16", "authors": "Seiler S, Hetlelid KJ", "year": 2005, "title": "The impact of rest duration on work intensity and RPE during interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177560.18014.d8", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000177560.18014.d8", "pmid": "16177614", "design": "Acute crossover of rest duration", "population": "9 well-trained male runners, VO2max 71±4", "duration": "Single sessions, 6x4 min", "key_results": "Speed rose slightly from 1 to 2 min rest and no further at 4 min. Self-selected rest averaged 118±23 s.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16177614/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT17", "authors": "Seiler S, Sjursen JE", "year": 2004, "title": "Effect of work duration on physiological and RPE responses during self-paced interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.00353.x", "doi": "10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.00353.x", "pmid": "15387806", "design": "Acute Latin-square comparison of bout duration", "population": "12 well-trained runners, VO2max 65±6", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "24x1, 12x2, 6x4, 4x6 min, 1:1 rest. Peak VO2 ~92% for 2-6 min vs 82±5% for 1 min. Peak RPE ~17 for all. Lactate similar.", "limitations": "Runners. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15387806/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT17", "citation_ids": [ "INT17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2004 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT17", "authors": "Seiler S, Sjursen JE", "year": 2004, "title": "Effect of work duration on physiological and RPE responses during self-paced interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.00353.x", "doi": "10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.00353.x", "pmid": "15387806", "design": "Acute Latin-square comparison of bout duration", "population": "12 well-trained runners, VO2max 65±6", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "24x1, 12x2, 6x4, 4x6 min, 1:1 rest. Peak VO2 ~92% for 2-6 min vs 82±5% for 1 min. Peak RPE ~17 for all. Lactate similar.", "limitations": "Runners. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15387806/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT18", "authors": "Thevenet D, Tardieu-Berger M, Berthoin S, Prioux J", "year": 2007, "title": "Influence of recovery mode (passive vs. active) on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young and endurance-trained athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0327-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-006-0327-1", "pmid": "17115178", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "8 endurance-trained male adolescents, VO2max 57.4±6.1", "duration": "30/30 runs to exhaustion", "key_results": "Passive recovery doubled time to exhaustion vs active at 50% MAV, with similar absolute time ≥90% and ≥95% VO2max.", "limitations": "Adolescents, running, acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17115178/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT18", "citation_ids": [ "INT18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT18", "authors": "Thevenet D, Tardieu-Berger M, Berthoin S, Prioux J", "year": 2007, "title": "Influence of recovery mode (passive vs. active) on time spent at maximal oxygen uptake during an intermittent session in young and endurance-trained athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0327-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-006-0327-1", "pmid": "17115178", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "8 endurance-trained male adolescents, VO2max 57.4±6.1", "duration": "30/30 runs to exhaustion", "key_results": "Passive recovery doubled time to exhaustion vs active at 50% MAV, with similar absolute time ≥90% and ≥95% VO2max.", "limitations": "Adolescents, running, acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17115178/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT19", "authors": "Ben Abderrahman A, Zouhal H, Chamari K, Thevenet D, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Effects of recovery mode (active vs. passive) on performance during a short high-intensity interval training program: a longitudinal study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2556-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-012-2556-9", "pmid": "23229881", "design": "7-week running HIT, active vs passive recovery", "population": "24 adults; training groups n=9 and n=9, control n=6", "duration": "7 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max increased in the active-recovery group, not the passive-recovery group, despite longer time to exhaustion with passive recovery.", "limitations": "Running, small, not cyclists. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229881/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT19", "citation_ids": [ "INT19" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT19", "authors": "Ben Abderrahman A, Zouhal H, Chamari K, Thevenet D, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Effects of recovery mode (active vs. passive) on performance during a short high-intensity interval training program: a longitudinal study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2556-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-012-2556-9", "pmid": "23229881", "design": "7-week running HIT, active vs passive recovery", "population": "24 adults; training groups n=9 and n=9, control n=6", "duration": "7 weeks", "key_results": "VO2max increased in the active-recovery group, not the passive-recovery group, despite longer time to exhaustion with passive recovery.", "limitations": "Running, small, not cyclists. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229881/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT20", "authors": "Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB, Jayavel A, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of passive or active recovery regimes applied during long-term interval training on physical fitness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0", "pmid": "38443585", "design": "Systematic review, 24 studies, search to February 2023", "population": "Healthy trained and untrained, mixed sports", "duration": "Long-term interval programs", "key_results": "Both active and passive recovery intervals improved fitness markers. Recovery type did not appear to determine outcomes.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous. Not cyclist-specific. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443585/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT20", "citation_ids": [ "INT20" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT20", "authors": "Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB, Jayavel A, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of passive or active recovery regimes applied during long-term interval training on physical fitness", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-024-00673-0", "pmid": "38443585", "design": "Systematic review, 24 studies, search to February 2023", "population": "Healthy trained and untrained, mixed sports", "duration": "Long-term interval programs", "key_results": "Both active and passive recovery intervals improved fitness markers. Recovery type did not appear to determine outcomes.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous. Not cyclist-specific. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38443585/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT21", "authors": "Schoenmakers P, Murray K, White J, Matta G, Bossi AH", "year": 2026, "title": "Time spent at or near VO2max during high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01766-x", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01766-x", "pmid": "42237396", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute tVO2max, search to September 2025", "population": "86 articles, 239 HIIT protocols, mixed", "duration": "Acute sessions", "key_results": "Long work intervals (≥2 min) elicited more time near VO2max than short (≤30 s) or moderate bouts. Variable-intensity intervals beat even pacing (SMD 0.80). Active vs passive recovery: no effect. Authors state dose-response with long-term adaptation requires further investigation.", "limitations": "Acute synthesis. Short category is not specifically 30/15 series. Mixed populations. Opening full text plus abstract; subgroup tables not fully extracted.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13480085/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42237396/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT21", "citation_ids": [ "INT21" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT21", "authors": "Schoenmakers P, Murray K, White J, Matta G, Bossi AH", "year": 2026, "title": "Time spent at or near VO2max during high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01766-x", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01766-x", "pmid": "42237396", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute tVO2max, search to September 2025", "population": "86 articles, 239 HIIT protocols, mixed", "duration": "Acute sessions", "key_results": "Long work intervals (≥2 min) elicited more time near VO2max than short (≤30 s) or moderate bouts. Variable-intensity intervals beat even pacing (SMD 0.80). Active vs passive recovery: no effect. Authors state dose-response with long-term adaptation requires further investigation.", "limitations": "Acute synthesis. Short category is not specifically 30/15 series. Mixed populations. Opening full text plus abstract; subgroup tables not fully extracted.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13480085/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42237396/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT22", "authors": "Raimundo JAG, Tramontin AF, Martins EC, Borszcz FK, Turnes T, de Aguiar RA, Caputo F", "year": 2025, "title": "Reliability of time spent near VO2max during 2 cycling interval training sessions: the effect of VO2max criteria", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005154", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005154", "pmid": "40493484", "design": "Test-retest reliability", "population": "15 healthy men", "duration": "5x2 min and 10x1 min sessions", "key_results": "CV 19-35% for 5x2 min and 36-72% for 10x1 min. Same-day VO2max verification did not fix reliability.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40493484/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT22", "citation_ids": [ "INT22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT22", "authors": "Raimundo JAG, Tramontin AF, Martins EC, Borszcz FK, Turnes T, de Aguiar RA, Caputo F", "year": 2025, "title": "Reliability of time spent near VO2max during 2 cycling interval training sessions: the effect of VO2max criteria", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005154", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005154", "pmid": "40493484", "design": "Test-retest reliability", "population": "15 healthy men", "duration": "5x2 min and 10x1 min sessions", "key_results": "CV 19-35% for 5x2 min and 36-72% for 10x1 min. Same-day VO2max verification did not fix reliability.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40493484/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT23", "authors": "Dall'Agnol C, Turnes T, De Lucas RD", "year": 2021, "title": "Time spent near VO2max during different cycling self-paced interval training protocols", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0314", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0314", "pmid": "33771941", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "11 cyclists, VO2max 55.7±7.4", "duration": "4x4 and 8x? 8-min sessions with 4:1 or 2:1 work:recovery", "key_results": "4 min/2 min recovery and 8 min/4 min recovery prioritized time near VO2max. 4/2 mean power 275±23 W, higher than 4/1 (261±27 W).", "limitations": "Acute. Modestly trained. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771941/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT23", "citation_ids": [ "INT23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT23", "authors": "Dall'Agnol C, Turnes T, De Lucas RD", "year": 2021, "title": "Time spent near VO2max during different cycling self-paced interval training protocols", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0314", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0314", "pmid": "33771941", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "11 cyclists, VO2max 55.7±7.4", "duration": "4x4 and 8x? 8-min sessions with 4:1 or 2:1 work:recovery", "key_results": "4 min/2 min recovery and 8 min/4 min recovery prioritized time near VO2max. 4/2 mean power 275±23 W, higher than 4/1 (261±27 W).", "limitations": "Acute. Modestly trained. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771941/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT24", "authors": "Turnes T, de Aguiar RA, Cruz RS, Caputo F", "year": 2016, "title": "Interval training in the boundaries of severe domain: effects on aerobic parameters", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3263-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-015-3263-0", "pmid": "26373721", "design": "4-week two-group training comparison", "population": "21 recreational cyclists", "duration": "4 weeks", "key_results": "Upper severe-domain intervals had higher time at VO2max and larger VO2max gain (6.3±1.9% vs 3.3±1.8%) and lactate-threshold gain than 4x5 min at 105% critical power. Odden 2024 reports no individual correlation in this study; that null was not re-verified in Turnes full text.", "limitations": "Recreational. Domain confounded with time-at-VO2max. Abstract only for primary results.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26373721/", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT24", "citation_ids": [ "INT24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT24", "authors": "Turnes T, de Aguiar RA, Cruz RS, Caputo F", "year": 2016, "title": "Interval training in the boundaries of severe domain: effects on aerobic parameters", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3263-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-015-3263-0", "pmid": "26373721", "design": "4-week two-group training comparison", "population": "21 recreational cyclists", "duration": "4 weeks", "key_results": "Upper severe-domain intervals had higher time at VO2max and larger VO2max gain (6.3±1.9% vs 3.3±1.8%) and lactate-threshold gain than 4x5 min at 105% critical power. Odden 2024 reports no individual correlation in this study; that null was not re-verified in Turnes full text.", "limitations": "Recreational. Domain confounded with time-at-VO2max. Abstract only for primary results.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26373721/", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT25", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Bjerkrheim KA, Hansen J, Mølmen KS", "year": 2022, "title": "A 6-day high-intensity interval microcycle improves indicators of endurance performance in elite cross-country skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.948127", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2022.948127", "pmid": "36439620", "design": "6-day HIT block vs usual training", "population": "24 well-trained XC skiers, VO2max ~69", "duration": "6 days plus 5 days recovery", "key_results": "Block improved maximal 1-min velocity and velocity at 4 mmol more than control. ICC of time ≥90% VO2max was 0.57.", "limitations": "Skiers, not cyclists. Abstract only. Correlation with adaptation not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36439620/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT25", "citation_ids": [ "INT25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT25", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Bjerkrheim KA, Hansen J, Mølmen KS", "year": 2022, "title": "A 6-day high-intensity interval microcycle improves indicators of endurance performance in elite cross-country skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.948127", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2022.948127", "pmid": "36439620", "design": "6-day HIT block vs usual training", "population": "24 well-trained XC skiers, VO2max ~69", "duration": "6 days plus 5 days recovery", "key_results": "Block improved maximal 1-min velocity and velocity at 4 mmol more than control. ICC of time ≥90% VO2max was 0.57.", "limitations": "Skiers, not cyclists. Abstract only. Correlation with adaptation not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36439620/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT26", "authors": "Wen D, Utesch T, Wu J, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO2max improvements in adults: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013", "pmid": "30733142", "design": "Meta-analysis of RCTs to April 2018", "population": "53 studies, healthy, overweight, and athletic adults; not trained-cyclist specific", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Long intervals ≥2 min, high volume ≥15 min, and ≥4-12 weeks had larger VO2max effects than short/low-volume HIIT when compared with control or MICT. Short intervals still beat control, especially in general populations.", "limitations": "Mixed populations. Abstract only. Not a refutation of effort-matched 30/15 in trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733142/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT26", "citation_ids": [ "INT26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT26", "authors": "Wen D, Utesch T, Wu J, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO2max improvements in adults: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.013", "pmid": "30733142", "design": "Meta-analysis of RCTs to April 2018", "population": "53 studies, healthy, overweight, and athletic adults; not trained-cyclist specific", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Long intervals ≥2 min, high volume ≥15 min, and ≥4-12 weeks had larger VO2max effects than short/low-volume HIIT when compared with control or MICT. Short intervals still beat control, especially in general populations.", "limitations": "Mixed populations. Abstract only. Not a refutation of effort-matched 30/15 in trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30733142/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT27", "authors": "Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M", "year": 2015, "title": "Effectiveness of HIT and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0", "pmid": "26243014", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "28 studies, 723 adults, baseline VO2max 40.8±7.9", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "HIT +5.5 mL/kg/min vs control; small additional benefit vs continuous training. Low baseline fitness. Not transferable as a magnitude to trained cyclists.", "limitations": "Untrained/recreational baseline. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26243014/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT27", "citation_ids": [ "INT27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT27", "authors": "Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M", "year": 2015, "title": "Effectiveness of HIT and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0", "pmid": "26243014", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "28 studies, 723 adults, baseline VO2max 40.8±7.9", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "HIT +5.5 mL/kg/min vs control; small additional benefit vs continuous training. Low baseline fitness. Not transferable as a magnitude to trained cyclists.", "limitations": "Untrained/recreational baseline. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26243014/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT28", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Perrotta AS, Thomas SG", "year": 2020, "title": "Effect of HIIT versus SIT on time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1", "pmid": "32034701", "design": "Meta-analysis, 6 articles", "population": "At least moderately trained by authors' definition, often ~3 h/week", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "No overall HIIT vs SIT TT difference. Long HIIT ≥4 min about 2% greater TT improvement than SIT. No VO2max difference.", "limitations": "Only six studies. Training status below the 7-12 h audience for many participants. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32034701/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT28", "citation_ids": [ "INT28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT28", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Perrotta AS, Thomas SG", "year": 2020, "title": "Effect of HIIT versus SIT on time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1", "pmid": "32034701", "design": "Meta-analysis, 6 articles", "population": "At least moderately trained by authors' definition, often ~3 h/week", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "No overall HIIT vs SIT TT difference. Long HIIT ≥4 min about 2% greater TT improvement than SIT. No VO2max difference.", "limitations": "Only six studies. Training status below the 7-12 h audience for many participants. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32034701/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT29", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG", "year": 2021, "title": "Programming interval training to optimize time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2", "pmid": "33826121", "design": "Meta-analysis, 29 studies, 67 groups", "population": "Mean VO2 52, range 32-70; inactive, active, and trained", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "Trained athletes ~2% TT improvement vs up to 6% in less trained. HIIT TT change depended on work-bout duration, not intensity. Dose-response with sessions and total work for HIIT, not SIT.", "limitations": "Mixed sports and fitness. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33826121/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT29", "citation_ids": [ "INT29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT29", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG", "year": 2021, "title": "Programming interval training to optimize time-trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2", "pmid": "33826121", "design": "Meta-analysis, 29 studies, 67 groups", "population": "Mean VO2 52, range 32-70; inactive, active, and trained", "duration": "≥2 weeks", "key_results": "Trained athletes ~2% TT improvement vs up to 6% in less trained. HIIT TT change depended on work-bout duration, not intensity. Dose-response with sessions and total work for HIIT, not SIT.", "limitations": "Mixed sports and fitness. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33826121/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT30", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Granata C, Thomas SG", "year": 2022, "title": "Effect of interval training on the factors influencing maximal oxygen consumption", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01624-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01624-5", "pmid": "35041180", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "32 studies, 369 participants, 49 women, mixed training status", "duration": "≥1 week or ≥3 sessions", "key_results": "Only HIIT significantly increased maximal stroke volume (~14%) and cardiac output (~13%). Both HIIT and SIT increased citrate synthase. Capillary density increased after SIT in active individuals in the pool.", "limitations": "Not elite cyclists. Abstract only. Does not justify exclusive central vs peripheral format labels.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35041180/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT30", "citation_ids": [ "INT30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT30", "authors": "Rosenblat MA, Granata C, Thomas SG", "year": 2022, "title": "Effect of interval training on the factors influencing maximal oxygen consumption", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01624-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01624-5", "pmid": "35041180", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "32 studies, 369 participants, 49 women, mixed training status", "duration": "≥1 week or ≥3 sessions", "key_results": "Only HIIT significantly increased maximal stroke volume (~14%) and cardiac output (~13%). Both HIIT and SIT increased citrate synthase. Capillary density increased after SIT in active individuals in the pool.", "limitations": "Not elite cyclists. Abstract only. Does not justify exclusive central vs peripheral format labels.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35041180/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT31", "authors": "Bacon AP, Carter RE, Ogle EA, Joyner MJ", "year": 2013, "title": "VO2max trainability and high intensity interval training in humans: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073182", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073182", "pmid": "24066036", "design": "Meta-analysis 1965-2012", "population": "334 sedentary or recreationally active adults <45 years", "duration": "6-13 weeks", "key_results": "Mean VO2max increase 0.51 L/min (0.43-0.60). Longer-interval subset ~0.8-0.9 L/min.", "limitations": "Not trained athletes. Inclusion required ≥1:1 work/rest and ≥10 min high-intensity work. Do not transfer liters to trained cyclists.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3774727/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24066036/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT31", "citation_ids": [ "INT31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT31", "authors": "Bacon AP, Carter RE, Ogle EA, Joyner MJ", "year": 2013, "title": "VO2max trainability and high intensity interval training in humans: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073182", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073182", "pmid": "24066036", "design": "Meta-analysis 1965-2012", "population": "334 sedentary or recreationally active adults <45 years", "duration": "6-13 weeks", "key_results": "Mean VO2max increase 0.51 L/min (0.43-0.60). Longer-interval subset ~0.8-0.9 L/min.", "limitations": "Not trained athletes. Inclusion required ≥1:1 work/rest and ≥10 min high-intensity work. Do not transfer liters to trained cyclists.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3774727/fullTextXML", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24066036/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT33", "authors": "Buchheit M, Laursen PB", "year": 2013, "title": "High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x", "pmid": "23539308", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Mixed athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "States it is believed that several minutes at ≥90% VO2max is an optimal stimulus. Nine programming variables. Not a validation that time ≥90% causes adaptation.", "limitations": "Review language is belief, not a dose trial. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539308/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT33", "citation_ids": [ "INT33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT33", "authors": "Buchheit M, Laursen PB", "year": 2013, "title": "High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x", "pmid": "23539308", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Mixed athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "States it is believed that several minutes at ≥90% VO2max is an optimal stimulus. Nine programming variables. Not a validation that time ≥90% causes adaptation.", "limitations": "Review language is belief, not a dose trial. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23539308/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT34", "authors": "Jamnick NA, Pettitt RW, Granata C, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ", "year": 2020, "title": "An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8", "pmid": "32729096", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Fixed percent of VO2max, HRmax, or peak work rate does not reliably place people in a given intensity domain. Critical power/speed better delineates heavy vs severe among common anchors. Acute responses do not guarantee chronic adaptations.", "limitations": "Review. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729096/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT34", "citation_ids": [ "INT34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT34", "authors": "Jamnick NA, Pettitt RW, Granata C, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ", "year": 2020, "title": "An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-020-01322-8", "pmid": "32729096", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Fixed percent of VO2max, HRmax, or peak work rate does not reliably place people in a given intensity domain. Critical power/speed better delineates heavy vs severe among common anchors. Acute responses do not guarantee chronic adaptations.", "limitations": "Review. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729096/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT35", "authors": "Bentley DJ, Newell J, Bishop D", "year": 2007, "title": "Incremental exercise test design and analysis: implications for performance diagnostics in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002", "pmid": "17595153", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes, synthesized studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Longer stages reduce peak power. Thresholds can appear at higher absolute work rates with shorter stages. Changes the validity of prescription from those numbers.", "limitations": "Review. This brief did not re-extract every primary ramp study it cites. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17595153/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT35", "citation_ids": [ "INT35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT35", "authors": "Bentley DJ, Newell J, Bishop D", "year": 2007, "title": "Incremental exercise test design and analysis: implications for performance diagnostics in endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002", "pmid": "17595153", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes, synthesized studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Longer stages reduce peak power. Thresholds can appear at higher absolute work rates with shorter stages. Changes the validity of prescription from those numbers.", "limitations": "Review. This brief did not re-extract every primary ramp study it cites. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17595153/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT36", "authors": "McNaughton LR, Roberts S, Bentley DJ", "year": 2006, "title": "The relationship among peak power output, lactate threshold, and short-distance cycling performance: effects of incremental exercise test design", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15914.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-15914.1", "pmid": "16506862", "design": "Crossover of 3-min vs 5-min stage tests plus 30-min TT", "population": "11 men, VO2max 62±8", "duration": "Three lab visits", "key_results": "Peak power, lactate markers, and correlations with 30-min TT did not differ significantly between 3-min and 5-min stages.", "limitations": "Small. Does not test ramp vs long stage. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16506862/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT36", "citation_ids": [ "INT36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2006 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT36", "authors": "McNaughton LR, Roberts S, Bentley DJ", "year": 2006, "title": "The relationship among peak power output, lactate threshold, and short-distance cycling performance: effects of incremental exercise test design", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-15914.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-15914.1", "pmid": "16506862", "design": "Crossover of 3-min vs 5-min stage tests plus 30-min TT", "population": "11 men, VO2max 62±8", "duration": "Three lab visits", "key_results": "Peak power, lactate markers, and correlations with 30-min TT did not differ significantly between 3-min and 5-min stages.", "limitations": "Small. Does not test ramp vs long stage. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16506862/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT40", "authors": "Billat VL, Slawinski J, Bocquet V, et al.", "year": 2000, "title": "Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050029", "doi": "10.1007/s004210050029", "pmid": "10638376", "design": "Acute comparison", "population": "8 long-distance runners, VO2max 59.8±5.4", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "30/30 at vVO2max accumulated more time at VO2max than a hard continuous run. Authors state results do not allow speculation about chronic effects.", "limitations": "Running. n=8. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10638376/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT40", "citation_ids": [ "INT40" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2000 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT40", "authors": "Billat VL, Slawinski J, Bocquet V, et al.", "year": 2000, "title": "Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050029", "doi": "10.1007/s004210050029", "pmid": "10638376", "design": "Acute comparison", "population": "8 long-distance runners, VO2max 59.8±5.4", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "30/30 at vVO2max accumulated more time at VO2max than a hard continuous run. Authors state results do not allow speculation about chronic effects.", "limitations": "Running. n=8. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10638376/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT41", "authors": "Fleckenstein D, Braunstein H, Walter N", "year": 2024, "title": "Faster intervals, faster recoveries - intensified short VO2max running intervals are inferior to traditional long intervals in terms of time spent above 90% VO2max", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957", "pmid": "39835194", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "12 highly trained middle-distance runners, 7 men 5 women", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "24x30 s at 100% vVO2max with 30 s recovery: 201±268 s above 90% VO2max vs 328±147 s for 4x3 min at 95% vVO2max (p=0.05). Time above 90% HRmax was higher in the 30 s session. Lactate higher in 3 min (9.69±1.82 vs 7.59±2.01).", "limitations": "Running, not 30/15 cycling. Acute. Large SD. HR p-value not cleanly recoverable from retrieved abstract text.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT41", "citation_ids": [ "INT41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT41", "authors": "Fleckenstein D, Braunstein H, Walter N", "year": 2024, "title": "Faster intervals, faster recoveries - intensified short VO2max running intervals are inferior to traditional long intervals in terms of time spent above 90% VO2max", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957", "pmid": "39835194", "design": "Acute randomized crossover", "population": "12 highly trained middle-distance runners, 7 men 5 women", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "24x30 s at 100% vVO2max with 30 s recovery: 201±268 s above 90% VO2max vs 328±147 s for 4x3 min at 95% vVO2max (p=0.05). Time above 90% HRmax was higher in the 30 s session. Lactate higher in 3 min (9.69±1.82 vs 7.59±2.01).", "limitations": "Running, not 30/15 cycling. Acute. Large SD. HR p-value not cleanly recoverable from retrieved abstract text.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.3389/fspor.2024.1507957&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT42", "authors": "Etxebarria N, Anson JM, Pyne DB, Ferguson RA", "year": 2014, "title": "High-intensity cycle interval training improves cycling and running performance in triathletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.853841", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2013.853841", "pmid": "24206175", "design": "3-week pair-matched comparison", "population": "14 moderately trained male triathletes, VO2peak 58.7±8.1", "duration": "6 sessions", "key_results": "Short sets of 10/20/40 s and 6-8x5 min both raised VO2peak ~7%. Only long intervals substantially improved subsequent 5 km run.", "limitations": "Not pure 40/20. Small. Triathlon run outcome. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206175/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT42", "citation_ids": [ "INT42" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT42", "authors": "Etxebarria N, Anson JM, Pyne DB, Ferguson RA", "year": 2014, "title": "High-intensity cycle interval training improves cycling and running performance in triathletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.853841", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2013.853841", "pmid": "24206175", "design": "3-week pair-matched comparison", "population": "14 moderately trained male triathletes, VO2peak 58.7±8.1", "duration": "6 sessions", "key_results": "Short sets of 10/20/40 s and 6-8x5 min both raised VO2peak ~7%. Only long intervals substantially improved subsequent 5 km run.", "limitations": "Not pure 40/20. Small. Triathlon run outcome. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206175/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT43", "authors": "Skovereng K, Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Effects of initial performance, gross efficiency and VO2peak characteristics on subsequent adaptations to endurance training in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00713", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.00713", "pmid": "29962959", "design": "Secondary analysis of the 12-week Sylta intervention", "population": "60 competitive cyclists, VO2peak 61±6", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "HIT 1.5±0.3 h/week and LIT 8.3±2.7 h/week. VO2peak and 40-min power rose. Higher initial values predicted slightly smaller gains (r about -0.27 to -0.32). Authors: too small to change practice.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Not a format trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29962959/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT43", "citation_ids": [ "INT43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT43", "authors": "Skovereng K, Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Effects of initial performance, gross efficiency and VO2peak characteristics on subsequent adaptations to endurance training in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00713", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.00713", "pmid": "29962959", "design": "Secondary analysis of the 12-week Sylta intervention", "population": "60 competitive cyclists, VO2peak 61±6", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "HIT 1.5±0.3 h/week and LIT 8.3±2.7 h/week. VO2peak and 40-min power rose. Higher initial values predicted slightly smaller gains (r about -0.27 to -0.32). Authors: too small to change practice.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Not a format trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29962959/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT46", "authors": "Boynton JR, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of HIIT in cool and hot on temperate performance and physiological response in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005013", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005013", "pmid": "39977025", "design": "4-week 5x4 min HIIT in 13 C vs 35 C", "population": "20 trained cyclists", "duration": "8 sessions", "key_results": "Time >90% VO2max 875±295 s cool vs 420±395 s hot. Temperate 20 km power +3.3±3.4% vs +7.3±6.3%, no between-group difference.", "limitations": "Heat confound. Not a format comparison. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39977025/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT46", "citation_ids": [ "INT46" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT46", "authors": "Boynton JR, Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of HIIT in cool and hot on temperate performance and physiological response in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005013", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005013", "pmid": "39977025", "design": "4-week 5x4 min HIIT in 13 C vs 35 C", "population": "20 trained cyclists", "duration": "8 sessions", "key_results": "Time >90% VO2max 875±295 s cool vs 420±395 s hot. Temperate 20 km power +3.3±3.4% vs +7.3±6.3%, no between-group difference.", "limitations": "Heat confound. Not a format comparison. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39977025/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT47", "authors": "Bellinger P, Morris W, Roberts L", "year": 2026, "title": "Maximizing muscle deoxygenation during interval training in middle-distance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05903-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05903-1", "pmid": "40705076", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "13 trained middle-distance runners, 9 men", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "15x400 m greater muscle deoxygenation than 6x1 km. 1 km longer time >90% HRpeak. RPE, lactate, and peak HR similar.", "limitations": "Runners. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40705076/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT47", "citation_ids": [ "INT47" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT47", "authors": "Bellinger P, Morris W, Roberts L", "year": 2026, "title": "Maximizing muscle deoxygenation during interval training in middle-distance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05903-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05903-1", "pmid": "40705076", "design": "Acute crossover", "population": "13 trained middle-distance runners, 9 men", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "15x400 m greater muscle deoxygenation than 6x1 km. 1 km longer time >90% HRpeak. RPE, lactate, and peak HR similar.", "limitations": "Runners. Acute. Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40705076/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT50", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S, Nygaard H, et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Effects of 12 weeks of block periodization on performance and performance indices in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12016", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12016", "pmid": "23134196", "design": "12-week block vs two weekly HIT sessions, volume matched", "population": "Well-trained cyclists, n=8 and 7", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "Block VO2max +8.8±5.9% vs traditional +3.7±2.9%. Interval length not in abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Small. Format unspecified.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134196/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT50", "citation_ids": [ "INT50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT50", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S, Nygaard H, et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Effects of 12 weeks of block periodization on performance and performance indices in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12016", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12016", "pmid": "23134196", "design": "12-week block vs two weekly HIT sessions, volume matched", "population": "Well-trained cyclists, n=8 and 7", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "Block VO2max +8.8±5.9% vs traditional +3.7±2.9%. Interval length not in abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Small. Format unspecified.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134196/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT51", "authors": "Wenger HA, Bell GJ", "year": 1986, "title": "The interactions of intensity, frequency and duration of exercise training in altering cardiorespiratory fitness", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529283/", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-198603050-00004", "pmid": "3529283", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Historical training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Cited by Odden 2024 as arguing VO2max change increases as intensity rises toward 100% VO2max, based on converted heart-rate intensities, with statistics not presented. This brief did not re-extract the 1986 statistics.", "limitations": "Metadata plus Odden's description. Not an independent re-analysis.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529283/", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT51", "citation_ids": [ "INT51" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1986 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT51", "authors": "Wenger HA, Bell GJ", "year": 1986, "title": "The interactions of intensity, frequency and duration of exercise training in altering cardiorespiratory fitness", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529283/", "doi": "10.2165/00007256-198603050-00004", "pmid": "3529283", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Historical training studies", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Cited by Odden 2024 as arguing VO2max change increases as intensity rises toward 100% VO2max, based on converted heart-rate intensities, with statistics not presented. This brief did not re-extract the 1986 statistics.", "limitations": "Metadata plus Odden's description. Not an independent re-analysis.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529283/", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT52", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Stensløkken L, Joyner MJ, Lundby C", "year": 2019, "title": "Case studies in physiology: temporal changes in determinants of aerobic performance in an individual going from alpine skier to world junior champion time trial cyclist", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2018", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2018", "pmid": "31194601", "design": "Case study", "population": "One male athlete", "duration": "3 years of bike-specific training", "key_results": "VO2max rose from 74.6 to 96.7 mL/kg/min. Not an interval work-rate study. Recorded because it was a false candidate for the work-rate descriptor.", "limitations": "n=1. Irrelevant to format comparison except as a rejected match.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194601/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT52", "citation_ids": [ "INT52" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT52", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J, Stensløkken L, Joyner MJ, Lundby C", "year": 2019, "title": "Case studies in physiology: temporal changes in determinants of aerobic performance in an individual going from alpine skier to world junior champion time trial cyclist", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2018", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2018", "pmid": "31194601", "design": "Case study", "population": "One male athlete", "duration": "3 years of bike-specific training", "key_results": "VO2max rose from 74.6 to 96.7 mL/kg/min. Not an interval work-rate study. Recorded because it was a false candidate for the work-rate descriptor.", "limitations": "n=1. Irrelevant to format comparison except as a rejected match.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31194601/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT53", "authors": "Hanstock HG, Govus AD, Stenqvist TB, Melin AK, Sylta Ø, Torstveit MK", "year": 2020, "title": "Influence of immune and nutritional biomarkers on illness risk during interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0527", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0527", "pmid": "31034260", "design": "Randomized 4-week comparison of three HIT prescriptions; primary outcomes were illness and biomarkers, not performance", "population": "27 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes enrolled; 25 analyzed, age 29.9±9.1, VO2peak 64.0±6.4 mL/kg/min, performance level 3-4", "duration": "12 supervised HIT sessions over 4 weeks, plus ad libitum low-intensity training", "key_results": "LI: 4x8 min, 2 min recovery, 32 min work. SI1: 4x(12x40/20), 32 min work if 20 s rests excluded. SI2: 4x(8x40/20), 32 min only if 20 s rests counted as work. Isoeffort; recovery 50% of work power. Session HR about 86-87% HRmax and median RPE 17 did not differ. Cohort VO2peak increased moderately (d=0.65, 90% CI 0.16 to 1.13); magnitude not significantly different between groups. Group pre/post means are in a figure and were not extracted. No URI incidence, duration, or severity difference between groups.", "limitations": "Illness was the primary question. Small cells, n per arm not stated in text. Male only. Accepted manuscript, not the copyedited journal version. Does not show equivalence of formats.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1313361/FULLTEXT01.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31034260/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT53", "citation_ids": [ "INT53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT53", "authors": "Hanstock HG, Govus AD, Stenqvist TB, Melin AK, Sylta Ø, Torstveit MK", "year": 2020, "title": "Influence of immune and nutritional biomarkers on illness risk during interval training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0527", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0527", "pmid": "31034260", "design": "Randomized 4-week comparison of three HIT prescriptions; primary outcomes were illness and biomarkers, not performance", "population": "27 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes enrolled; 25 analyzed, age 29.9±9.1, VO2peak 64.0±6.4 mL/kg/min, performance level 3-4", "duration": "12 supervised HIT sessions over 4 weeks, plus ad libitum low-intensity training", "key_results": "LI: 4x8 min, 2 min recovery, 32 min work. SI1: 4x(12x40/20), 32 min work if 20 s rests excluded. SI2: 4x(8x40/20), 32 min only if 20 s rests counted as work. Isoeffort; recovery 50% of work power. Session HR about 86-87% HRmax and median RPE 17 did not differ. Cohort VO2peak increased moderately (d=0.65, 90% CI 0.16 to 1.13); magnitude not significantly different between groups. Group pre/post means are in a figure and were not extracted. No URI incidence, duration, or severity difference between groups.", "limitations": "Illness was the primary question. Small cells, n per arm not stated in text. Male only. Accepted manuscript, not the copyedited journal version. Does not show equivalence of formats.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1313361/FULLTEXT01.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31034260/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "INT54", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J", "year": 2016, "title": "Optimizing interval training at power output associated with peak oxygen uptake in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a", "pmid": "23942167", "design": "Acute randomized-order crossover to exhaustion; not a training study", "population": "13 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 66.7±6.1 mL/kg/min, at least 6 h/week", "duration": "Three sessions to exhaustion within 3 weeks", "key_results": "Work at MAP (375±41 W), recovery 50% MAP for half the work duration. Tmax 340±108 s. 30/15 time ≥90% VO2peak 678±270 s vs 397±156 s for 50% Tmax and 366±127 s for 80% Tmax (p<0.01). Time to exhaustion 1385±547 vs 827±283 vs 642±191 s. Peak RPE about 19 in all. In n=6, time ≥90% peak stroke volume longer in 30 s (787±447 vs 510±336 s). Authors: whether this produces larger training adaptations remained to be investigated.", "limitations": "Acute only. To exhaustion, not a fixed session. Male only. Journal issue 2016; DOI registered 2013. Stroke volume subset n=6.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://paulogentil.com/pdf/Optimizing%20Interval%20Training%20at%20Power%20Output%20Associated%20With%20Peak%20Oxygen%20Uptake%20in%20Well-Trained%20Cyclists.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942167/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "INT54", "citation_ids": [ "INT54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/vo2-intervals.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "year_note": "Verified journal issue is 2016; an earlier citation/DOI date was 2013. The full-text acute experiment is not a 2013 longitudinal trial.", "extractions": [ { "source_id": "INT54", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen J", "year": 2016, "title": "Optimizing interval training at power output associated with peak oxygen uptake in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a", "pmid": "23942167", "design": "Acute randomized-order crossover to exhaustion; not a training study", "population": "13 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 66.7±6.1 mL/kg/min, at least 6 h/week", "duration": "Three sessions to exhaustion within 3 weeks", "key_results": "Work at MAP (375±41 W), recovery 50% MAP for half the work duration. Tmax 340±108 s. 30/15 time ≥90% VO2peak 678±270 s vs 397±156 s for 50% Tmax and 366±127 s for 80% Tmax (p<0.01). Time to exhaustion 1385±547 vs 827±283 vs 642±191 s. Peak RPE about 19 in all. In n=6, time ≥90% peak stroke volume longer in 30 s (787±447 vs 510±336 s). Authors: whether this produces larger training adaptations remained to be investigated.", "limitations": "Acute only. To exhaustion, not a fixed session. Male only. Journal issue 2016; DOI registered 2013. Stroke volume subset n=6.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://paulogentil.com/pdf/Optimizing%20Interval%20Training%20at%20Power%20Output%20Associated%20With%20Peak%20Oxygen%20Uptake%20in%20Well-Trained%20Cyclists.pdf", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942167/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR04", "authors": "MacInnis MJ; Thomas ACQ; Phillips SM", "year": 2019, "title": "The reliability of 4-minute and 20-minute time trials and their relationships to functional threshold power in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "pmid": "29809063", "design": "Reliability, one 60-min trial", "population": "8 trained men, VO2max 71±5", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "4-min TEM 8.1 W ICC 0.98; 20-min TEM 4.6 W ICC 0.99; CP from 4+20 TEM 6.5 W. Strong association with 60-min mean 309±26 W. Not a claim that 95% of 20 min equals 60 min.", "limitations": "n=8, one 60-min trial. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29809063", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON30", "citation_ids": [ "DUR04", "MON30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR04", "authors": "MacInnis MJ, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM", "year": 2019, "title": "The Reliability of 4-Minute and 20-Minute Time Trials and Their Relationships to Functional Threshold Power in Trained Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "pmid": "29809063", "design": "Reliability of 4- and 20-min TTs vs one 60-min TT", "population": "8 trained men, VO2max 71±5", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "20-min TEM 4.6 W, ICC 0.99. 60-min MPO 309±26 W; 20-min means about 342-344 W. Strong association, small n.", "limitations": "n=8; one 60-min test; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29809063" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "MON30", "authors": "MacInnis MJ; Thomas ACQ; Phillips SM", "year": 2019, "title": "The reliability of 4-minute and 20-minute time trials and their relationships to functional threshold power in trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100", "pmid": "29809063", "design": "Reliability, one 60-min trial", "population": "8 trained men, VO2max 71±5", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "4-min TEM 8.1 W ICC 0.98; 20-min TEM 4.6 W ICC 0.99; CP from 4+20 TEM 6.5 W. Strong association with 60-min mean 309±26 W. Not a claim that 95% of 20 min equals 60 min.", "limitations": "n=8, one 60-min trial. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0100&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR05", "authors": "McGrath E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Donne B", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the FTP Test a Reliable, Reproducible and Functional Assessment Tool in Highly-Trained Athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.70252/RQOO7391", "doi": "10.70252/RQOO7391", "pmid": "31839854", "design": "Repeated 20-min FTP and 60-min at 95% of 20-min power", "population": "19 highly trained athletes, Wattbike", "duration": "Successive weeks", "key_results": "20-min agreement bias +2 W, LoA +13 to -17 W. 17/19 completed 60 min at computed FTP in quasi-steady state; +5% destabilised lactate.", "limitations": "Non-randomised; abstract only; ergometer-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31839854" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR05", "citation_ids": [ "DUR05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR05", "authors": "McGrath E, Mahony N, Fleming N, Donne B", "year": 2019, "title": "Is the FTP Test a Reliable, Reproducible and Functional Assessment Tool in Highly-Trained Athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.70252/RQOO7391", "doi": "10.70252/RQOO7391", "pmid": "31839854", "design": "Repeated 20-min FTP and 60-min at 95% of 20-min power", "population": "19 highly trained athletes, Wattbike", "duration": "Successive weeks", "key_results": "20-min agreement bias +2 W, LoA +13 to -17 W. 17/19 completed 60 min at computed FTP in quasi-steady state; +5% destabilised lactate.", "limitations": "Non-randomised; abstract only; ergometer-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31839854" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR06", "authors": "Morgan PT, Black MI, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Vanhatalo A", "year": 2019, "title": "Road cycle TT performance: Relationship to the power-duration model and association with FTP", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1535772", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2018.1535772", "pmid": "30387374", "design": "CP from self-paced TTs vs FTP and 16.1 km road TT", "population": "12 competitive male cyclists", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "CP+W' predicted 16.1 km time. FTP vs CP LoA +30 to -36 W; not interchangeable.", "limitations": "Abstract only; small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30387374" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR06", "citation_ids": [ "DUR06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR06", "authors": "Morgan PT, Black MI, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Vanhatalo A", "year": 2019, "title": "Road cycle TT performance: Relationship to the power-duration model and association with FTP", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1535772", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2018.1535772", "pmid": "30387374", "design": "CP from self-paced TTs vs FTP and 16.1 km road TT", "population": "12 competitive male cyclists", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "CP+W' predicted 16.1 km time. FTP vs CP LoA +30 to -36 W; not interchangeable.", "limitations": "Abstract only; small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30387374" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR09", "authors": "Caen K, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM", "year": 2024, "title": "Critical Power and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cycling: Watts the Difference?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4", "pmid": "39196486", "design": "Methods review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Published CP-MLSS gaps partly reflect inappropriate methods; with strict criteria the difference may shrink to a few watts.", "limitations": "Abstract only; integrates laboratory data not fully reported in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39196486" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR09", "citation_ids": [ "DUR09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR09", "authors": "Caen K, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A, Jones AM", "year": 2024, "title": "Critical Power and Maximal Lactate Steady State in Cycling: Watts the Difference?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02075-4", "pmid": "39196486", "design": "Methods review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Published CP-MLSS gaps partly reflect inappropriate methods; with strict criteria the difference may shrink to a few watts.", "limitations": "Abstract only; integrates laboratory data not fully reported in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39196486" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR10", "authors": "Engelke P, Vivan L, Dos Anjos Souza VR, de Lira CAB, Weiss K, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Andrade MS", "year": 2026, "title": "Equivalence between FTP and RCP: Assessment of association, agreement and sex effect", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100977", "doi": "10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100977", "pmid": "42060964", "design": "Association and Bland-Altman", "population": "49 amateur triathletes, male and female", "duration": "Acute, tests ≥72 h apart", "key_results": "FTP and RCP r=0.916; relationship independent of sex; not interchangeable.", "limitations": "Abstract only; triathletes not cyclists only. First publication 2026-04-29.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42060964" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR10", "citation_ids": [ "DUR10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR10", "authors": "Engelke P, Vivan L, Dos Anjos Souza VR, de Lira CAB, Weiss K, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Andrade MS", "year": 2026, "title": "Equivalence between FTP and RCP: Assessment of association, agreement and sex effect", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100977", "doi": "10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100977", "pmid": "42060964", "design": "Association and Bland-Altman", "population": "49 amateur triathletes, male and female", "duration": "Acute, tests ≥72 h apart", "key_results": "FTP and RCP r=0.916; relationship independent of sex; not interchangeable.", "limitations": "Abstract only; triathletes not cyclists only. First publication 2026-04-29.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42060964" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR22", "authors": "Denham J, Scott-Hamilton J, Mills D", "year": 2026, "title": "Physiological and subjective measures of exercise intensity cycling at 55% and 85% of functional threshold power", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2026.2673477", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2026.2673477", "pmid": "42148565", "design": "Randomised crossover, two 30-min bouts", "population": "12 healthy males", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "55% FTP moderate and 85% FTP vigorous on physiological and subjective measures. FTP alone underestimated demand at ≥85% FTP.", "limitations": "Not described as trained cyclists; abstract only. First publication 2026-05-18.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42148565" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR22", "citation_ids": [ "DUR22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR22", "authors": "Denham J, Scott-Hamilton J, Mills D", "year": 2026, "title": "Physiological and subjective measures of exercise intensity cycling at 55% and 85% of functional threshold power", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2026.2673477", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2026.2673477", "pmid": "42148565", "design": "Randomised crossover, two 30-min bouts", "population": "12 healthy males", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "55% FTP moderate and 85% FTP vigorous on physiological and subjective measures. FTP alone underestimated demand at ≥85% FTP.", "limitations": "Not described as trained cyclists; abstract only. First publication 2026-05-18.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42148565" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR25", "authors": "Poole DC, Burnley M, Vanhatalo A, Rossiter HB, Jones AM", "year": 2016, "title": "Critical Power: An Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939", "pmid": "27031742", "design": "Review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "CP is the heavy-severe boundary integrating respiratory, metabolic and contractile responses. Intensity relative to CP is more informative than %VO2max alone.", "limitations": "Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27031742" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR25", "citation_ids": [ "DUR25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR25", "authors": "Poole DC, Burnley M, Vanhatalo A, Rossiter HB, Jones AM", "year": 2016, "title": "Critical Power: An Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000000939", "pmid": "27031742", "design": "Review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "CP is the heavy-severe boundary integrating respiratory, metabolic and contractile responses. Intensity relative to CP is more informative than %VO2max alone.", "limitations": "Abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27031742" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR26", "authors": "Chorley A, Lamb KL", "year": 2020, "title": "The Application of Critical Power, the Work Capacity above Critical Power (W'), and its Reconstitution: A Narrative Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8090123", "doi": "10.3390/sports8090123", "pmid": "32899777", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "W' is finite work above CP and reconstitutes below CP. Used only as acute rationale for over-unders, not as training evidence.", "limitations": "Abstract used; full text not re-read.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32899777" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR26", "citation_ids": [ "DUR26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR26", "authors": "Chorley A, Lamb KL", "year": 2020, "title": "The Application of Critical Power, the Work Capacity above Critical Power (W'), and its Reconstitution: A Narrative Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8090123", "doi": "10.3390/sports8090123", "pmid": "32899777", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "W' is finite work above CP and reconstitutes below CP. Used only as acute rationale for over-unders, not as training evidence.", "limitations": "Abstract used; full text not re-read.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32899777" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR27", "authors": "Clark IE, Vanhatalo A, Thompson C, Joseph C, Black MI, Blackwell JR, Wylie LJ, Tan R, Bailey SJ, Wilkins BW, Kirby BS, Jones AM", "year": 2019, "title": "Dynamics of the power-duration relationship during prolonged endurance exercise and influence of carbohydrate ingestion", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2019", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2019", "pmid": "31295069", "design": "Acute crossover, 3-min all-out after 40, 80, 120 min heavy cycling, placebo vs 60 g/h CHO", "population": "16 participants, male per PubMed MeSH", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "EP unchanged at 40 min (268±39) and 80 min (260±40) vs control 260±37; after 2 h 236±47 W (-9%). CHO after 2 h 254±49 W. WEP lower by 80 min (14.7±2.9 kJ) and 2 h (13.8±2.7 vs 17.9±3.3); CHO did not preserve WEP (13.5±3.4 kJ).", "limitations": "3-min test estimates CP; glycogen statement is in the new-and-noteworthy, biopsy details not fully in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31295069", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31295069/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR27", "citation_ids": [ "DUR27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR27", "authors": "Clark IE, Vanhatalo A, Thompson C, Joseph C, Black MI, Blackwell JR, Wylie LJ, Tan R, Bailey SJ, Wilkins BW, Kirby BS, Jones AM", "year": 2019, "title": "Dynamics of the power-duration relationship during prolonged endurance exercise and influence of carbohydrate ingestion", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2019", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2019", "pmid": "31295069", "design": "Acute crossover, 3-min all-out after 40, 80, 120 min heavy cycling, placebo vs 60 g/h CHO", "population": "16 participants, male per PubMed MeSH", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "EP unchanged at 40 min (268±39) and 80 min (260±40) vs control 260±37; after 2 h 236±47 W (-9%). CHO after 2 h 254±49 W. WEP lower by 80 min (14.7±2.9 kJ) and 2 h (13.8±2.7 vs 17.9±3.3); CHO did not preserve WEP (13.5±3.4 kJ).", "limitations": "3-min test estimates CP; glycogen statement is in the new-and-noteworthy, biopsy details not fully in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31295069", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31295069/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR28", "authors": "Clark IE, Vanhatalo A, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Bailey SJ, Kirby BS, Wilkins BW, Jones AM", "year": 2019, "title": "Changes in the power-duration relationship following prolonged exercise: estimation using conventional and all-out protocols and relationship with muscle glycogen", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2019", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2019", "pmid": "30995104", "design": "Acute, conventional CP and 3-min test after 2 h heavy, biopsies", "population": "14 participants", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Fatigued CP/EP ~11% lower and W' ~20% lower than control. Changes not correlated with glycogen (r=0.19 and 0.07).", "limitations": "Abstract only; control EP 287±46 W in this paper, different sample from the CHO paper.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30995104" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR28", "citation_ids": [ "DUR28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR28", "authors": "Clark IE, Vanhatalo A, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Bailey SJ, Kirby BS, Wilkins BW, Jones AM", "year": 2019, "title": "Changes in the power-duration relationship following prolonged exercise: estimation using conventional and all-out protocols and relationship with muscle glycogen", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2019", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00031.2019", "pmid": "30995104", "design": "Acute, conventional CP and 3-min test after 2 h heavy, biopsies", "population": "14 participants", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Fatigued CP/EP ~11% lower and W' ~20% lower than control. Changes not correlated with glycogen (r=0.19 and 0.07).", "limitations": "Abstract only; control EP 287±46 W in this paper, different sample from the CHO paper.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30995104" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR29", "authors": "Jones AM", "year": 2024, "title": "The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP284205", "doi": "10.1113/JP284205", "pmid": "37606604", "design": "Review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "CP may fall ~10% after 2 h heavy cycling, individual range <1% to ~32%. Argues resilience is a fourth determinant.", "limitations": "Abstract only; individual range is the author's summary of prior work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37606604" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR29", "citation_ids": [ "DUR29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR29", "authors": "Jones AM", "year": 2024, "title": "The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP284205", "doi": "10.1113/JP284205", "pmid": "37606604", "design": "Review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "CP may fall ~10% after 2 h heavy cycling, individual range <1% to ~32%. Argues resilience is a fourth determinant.", "limitations": "Abstract only; individual range is the author's summary of prior work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37606604" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR30", "authors": "Jones AM, Kirby BS", "year": 2025, "title": "Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70032", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70032", "pmid": "40024804", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "No longitudinal study has identified the best resilience programme. Infers from elite practice, cross-sectional comparisons, and strength studies. Mechanisms unresolved.", "limitations": "Secondary paraphrases of some cited trials were not all re-extracted; those trials are cited separately only when retrieved.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11872681/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR30", "citation_ids": [ "DUR30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR30", "authors": "Jones AM, Kirby BS", "year": 2025, "title": "Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70032", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70032", "pmid": "40024804", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "No longitudinal study has identified the best resilience programme. Infers from elite practice, cross-sectional comparisons, and strength studies. Mechanisms unresolved.", "limitations": "Secondary paraphrases of some cited trials were not all re-extracted; those trials are cited separately only when retrieved.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11872681/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR31", "authors": "Stevenson JD, Kilding AE, Plews DJ, Maunder E", "year": 2022, "title": "Prolonged cycling reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05036-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-05036-9", "pmid": "36127418", "design": "Acute, step test before and after 2 h at 90% VT1", "population": "14 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes, 13 men 1 woman, VO2peak 59.9±6.8", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VT1 power 217±42 to 196±42 W. HR at VT1 142±9 to 151±12 bpm.", "limitations": "Abstract only for numbers used, although PMC full text exists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36127418" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR31", "citation_ids": [ "DUR31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR31", "authors": "Stevenson JD, Kilding AE, Plews DJ, Maunder E", "year": 2022, "title": "Prolonged cycling reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05036-9", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-05036-9", "pmid": "36127418", "design": "Acute, step test before and after 2 h at 90% VT1", "population": "14 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes, 13 men 1 woman, VO2peak 59.9±6.8", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VT1 power 217±42 to 196±42 W. HR at VT1 142±9 to 151±12 bpm.", "limitations": "Abstract only for numbers used, although PMC full text exists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/36127418" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR32", "authors": "Hamilton K, Kilding AE, Plews DJ, Mildenhall MJ, Waldron M, Charoensap T, Cox TH, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E", "year": 2024, "title": "Durability of the moderate-to-heavy-intensity transition is related to the effects of prolonged exercise on severe-intensity performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05459-6", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05459-6", "pmid": "38546844", "design": "Acute, 5-min TT and VT1 with and without 150 min prior moderate cycling; resting biopsy", "population": "13 well-trained cyclists/triathletes, VO2peak 57.3±4.8, 12±2.1 h/week", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VT1 211±40 to 198±39 W (-6±7%). 5-min TT 333±75 to 302±63 W (-9±10%). 5-min drop associated with VT1 durability rs=0.719. No relation to carnosine, citrate synthase or complex I.", "limitations": "Abstract only; sex mix not stated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38546844" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR32", "citation_ids": [ "DUR32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR32", "authors": "Hamilton K, Kilding AE, Plews DJ, Mildenhall MJ, Waldron M, Charoensap T, Cox TH, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E", "year": 2024, "title": "Durability of the moderate-to-heavy-intensity transition is related to the effects of prolonged exercise on severe-intensity performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05459-6", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05459-6", "pmid": "38546844", "design": "Acute, 5-min TT and VT1 with and without 150 min prior moderate cycling; resting biopsy", "population": "13 well-trained cyclists/triathletes, VO2peak 57.3±4.8, 12±2.1 h/week", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VT1 211±40 to 198±39 W (-6±7%). 5-min TT 333±75 to 302±63 W (-9±10%). 5-min drop associated with VT1 durability rs=0.719. No relation to carnosine, citrate synthase or complex I.", "limitations": "Abstract only; sex mix not stated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38546844" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR33", "authors": "Barsumyan A, Soost C, Burchard R", "year": 2025, "title": "Enhanced durability predicts success in amateur road cycling: evidence of power output declines", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1530162", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1530162", "pmid": "40438340", "design": "Cross-sectional comparison after a home fatigue protocol", "population": "14 amateur cyclists, age 37.5±5.7, VO2max 52.0±7.4, 9.6±2.2 h/week; groups also differed in mass, VO2max and volume", "duration": "Acute test, not a training intervention", "key_results": "After 1000 kJ, adjusted 20-min power drop 6.5% successful vs 12.5% less successful (ANCOVA p=0.033). No 5-min group difference. A priori n=26 not met. Authors say specific trainability remains for further research.", "limitations": "Small, underpowered, success definition mixed, power-meter brands differed, unsupervised adherence.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12116599/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR33", "citation_ids": [ "DUR33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR33", "authors": "Barsumyan A, Soost C, Burchard R", "year": 2025, "title": "Enhanced durability predicts success in amateur road cycling: evidence of power output declines", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1530162", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2025.1530162", "pmid": "40438340", "design": "Cross-sectional comparison after a home fatigue protocol", "population": "14 amateur cyclists, age 37.5±5.7, VO2max 52.0±7.4, 9.6±2.2 h/week; groups also differed in mass, VO2max and volume", "duration": "Acute test, not a training intervention", "key_results": "After 1000 kJ, adjusted 20-min power drop 6.5% successful vs 12.5% less successful (ANCOVA p=0.033). No 5-min group difference. A priori n=26 not met. Authors say specific trainability remains for further research.", "limitations": "Small, underpowered, success definition mixed, power-meter brands differed, unsupervised adherence.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12116599/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR34", "authors": "Barsumyan A, Soost C, Shyla R, Graw JA, Bliemel C, Burchard R", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability as an independent parameter of endurance performance in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01238-8", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-025-01238-8", "pmid": "40640875", "design": "Fresh vs fatigued 5- and 20-min tests, home trainers", "population": "20 well-trained amateur men, 34.6±7.3 y, 74.4±8.7 kg, 8.21±2 h/week, 3.4±1.06 years in endurance sport", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "After 1000 kJ at 80% of fresh 20-min power: 20-min -10.1±6.5%, 5-min -10.8±7.8%. Regression on VO2max, relative FTP, volume, years and age not significant. Authors note low power.", "limitations": "Male; modest training age; 1000 kJ not mass-normalised in the protocol; not a training study.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12243304/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR34", "citation_ids": [ "DUR34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR34", "authors": "Barsumyan A, Soost C, Shyla R, Graw JA, Bliemel C, Burchard R", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability as an independent parameter of endurance performance in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01238-8", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-025-01238-8", "pmid": "40640875", "design": "Fresh vs fatigued 5- and 20-min tests, home trainers", "population": "20 well-trained amateur men, 34.6±7.3 y, 74.4±8.7 kg, 8.21±2 h/week, 3.4±1.06 years in endurance sport", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "After 1000 kJ at 80% of fresh 20-min power: 20-min -10.1±6.5%, 5-min -10.8±7.8%. Regression on VO2max, relative FTP, volume, years and age not significant. Authors note low power.", "limitations": "Male; modest training age; 1000 kJ not mass-normalised in the protocol; not a training study.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12243304/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR35", "authors": "Ørtenblad N, Zachariassen M, Nielsen J, Gejl KD", "year": 2024, "title": "Substrate utilization and durability during prolonged intermittent exercise in elite road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05437-y", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05437-y", "pmid": "38441690", "design": "Acute 4 h intermittent ride then 6-min TT", "population": "12 elite/professional cyclists, VO2peak 73.6 ml/kg/min", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "6-min power -10% [4, 15], peak power -6% [0, 6] despite 100 g/h CHO. Drop not predicted by fresh LT1, GE, MFO, VO2peak or in-ride fat oxidation.", "limitations": "Abstract only; CI formatting partly truncated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38441690" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR35", "citation_ids": [ "DUR35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR35", "authors": "Ørtenblad N, Zachariassen M, Nielsen J, Gejl KD", "year": 2024, "title": "Substrate utilization and durability during prolonged intermittent exercise in elite road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05437-y", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-024-05437-y", "pmid": "38441690", "design": "Acute 4 h intermittent ride then 6-min TT", "population": "12 elite/professional cyclists, VO2peak 73.6 ml/kg/min", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "6-min power -10% [4, 15], peak power -6% [0, 6] despite 100 g/h CHO. Drop not predicted by fresh LT1, GE, MFO, VO2peak or in-ride fat oxidation.", "limitations": "Abstract only; CI formatting partly truncated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38441690" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR36", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Leo P, Muriel X, Javaloyes A, Mujika I, Barranco-Gil D, Pallarés JG, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2024, "title": "Is all work the same? Performance after accumulated work of differing intensities in male professional cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.005", "pmid": "38604818", "design": "Observational field, work above vs below CP", "population": "17 male professional cyclists", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "CP fell 2.2%, 6.1% and 16.2% after 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kJ/kg above CP. Work-matched below-CP efforts did not similarly impair performance. MMP declines of about 2-4% reported after above-CP work.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated in places; observational; professionals only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38604818" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR36", "citation_ids": [ "DUR36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR36", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Leo P, Muriel X, Javaloyes A, Mujika I, Barranco-Gil D, Pallarés JG, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2024, "title": "Is all work the same? Performance after accumulated work of differing intensities in male professional cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.005", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2024.03.005", "pmid": "38604818", "design": "Observational field, work above vs below CP", "population": "17 male professional cyclists", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "CP fell 2.2%, 6.1% and 16.2% after 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kJ/kg above CP. Work-matched below-CP efforts did not similarly impair performance. MMP declines of about 2-4% reported after above-CP work.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated in places; observational; professionals only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38604818" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR37", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Valenzuela PL, Muriel X, Gandia-Soriano A, Zabala M, Lucia A, Pallares JG, Barranco-Gil D", "year": 2022, "title": "The Record Power Profile of Male Professional Cyclists: Fatigue Matters", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0403", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0403", "pmid": "35240578", "design": "Database of record MMP after 0, 15, 25, 35, 45 kJ/kg", "population": "112 male professionals, ProTeam and WorldTour, 2013-2021", "duration": "Multi-season observational", "key_results": "Fatigue changes the record power profile and separating categories. Percent declines were not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated before magnitudes; racing confounders.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35240578" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR37", "citation_ids": [ "DUR37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR37", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Valenzuela PL, Muriel X, Gandia-Soriano A, Zabala M, Lucia A, Pallares JG, Barranco-Gil D", "year": 2022, "title": "The Record Power Profile of Male Professional Cyclists: Fatigue Matters", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0403", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0403", "pmid": "35240578", "design": "Database of record MMP after 0, 15, 25, 35, 45 kJ/kg", "population": "112 male professionals, ProTeam and WorldTour, 2013-2021", "duration": "Multi-season observational", "key_results": "Fatigue changes the record power profile and separating categories. Percent declines were not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated before magnitudes; racing confounders.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35240578" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR38", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Barranco-Gil D, Hernández-Belmonte A, Javaloyes A, Muriel X, Pallarés JG, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2025, "title": "Reliability of the durability concept in professional cyclists: a field-based study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2555-8961", "doi": "10.1055/a-2555-8961", "pmid": "40373793", "design": "Repeatability of best MMP after 0-40 kJ/kg", "population": "18 professional cyclists, 27±4 y", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "Progressive MMP decline after higher accumulated work, particularly after 20 kJ/kg. Repeatability high for longer efforts, lowest for 10 s. Abstract reports ICC context as high but the numeric ICC was truncated.", "limitations": "Abstract only; does not prove trainability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40373793" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR38", "citation_ids": [ "DUR38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR38", "authors": "Mateo-March M, Barranco-Gil D, Hernández-Belmonte A, Javaloyes A, Muriel X, Pallarés JG, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL", "year": 2025, "title": "Reliability of the durability concept in professional cyclists: a field-based study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2555-8961", "doi": "10.1055/a-2555-8961", "pmid": "40373793", "design": "Repeatability of best MMP after 0-40 kJ/kg", "population": "18 professional cyclists, 27±4 y", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "Progressive MMP decline after higher accumulated work, particularly after 20 kJ/kg. Repeatability high for longer efforts, lowest for 10 s. Abstract reports ICC context as high but the numeric ICC was truncated.", "limitations": "Abstract only; does not prove trainability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40373793" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR39", "authors": "Gallo G, Mateo-March M, Leo P, Campos-Donaire A, Gandia-Soriano A, Giorgi A, Faelli E, Ruggeri P, Codella R, Mujika I, Filipas L", "year": 2022, "title": "Power Road-Derived Physical Performance Parameters in Junior, Under-23, and Professional Road Cycling Climbers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0554", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0554", "pmid": "35483700", "design": "Retrospective field comparison", "population": "53 male climbers: 15 junior, 21 U23, 17 professional", "duration": "2016-19 seasons", "key_results": "High-ranked juniors separated by fresh record power. High-ranked U23 and pros separated by smaller percentage decline after 20-50 kJ/kg. Pros declined less than U23 high-ranked.", "limitations": "Abstract only; cross-sectional; selection and racing confounders.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35483700" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR39", "citation_ids": [ "DUR39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR39", "authors": "Gallo G, Mateo-March M, Leo P, Campos-Donaire A, Gandia-Soriano A, Giorgi A, Faelli E, Ruggeri P, Codella R, Mujika I, Filipas L", "year": 2022, "title": "Power Road-Derived Physical Performance Parameters in Junior, Under-23, and Professional Road Cycling Climbers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0554", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2021-0554", "pmid": "35483700", "design": "Retrospective field comparison", "population": "53 male climbers: 15 junior, 21 U23, 17 professional", "duration": "2016-19 seasons", "key_results": "High-ranked juniors separated by fresh record power. High-ranked U23 and pros separated by smaller percentage decline after 20-50 kJ/kg. Pros declined less than U23 high-ranked.", "limitations": "Abstract only; cross-sectional; selection and racing confounders.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35483700" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR40", "authors": "Sánchez-Jiménez JL, Salas-Montoro JA, Mateo-March M, Priego-Quesada JI, Zabala M, Pérez-Díaz JJ", "year": 2025, "title": "Is intensity the most important factor in determining the amount of prior work accumulated that affects cyclists' acute durability? A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05885-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05885-0", "pmid": "40613880", "design": "Systematic review, 21 studies, search 18 Sep 2024", "population": "Cyclists, mixed level", "duration": "Acute studies", "key_results": "Above-CP prior work: 10-20% power drops after 2.5-15 kJ/kg. Below-CP work often smaller drops at higher volumes. kJ alone insufficient. Practical 5x8 suggestion cites a fatigue protocol, not a training trial.", "limitations": "Protocol heterogeneity; about 30% of studies found by hand search; does not include 2025-2026 trials after the search date.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12881052/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR40", "citation_ids": [ "DUR40" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR40", "authors": "Sánchez-Jiménez JL, Salas-Montoro JA, Mateo-March M, Priego-Quesada JI, Zabala M, Pérez-Díaz JJ", "year": 2025, "title": "Is intensity the most important factor in determining the amount of prior work accumulated that affects cyclists' acute durability? A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05885-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05885-0", "pmid": "40613880", "design": "Systematic review, 21 studies, search 18 Sep 2024", "population": "Cyclists, mixed level", "duration": "Acute studies", "key_results": "Above-CP prior work: 10-20% power drops after 2.5-15 kJ/kg. Below-CP work often smaller drops at higher volumes. kJ alone insufficient. Practical 5x8 suggestion cites a fatigue protocol, not a training trial.", "limitations": "Protocol heterogeneity; about 30% of studies found by hand search; does not include 2025-2026 trials after the search date.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12881052/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR41", "authors": "Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J", "year": 2023, "title": "The Relationship between Physiological Characteristics and Durability in Male Professional Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003024", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003024", "pmid": "35977108", "design": "Fresh vs fatigued CP after 5x8 min at 105-110% CP", "population": "10 young professional men, age 19.2±0.8, VO2max 74.4±4.8, CP 5.6±0.6 W/kg", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Delta CP correlated with relative peak power r=0.891. Magnitude of the CP drop was not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated; very young professionals; n=10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35977108" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR41", "citation_ids": [ "DUR41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR41", "authors": "Spragg J, Leo P, Swart J", "year": 2023, "title": "The Relationship between Physiological Characteristics and Durability in Male Professional Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003024", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003024", "pmid": "35977108", "design": "Fresh vs fatigued CP after 5x8 min at 105-110% CP", "population": "10 young professional men, age 19.2±0.8, VO2max 74.4±4.8, CP 5.6±0.6 W/kg", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Delta CP correlated with relative peak power r=0.891. Magnitude of the CP drop was not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated; very young professionals; n=10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35977108" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR43", "authors": "Voet JG, van Erp T, Viribay A, de Koning JJ, Lamberts RP", "year": 2025, "title": "Training Characteristics Related to (the Changes in) Durability in Semiprofessional Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321", "pmid": "40054482", "design": "Observational 8-week coach-led preseason, fresh and fatigued 1- and 10-min TTs", "population": "10 male semiprofessional cyclists, 22±4 y, 71.0±6.4 kg, LT2 347±30 W; training data n=9, 16.7±1.4 h/week", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "Fatigued 10-min +25 W (18 to 33; 7.3%); fresh 10-min +21 W (8 to 34; 6.4%); fatigued 1-min +20 W (5 to 36; 3.6%); fresh 1-min +16 W (1 to 31; 2.5%). Preload 38.6±4.6 kJ/kg. No single load metric predicted improvement. Authors state no direct effect of a polarised pattern on fatigued TT power was shown.", "limitations": "Observational; small; one coach shared by half the sample; not 7-12 h amateurs.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/423916107/ijspp-article-p644_Training_Characteristics_Related_to_the_Changes_in_Durability_in_Semiprofessional_Cyclists.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR43", "citation_ids": [ "DUR43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR43", "authors": "Voet JG, van Erp T, Viribay A, de Koning JJ, Lamberts RP", "year": 2025, "title": "Training Characteristics Related to (the Changes in) Durability in Semiprofessional Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321", "pmid": "40054482", "design": "Observational 8-week coach-led preseason, fresh and fatigued 1- and 10-min TTs", "population": "10 male semiprofessional cyclists, 22±4 y, 71.0±6.4 kg, LT2 347±30 W; training data n=9, 16.7±1.4 h/week", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "Fatigued 10-min +25 W (18 to 33; 7.3%); fresh 10-min +21 W (8 to 34; 6.4%); fatigued 1-min +20 W (5 to 36; 3.6%); fresh 1-min +16 W (1 to 31; 2.5%). Preload 38.6±4.6 kJ/kg. No single load metric predicted improvement. Authors state no direct effect of a polarised pattern on fatigued TT power was shown.", "limitations": "Observational; small; one coach shared by half the sample; not 7-12 h amateurs.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/423916107/ijspp-article-p644_Training_Characteristics_Related_to_the_Changes_in_Durability_in_Semiprofessional_Cyclists.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR44", "authors": "Voet JG, Lamberts RP, Viribay A, de Koning JJ, van Erp T", "year": 2024, "title": "Durability and Underlying Physiological Factors: How Do They Change Throughout a Cycling Season in Semiprofessional Cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2023-0543", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2023-0543", "pmid": "38871342", "design": "Three lab visits across a season, fresh and after ~38 kJ/kg", "population": "16 male semiprofessional cyclists", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "Abstract: 1-min TT more sensitive to fatigue than 10-min; durability described as improving more than fresh maximal power. Percent changes not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated; related to Voet 2025, not an independent method trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38871342" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR44", "citation_ids": [ "DUR44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR44", "authors": "Voet JG, Lamberts RP, Viribay A, de Koning JJ, van Erp T", "year": 2024, "title": "Durability and Underlying Physiological Factors: How Do They Change Throughout a Cycling Season in Semiprofessional Cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2023-0543", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2023-0543", "pmid": "38871342", "design": "Three lab visits across a season, fresh and after ~38 kJ/kg", "population": "16 male semiprofessional cyclists", "duration": "Season", "key_results": "Abstract: 1-min TT more sensitive to fatigue than 10-min; durability described as improving more than fresh maximal power. Percent changes not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated; related to Voet 2025, not an independent method trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38871342" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR45", "authors": "Matomäki P, Heinonen OJ, Nummela A, Laukkanen J, Auvinen EP, Pirkola L, Kyröläinen H", "year": 2023, "title": "Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111", "pmid": "36875044", "design": "10-week LIT vs HIT cycling", "population": "35 sedentary or recreationally active adults, 16 men 19 women", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Composite durability improved in both groups (LIT g=0.49, HIT g=0.62), interaction p=0.42. Test was 3 h at 48% of pre-training VO2max. VO2max rose only after HIT. Drift changes were modest.", "limitations": "Untrained; not transferable as an amateur prescription.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9977827/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR45", "citation_ids": [ "DUR45" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR45", "authors": "Matomäki P, Heinonen OJ, Nummela A, Laukkanen J, Auvinen EP, Pirkola L, Kyröläinen H", "year": 2023, "title": "Durability is improved by both low and high intensity endurance training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2023.1128111", "pmid": "36875044", "design": "10-week LIT vs HIT cycling", "population": "35 sedentary or recreationally active adults, 16 men 19 women", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Composite durability improved in both groups (LIT g=0.49, HIT g=0.62), interaction p=0.42. Test was 3 h at 48% of pre-training VO2max. VO2max rose only after HIT. Drift changes were modest.", "limitations": "Untrained; not transferable as an amateur prescription.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC9977827/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR46", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2011, "title": "Strength training improves 5-min all-out performance following 185 min of cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "pmid": "19903319", "design": "Controlled intervention; same cohort as STR02", "population": "Same 20 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "12 weeks, same strength dose", "key_results": "5-min power after 185 min at 44% maximal aerobic power rose from 371+/-9 to 400+/-13 W in E+S; no change in E. Late-ride VO2, HR, lactate, and RPE fell more in E+S.", "limitations": "Not an independent replication. Steady submaximal preload, not a stochastic race.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19903319" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR03", "citation_ids": [ "DUR46", "STR03" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR46", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2011, "title": "Strength training improves 5-min all-out performance following 185 min of cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "pmid": "19903319", "design": "Assigned endurance plus heavy strength vs endurance only", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists; E+S 11 men, E 7 men and 2 women", "duration": "12 weeks, strength twice weekly", "key_results": "5-min power after 185 min at 44% MAP rose from 371±9 to 400±13 W in E+S, unchanged in E. Last-hour VO2, HR, lactate and RPE fell more in E+S.", "limitations": "Assignment not clearly randomised in the abstract; ± values may be SE; possibly same cohort as the 2010 paper; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19903319" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "STR03", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2011, "title": "Strength training improves 5-min all-out performance following 185 min of cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01035.x", "pmid": "19903319", "design": "Controlled intervention; same cohort as STR02", "population": "Same 20 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "12 weeks, same strength dose", "key_results": "5-min power after 185 min at 44% maximal aerobic power rose from 371+/-9 to 400+/-13 W in E+S; no change in E. Late-ride VO2, HR, lactate, and RPE fell more in E+S.", "limitations": "Not an independent replication. Steady submaximal preload, not a stochastic race.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19903319" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR47", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2010, "title": "Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "pmid": "19960350", "design": "Controlled training intervention, allocation method not stated as random in the abstract", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists; E+S n=11 men; E n=9 (7 men, 2 women)", "duration": "12 weeks; 4 lower-body exercises, 3x4-10RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "E+S increased thigh CSA, isometric force, Wingate peak power, power at 2 mmol/L, and 40-min mean power. VO2max rose similarly in both groups. Body mass did not rise with larger thigh. E 40-min power tended to improve (P=0.057).", "limitations": "Small; companion to the 185-min paper; abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19960350", "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:19960350&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR02", "citation_ids": [ "DUR47", "STR02" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR47", "authors": "Rønnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2010, "title": "Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "pmid": "19960350", "design": "Endurance plus strength vs endurance only", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists, E+S n=11 men, E n=9", "duration": "12 weeks", "key_results": "Strength group improved power at 2 mmol/L and 40-min power without a body-mass increase. VO2max rose similarly.", "limitations": "May overlap the 2011 report; abstract only; no fatigued 5-min outcome in this abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19960350" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "STR02", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2010, "title": "Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z", "pmid": "19960350", "design": "Controlled training intervention, allocation method not stated as random in the abstract", "population": "20 well-trained cyclists; E+S n=11 men; E n=9 (7 men, 2 women)", "duration": "12 weeks; 4 lower-body exercises, 3x4-10RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "E+S increased thigh CSA, isometric force, Wingate peak power, power at 2 mmol/L, and 40-min mean power. VO2max rose similarly in both groups. Body mass did not rise with larger thigh. E 40-min power tended to improve (P=0.057).", "limitations": "Small; companion to the 185-min paper; abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:19960350&resultType=core&format=json" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR49", "authors": "Hunter B, Maunder E, Jones AM, Gallo G, Muniz-Pumares D", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability as an index of endurance exercise performance: Methodological considerations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092120", "doi": "10.1113/EP092120", "pmid": "40150840", "design": "Methods review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Preload intensity and duration change the durability profile. Nutrition and environment should be controlled if athletes are compared.", "limitations": "Review, not new data. Full text skimmed.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40150840" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR49", "citation_ids": [ "DUR49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR49", "authors": "Hunter B, Maunder E, Jones AM, Gallo G, Muniz-Pumares D", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability as an index of endurance exercise performance: Methodological considerations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092120", "doi": "10.1113/EP092120", "pmid": "40150840", "design": "Methods review", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Preload intensity and duration change the durability profile. Nutrition and environment should be controlled if athletes are compared.", "limitations": "Review, not new data. Full text skimmed.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40150840" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR50", "authors": "Peeters WM, Barrett M, Podlogar T", "year": 2025, "title": "What is a cycling race simulation anyway: a review on protocols to assess durability in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1", "pmid": "39953333", "design": "Review of race-simulation protocols, search 7 Jan 2024", "population": "Cycling protocols with ≥90 min variable preload then a performance test", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Protocols are heterogeneous. Intensity of accumulated work matters. Mechanisms and improving interventions are not established by this review.", "limitations": "Protocol review, not a training meta-analysis.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12174182/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR50", "citation_ids": [ "DUR50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR50", "authors": "Peeters WM, Barrett M, Podlogar T", "year": 2025, "title": "What is a cycling race simulation anyway: a review on protocols to assess durability in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05725-1", "pmid": "39953333", "design": "Review of race-simulation protocols, search 7 Jan 2024", "population": "Cycling protocols with ≥90 min variable preload then a performance test", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Protocols are heterogeneous. Intensity of accumulated work matters. Mechanisms and improving interventions are not established by this review.", "limitations": "Protocol review, not a training meta-analysis.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12174182/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR51", "authors": "Norte BR, Slinn MM, Johnson KO, Mahon E, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, Louis JB", "year": 2026, "title": "Graded Carbohydrate Ingestion up to 120 g·h−1 Attenuates the Reduction in Critical Power Following 3 h of Moderate-Intensity Exercise in a Dose-Dependent Manner", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70326", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70326", "pmid": "42322010", "design": "Crossover, 3 h at 95% GET with 0, 60 or 120 g/h CHO, 3-min CP estimate", "population": "16 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes, VO2max 51.8±6.8", "duration": "Acute; first publication 2026-06-01", "key_results": "After 24 h of 8 g/kg CHO plus a 2 g/kg meal, 3 h at 95% of estimated gas-exchange threshold (GET; first threshold, moderate domain, not FTP). Estimated CP: fresh 277±27 W; water 236±30; 60 g/h 257±28; 120 g/h 266±29. W' fell with no CHO-condition difference. 90 g/h was not tested. Six GI symptoms every 30 min (Figure 7): only 4/16 participants scored ≥4 and <8 in the 60 or 120 g/h conditions. Cumulative scores higher at 120 vs water (p=0.005; 18 [0-81] vs 6 [0-56]) but 120 vs 60 and 60 vs water not significant. Peak regurgitation, fullness and cramps higher at 120 vs water only; no 120-vs-60 difference.", "limitations": "3-min estimate of CP; modest VO2max; n=16; 90 g/h not tested. Section heading says GI discomfort was not altered, but post hoc tests show 120 g/h worse than water on cumulative score and three peak symptoms. Not universal tolerance or intolerance. GET preload is not an FTP ride.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13282445/fullTextXML", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13282445/", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70326" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR51", "citation_ids": [ "DUR51", "FUEL06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR51", "authors": "Norte BR, Slinn MM, Johnson KO, Mahon E, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, Louis JB", "year": 2026, "title": "Graded Carbohydrate Ingestion up to 120 g·h−1 Attenuates the Reduction in Critical Power Following 3 h of Moderate-Intensity Exercise in a Dose-Dependent Manner", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70326", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70326", "pmid": "42322010", "design": "Crossover, 3 h at 95% GET with 0, 60 or 120 g/h CHO, 3-min CP estimate", "population": "16 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes, VO2max 51.8±6.8", "duration": "Acute; first publication 2026-06-01", "key_results": "After 24 h of 8 g/kg CHO plus a 2 g/kg meal, 3 h at 95% of estimated gas-exchange threshold (GET; first threshold, moderate domain, not FTP). Estimated CP: fresh 277±27 W; water 236±30; 60 g/h 257±28; 120 g/h 266±29. W' fell with no CHO-condition difference. 90 g/h was not tested. Six GI symptoms every 30 min (Figure 7): only 4/16 participants scored ≥4 and <8 in the 60 or 120 g/h conditions. Cumulative scores higher at 120 vs water (p=0.005; 18 [0-81] vs 6 [0-56]) but 120 vs 60 and 60 vs water not significant. Peak regurgitation, fullness and cramps higher at 120 vs water only; no 120-vs-60 difference.", "limitations": "3-min estimate of CP; modest VO2max; n=16; 90 g/h not tested. Section heading says GI discomfort was not altered, but post hoc tests show 120 g/h worse than water on cumulative score and three peak symptoms. Not universal tolerance or intolerance. GET preload is not an FTP ride.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13282445/fullTextXML", "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13282445/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "FUEL06", "authors": "Norte BR, Slinn MM, Johnson KO, Mahon E, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, Louis JB", "year": 2026, "title": "Graded carbohydrate ingestion up to 120 g/h attenuates the reduction in critical power after 3 h of moderate-intensity exercise", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70326", "pmid": "42322010", "pmcid": "PMC13282445", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "16 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes, VO2max 51.8 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min", "duration": "3 h at 95% gas-exchange threshold then 3-min all-out", "key_results": "Critical-power estimate fell in all conditions vs fresh 277 ± 27 W: water 236 ± 30 W, 60 g/h 257 ± 28 W, 120 g/h 266 ± 29 W; 120 > 60 > water. No W' difference between fatigued conditions. Whole-body CHO oxidation rose with dose.", "limitations": "No 90 g/h arm. Moderate-intensity laboratory preload, not a race. Full-text results paragraph used.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13282445/fullTextXML", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70326" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR52", "authors": "Main E, Yoon S, James SL, Mellor KM, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E", "year": 2026, "title": "Low carbohydrate availability reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy transition, impairs efficiency, and increases median power frequency during cycling in females", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "pmid": "42228164", "design": "Randomised counterbalanced crossover", "population": "9 well-trained female cyclists", "duration": "Acute: glycogen depletion ~24 h prior, then incremental and 3-min all-out; CHO ≥9 vs ≤1 g/kg", "key_results": "Original abstract: VT1 power 133 ± 24 W (low CHO) vs 152 ± 28 W (high), difference −19 ± 14 W; efficiency lower in low; no difference in lactate-threshold power or 3-min all-out end-test power. Wattage is original-abstract only and was not revised or confirmed by the correction (FUEL33).", "limitations": "Acute, not training. Wattage figures are abstract extracts. Correction fixes a duplicated figure and does not state a numeric results change.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42228164", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228164/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL32", "citation_ids": [ "DUR52", "FUEL32" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR52", "authors": "Main E, Yoon S, James SL, Mellor KM, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E", "year": 2026, "title": "Low carbohydrate availability reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy transition, impairs efficiency, and increases median power frequency during cycling in females", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "pmid": "42228164", "design": "Randomised crossover after glycogen depletion and high vs low next-day CHO", "population": "9 well-trained female cyclists", "duration": "Acute; first publication 2026-06-02", "key_results": "Not a skipped breakfast. After glycogen-depleting exercise and ~24 h of either ≥9 or ≤1 g/kg carbohydrate, VT1 power was 152±28 W (high) vs 133±24 W (low) and gross efficiency was lower in LOW. Three-minute end-test power did not differ. Does not isolate omitting one pre-ride meal.", "limitations": "n=9 women; abstract only (PMID 42228164, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228164/). Acute severe restriction after depletion, not a fasted-start training study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42228164", "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42228164/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "FUEL32", "authors": "Main E, Yoon S, James SL, Mellor KM, Brick MJ, Leigh WB, Maunder E", "year": 2026, "title": "Low carbohydrate availability reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy transition, impairs efficiency, and increases median power frequency during cycling in females", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "pmid": "42228164", "design": "Randomised counterbalanced crossover", "population": "9 well-trained female cyclists", "duration": "Acute: glycogen depletion ~24 h prior, then incremental and 3-min all-out; CHO ≥9 vs ≤1 g/kg", "key_results": "Original abstract: VT1 power 133 ± 24 W (low CHO) vs 152 ± 28 W (high), difference −19 ± 14 W; efficiency lower in low; no difference in lactate-threshold power or 3-min all-out end-test power. Wattage is original-abstract only and was not revised or confirmed by the correction (FUEL33).", "limitations": "Acute, not training. Wattage figures are abstract extracts. Correction fixes a duplicated figure and does not state a numeric results change.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR53", "authors": "Aird TP, Davies RW, Carson BP", "year": 2018, "title": "Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13054", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13054", "pmid": "29315892", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis, 46 studies", "population": "Mixed", "duration": "Mostly acute", "key_results": "Pre-exercise feeding enhanced prolonged aerobic performance (P=0.012) but not shorter efforts. Fasted exercise increased post-exercise FFAs. Chronic performance benefit not established.", "limitations": "Abstract only; mixed populations.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29315892" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR53", "citation_ids": [ "DUR53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR53", "authors": "Aird TP, Davies RW, Carson BP", "year": 2018, "title": "Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13054", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13054", "pmid": "29315892", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis, 46 studies", "population": "Mixed", "duration": "Mostly acute", "key_results": "Pre-exercise feeding enhanced prolonged aerobic performance (P=0.012) but not shorter efforts. Fasted exercise increased post-exercise FFAs. Chronic performance benefit not established.", "limitations": "Abstract only; mixed populations.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29315892" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR54", "authors": "Marquet LA, Brisswalter J, Louis J, Tiollier E, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Hausswirth C", "year": 2016, "title": "Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: Sleep Low Strategy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000823", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000000823", "pmid": "26741119", "design": "3-week sleep-low vs high availability, same daily CHO 6 g/kg", "population": "21 triathletes, VO2max 58.7±5.7", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Submaximal cycling efficiency change +11±15% sleep-low vs +1.4±9.3% control. Also reported gains in supramaximal cycling and 10 km run; those percentages were not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Not a durability outcome; triathletes; abstract only; large variance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26741119", "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000823" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR54", "citation_ids": [ "DUR54", "FUEL41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR54", "authors": "Marquet LA, Brisswalter J, Louis J, Tiollier E, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Hausswirth C", "year": 2016, "title": "Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: Sleep Low Strategy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000823", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000000823", "pmid": "26741119", "design": "3-week sleep-low vs high availability, same daily CHO 6 g/kg", "population": "21 triathletes, VO2max 58.7±5.7", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Submaximal cycling efficiency change +11±15% sleep-low vs +1.4±9.3% control. Also reported gains in supramaximal cycling and 10 km run; those percentages were not in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Not a durability outcome; triathletes; abstract only; large variance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26741119" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "FUEL41", "authors": "Marquet LA, Brisswalter J, Louis J, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Enhanced endurance performance by periodization of carbohydrate intake: sleep low", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000000823", "pmid": "26741119", "design": "3-week parallel training-diet intervention", "population": "21 triathletes, VO2max 58.7 ± 5.7", "duration": "3 weeks; daily CHO matched at 6 g/kg", "key_results": "Sleep-low improved submaximal cycling economy, supramaximal cycling capacity, and 10 km running vs high availability around the same sessions. Exact deltas partly truncated in the abstract.", "limitations": "Small, hard to blind. Positive result included in Gejl 2021 meta-analysis that overall crossed zero.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000823" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR55", "authors": "Gejl KD, Thams LB, Hansen M, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "No superior adaptations to carbohydrate periodization in elite endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001377", "pmid": "28723843", "design": "Matched randomised 4-week training", "population": "26 male elite endurance athletes, VO2max 65", "duration": "4 weeks, CHO manipulation 3 days/week", "key_results": "VO2max and 30-min TT power rose ~5% in both high and low groups. No superior effect of restriction.", "limitations": "Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28723843", "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001377" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL37", "citation_ids": [ "DUR55", "FUEL37" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001377", "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR55", "authors": "Gejl KD, Thams LB, Hansen M, Rokkedal-Lausch T, Plomgaard P, Nybo L, Larsen FJ, Cardinale DA, Jensen K, Holmberg HC, Vissing K, Ørtenblad N", "year": 2017, "title": "No Superior Adaptations to Carbohydrate Periodization in Elite Endurance Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001377", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000001377", "pmid": "28723843", "design": "4-week randomised periodic CHO restriction vs high, 3 days/week", "population": "26 male elite endurance athletes, VO2max 65.0", "duration": "4 weeks", "key_results": "No superior effect. Both groups improved VO2max and 30-min TT power about 5%.", "limitations": "Not a durability test; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28723843" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "FUEL37", "authors": "Gejl KD, Thams LB, Hansen M, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "No superior adaptations to carbohydrate periodization in elite endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001377", "pmid": "28723843", "design": "Matched randomised 4-week training", "population": "26 male elite endurance athletes, VO2max 65", "duration": "4 weeks, CHO manipulation 3 days/week", "key_results": "VO2max and 30-min TT power rose ~5% in both high and low groups. No superior effect of restriction.", "limitations": "Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001377" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR56", "authors": "Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Fuel for the work required: carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7", "pmid": "29453741", "pmcid": "PMC5889771", "design": "Theoretical review of train-low studies", "population": "Counts of train-low studies, mixed training status", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Signalling, gene expression, and enzyme increases often reported with train-low, especially in a glycogen window. Performance improved in a minority of counted studies (37% of 11 improved; 63% no change, as stated).", "limitations": "Study counts are the authors' synthesis, not a new meta-analysis of performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29453741", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL40", "citation_ids": [ "DUR56", "FUEL40" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7", "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR56", "authors": "Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Bartlett JD, Louis J, Close GL, Morton JP", "year": 2018, "title": "Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7", "pmid": "29453741", "design": "Theoretical framework", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Proposes fueling the work required and a glycogen threshold for signalling. Not a performance trial.", "limitations": "Framework, not evidence that train-low improves durability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29453741" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "source_id": "FUEL40", "authors": "Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Fuel for the work required: carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7", "pmid": "29453741", "pmcid": "PMC5889771", "design": "Theoretical review of train-low studies", "population": "Counts of train-low studies, mixed training status", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Signalling, gene expression, and enzyme increases often reported with train-low, especially in a glycogen window. Performance improved in a minority of counted studies (37% of 11 improved; 63% no change, as stated).", "limitations": "Study counts are the authors' synthesis, not a new meta-analysis of performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR58", "authors": "Zanini M, Folland JP, Blagrove RC", "year": 2025, "title": "The Effect of 90 and 120 Min of Running on the Determinants of Endurance Performance in Well-Trained Male Marathon Runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70076", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70076", "pmid": "40375575", "design": "Acute, unfatigued vs after 90 and 120 min heavy-domain running", "population": "14 trained male marathoners, VO2max 63.1±5.8, marathon ~2:47", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VO2peak -3.1% after 90 min and -7.1% after 120 min. Oxygen cost +4.2% and +5.8%.", "limitations": "Running, not cycling; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40375575" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR58", "citation_ids": [ "DUR58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR58", "authors": "Zanini M, Folland JP, Blagrove RC", "year": 2025, "title": "The Effect of 90 and 120 Min of Running on the Determinants of Endurance Performance in Well-Trained Male Marathon Runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70076", "doi": "10.1111/sms.70076", "pmid": "40375575", "design": "Acute, unfatigued vs after 90 and 120 min heavy-domain running", "population": "14 trained male marathoners, VO2max 63.1±5.8, marathon ~2:47", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "VO2peak -3.1% after 90 min and -7.1% after 120 min. Oxygen cost +4.2% and +5.8%.", "limitations": "Running, not cycling; abstract only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40375575" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "DUR59", "authors": "Zanini M, Jones AM, Nybo L", "year": 2025, "title": "Defining physiological resilience and durability in the context of endurance performance modeling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2025", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2025", "pmid": "41396096", "design": "Commentary", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Title and authorship only. No abstract was available in Europe PMC on the check date, so no results are used.", "limitations": "Metadata only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41396096" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "DUR59", "citation_ids": [ "DUR59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "DUR59", "authors": "Zanini M, Jones AM, Nybo L", "year": 2025, "title": "Defining physiological resilience and durability in the context of endurance performance modeling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2025", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2025", "pmid": "41396096", "design": "Commentary", "population": "N/A", "duration": "N/A", "key_results": "Title and authorship only. No abstract was available in Europe PMC on the check date, so no results are used.", "limitations": "Metadata only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41396096" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL01", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Cox GR", "year": 2014, "title": "Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2014-0027", "pmid": "24951297", "design": "Systematic review of randomised CHO vs placebo performance studies", "population": "679 subjects across 61 studies; not cycling-only", "duration": "Varied; relationship with exercise duration", "key_results": "82% of studies showed a performance benefit vs placebo; percent gain correlated with exercise duration. Beyond about 2 h, high delivery (>90 g/h) and multiple-transportable CHO are discussed; near 1 h, oral exposure is the proposed mechanism.", "limitations": "Includes non-cycling endurance protocols; not a dose-response meta-analysis of 60 vs 90 vs 120 g/h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0027" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL01", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL01" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0027", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL01", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Cox GR", "year": 2014, "title": "Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2014-0027", "pmid": "24951297", "design": "Systematic review of randomised CHO vs placebo performance studies", "population": "679 subjects across 61 studies; not cycling-only", "duration": "Varied; relationship with exercise duration", "key_results": "82% of studies showed a performance benefit vs placebo; percent gain correlated with exercise duration. Beyond about 2 h, high delivery (>90 g/h) and multiple-transportable CHO are discussed; near 1 h, oral exposure is the proposed mechanism.", "limitations": "Includes non-cycling endurance protocols; not a dose-response meta-analysis of 60 vs 90 vs 120 g/h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0027" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL02", "authors": "Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2011, "title": "Carbohydrates for training and competition", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2011.585473", "pmid": "21660838", "design": "Consensus-style review", "population": "Endurance athletes; recommendations not a single trial", "duration": "Event-scaled", "key_results": "Small amounts or mouth rinse for ~1 h; 30-60 g/h for longer sports; up to 90 g/h for events >2.5 h using blends. Whether extra train-low strategies improve performance in well-trained athletes was described as unclear.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial. Daily g/kg bands were not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL02", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL02" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL02", "authors": "Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2011, "title": "Carbohydrates for training and competition", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2011.585473", "pmid": "21660838", "design": "Consensus-style review", "population": "Endurance athletes; recommendations not a single trial", "duration": "Event-scaled", "key_results": "Small amounts or mouth rinse for ~1 h; 30-60 g/h for longer sports; up to 90 g/h for events >2.5 h using blends. Whether extra train-low strategies improve performance in well-trained athletes was described as unclear.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial. Daily g/kg bands were not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL03", "authors": "Jeukendrup A", "year": 2014, "title": "A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z", "pmid": "24791914", "pmcid": "PMC4008807", "design": "Narrative review, open full text used for transporter sentence", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Scaled by exercise duration", "key_results": "Single carbohydrate oxidised up to ~60 g/h (SGLT1 saturation stated in full text). ~90 g/h for ultra-endurance requires multiple transportable carbohydrates. Advice should be lowered when absolute intensity is low. Author also stated advice independent of body weight; later body-size data qualify that sentence.", "limitations": "Review. Body-weight independence is challenged by Ijaz 2025 for exogenous glucose oxidation.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4008807", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL03", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL03" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL03", "authors": "Jeukendrup A", "year": 2014, "title": "A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z", "pmid": "24791914", "pmcid": "PMC4008807", "design": "Narrative review, open full text used for transporter sentence", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Scaled by exercise duration", "key_results": "Single carbohydrate oxidised up to ~60 g/h (SGLT1 saturation stated in full text). ~90 g/h for ultra-endurance requires multiple transportable carbohydrates. Advice should be lowered when absolute intensity is low. Author also stated advice independent of body weight; later body-size data qualify that sentence.", "limitations": "Review. Body-weight independence is challenged by Ijaz 2025 for exogenous glucose oxidation.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4008807", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL04", "authors": "Smith JW, Pascoe DD, Passe DH, Ruby BC, Stewart LK, Baker LB, Zachwieja JJ", "year": 2013, "title": "Curvilinear dose-response relationship of carbohydrate (0-120 g/h) and performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1", "pmid": "22968309", "design": "Multi-site double-blind crossover", "population": "51 cyclists and triathletes, 28 ± 7 years", "duration": "2 h constant load plus 20 km time trial", "key_results": "Estimated incremental gains of 1.0% to 4.7% from 9 to 78 g/h, with diminishing returns above 78 g/h. Best mean performance near 78 g/h of 1:1:1 glucose-fructose-maltodextrin.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not characterised as elite. One fluid rate (1 L/h).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL04", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL04" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL04", "authors": "Smith JW, Pascoe DD, Passe DH, Ruby BC, Stewart LK, Baker LB, Zachwieja JJ", "year": 2013, "title": "Curvilinear dose-response relationship of carbohydrate (0-120 g/h) and performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1", "pmid": "22968309", "design": "Multi-site double-blind crossover", "population": "51 cyclists and triathletes, 28 ± 7 years", "duration": "2 h constant load plus 20 km time trial", "key_results": "Estimated incremental gains of 1.0% to 4.7% from 9 to 78 g/h, with diminishing returns above 78 g/h. Best mean performance near 78 g/h of 1:1:1 glucose-fructose-maltodextrin.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not characterised as elite. One fluid rate (1 L/h).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL05", "authors": "Wilson PB", "year": 2026, "title": "A narrative review of the high-carbohydrate fueling revolution (≥100 g/h) in the professional peloton", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6", "pmid": "41343040", "pmcid": "PMC12982284", "design": "Narrative review; open full text read for key points and ACSM quotation", "population": "Professional cycling context; synthesises laboratory trials", "duration": "Single-session and multi-day racing discussed separately", "key_results": "Experiments comparing ≥100 g/h with 60-90 g/h do not clearly show less endogenous carbohydrate use or better performance. Studies do not mimic multi-day stage racing. Possible risks include gut symptoms and, if over-applied in training, a smaller metabolic signal. Quotes 2016 ACSM statement that events ≥2.5 h are associated with better performance up to 90 g/h.", "limitations": "Narrative review. Multi-day benefit is theoretical/observational, not an RCT.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12982284/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL05", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL05" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL05", "authors": "Wilson PB", "year": 2026, "title": "A narrative review of the high-carbohydrate fueling revolution (≥100 g/h) in the professional peloton", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6", "pmid": "41343040", "pmcid": "PMC12982284", "design": "Narrative review; open full text read for key points and ACSM quotation", "population": "Professional cycling context; synthesises laboratory trials", "duration": "Single-session and multi-day racing discussed separately", "key_results": "Experiments comparing ≥100 g/h with 60-90 g/h do not clearly show less endogenous carbohydrate use or better performance. Studies do not mimic multi-day stage racing. Possible risks include gut symptoms and, if over-applied in training, a smaller metabolic signal. Quotes 2016 ACSM statement that events ≥2.5 h are associated with better performance up to 90 g/h.", "limitations": "Narrative review. Multi-day benefit is theoretical/observational, not an RCT.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12982284/", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02372-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL07", "authors": "King AJ, O'Hara JP, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ", "year": 2018, "title": "Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.13555", "pmid": "29333721", "pmcid": "PMC5789655", "design": "Double-blind randomised crossover", "population": "10 trained males", "duration": "2 h at 77% VO2max plus 30 min time trial", "key_results": "No linear dose-response. 90 g/h glucose-fructose was the most favourable time-trial condition versus 60, 75, and 112.5 g/h and placebo in the abstract conclusion.", "limitations": "Abstract-only for numbers used here. Magnitude-based language in the abstract. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13555" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL07", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL07" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13555", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL07", "authors": "King AJ, O'Hara JP, Morrison DJ, Preston T, King RFGJ", "year": 2018, "title": "Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.13555", "pmid": "29333721", "pmcid": "PMC5789655", "design": "Double-blind randomised crossover", "population": "10 trained males", "duration": "2 h at 77% VO2max plus 30 min time trial", "key_results": "No linear dose-response. 90 g/h glucose-fructose was the most favourable time-trial condition versus 60, 75, and 112.5 g/h and placebo in the abstract conclusion.", "limitations": "Abstract-only for numbers used here. Magnitude-based language in the abstract. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13555" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL08", "authors": "Podlogar T, Wallis GA", "year": 2022, "title": "New horizons in carbohydrate research and application for endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1", "pmid": "36173597", "pmcid": "PMC9734239", "design": "Narrative review; open full text used for SGLT1/GLUT5 and ratio paragraph", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Names SGLT1 and GLUT5. Recommends glucose-fructose mixtures beyond ~2.5 h at 60-90 g/h. Argues a ratio near 1:0.8 is superior for oxidation efficiency and gut comfort. Contemporary view: train-low has limited utility for performance benefits.", "limitations": "Review interpretation of ratio superiority goes beyond the small primary trials.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9734239" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL08", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL08" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL08", "authors": "Podlogar T, Wallis GA", "year": 2022, "title": "New horizons in carbohydrate research and application for endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1", "pmid": "36173597", "pmcid": "PMC9734239", "design": "Narrative review; open full text used for SGLT1/GLUT5 and ratio paragraph", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Names SGLT1 and GLUT5. Recommends glucose-fructose mixtures beyond ~2.5 h at 60-90 g/h. Argues a ratio near 1:0.8 is superior for oxidation efficiency and gut comfort. Contemporary view: train-low has limited utility for performance benefits.", "limitations": "Review interpretation of ratio superiority goes beyond the small primary trials.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9734239" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL09", "authors": "Podlogar T, Bokal Š, Cirnski S, Wallis GA", "year": 2022, "title": "Increased exogenous but unaltered endogenous carbohydrate oxidation with fructose-maltodextrin at 120 vs 90 g/h", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w", "pmid": "35951130", "pmcid": "PMC9560939", "design": "Crossover, stable-isotope oxidation", "population": "11 highly trained men, VO2peak 62.6 ± 7 mL/kg/min", "duration": "3 h at 95% gas-exchange threshold, overnight fasted", "key_results": "Exogenous oxidation 1.51 ± 0.22 vs 1.29 ± 0.16 g/min (120 vs 90 g/h). Endogenous oxidation not different (2.15 ± 0.30 vs 2.20 ± 0.33 g/min). No performance test. Ratios also differed (0.8:1 vs 1:2).", "limitations": "Low absolute intensity. Ratio and dose confounded. Not a performance trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL09", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL09" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL09", "authors": "Podlogar T, Bokal Š, Cirnski S, Wallis GA", "year": 2022, "title": "Increased exogenous but unaltered endogenous carbohydrate oxidation with fructose-maltodextrin at 120 vs 90 g/h", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w", "pmid": "35951130", "pmcid": "PMC9560939", "design": "Crossover, stable-isotope oxidation", "population": "11 highly trained men, VO2peak 62.6 ± 7 mL/kg/min", "duration": "3 h at 95% gas-exchange threshold, overnight fasted", "key_results": "Exogenous oxidation 1.51 ± 0.22 vs 1.29 ± 0.16 g/min (120 vs 90 g/h). Endogenous oxidation not different (2.15 ± 0.30 vs 2.20 ± 0.33 g/min). No performance test. Ratios also differed (0.8:1 vs 1:2).", "limitations": "Low absolute intensity. Ratio and dose confounded. Not a performance trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL10", "authors": "Wallis GA, Rowlands DS, Shaw C, Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2005, "title": "Oxidation of combined ingestion of maltodextrins and fructose during exercise", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000155399.23358.82", "pmid": "15741841", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 trained cyclists, VO2max 64.1 ± 3.1", "duration": "150 min at 55% Wmax", "key_results": "Peak exogenous oxidation ~1.50 vs 1.06 g/min for maltodextrin+fructose vs maltodextrin at 1.8 g/min.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small male sample. Oxidation, not a race.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000155399.23358.82" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL10", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL10" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000155399.23358.82", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL10", "authors": "Wallis GA, Rowlands DS, Shaw C, Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2005, "title": "Oxidation of combined ingestion of maltodextrins and fructose during exercise", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000155399.23358.82", "pmid": "15741841", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 trained cyclists, VO2max 64.1 ± 3.1", "duration": "150 min at 55% Wmax", "key_results": "Peak exogenous oxidation ~1.50 vs 1.06 g/min for maltodextrin+fructose vs maltodextrin at 1.8 g/min.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small male sample. Oxidation, not a race.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000155399.23358.82" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL11", "authors": "Currell K, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2008, "title": "Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19", "pmid": "18202575", "design": "Crossover performance trial", "population": "8 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64.7 ± 3.9, Wmax 364 ± 31 W", "duration": "120 min at 55% Wmax plus ~1 h time trial", "key_results": "Abstract conclusion: 2:1 glucose:fructose at 1.8 g/min was 8% faster than isocaloric glucose and 19% faster than water. Reported completion times in the abstract conflict with that direction and were not used.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=8. Time figures internally inconsistent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL11", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL11" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL11", "authors": "Currell K, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2008, "title": "Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19", "pmid": "18202575", "design": "Crossover performance trial", "population": "8 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64.7 ± 3.9, Wmax 364 ± 31 W", "duration": "120 min at 55% Wmax plus ~1 h time trial", "key_results": "Abstract conclusion: 2:1 glucose:fructose at 1.8 g/min was 8% faster than isocaloric glucose and 19% faster than water. Reported completion times in the abstract conflict with that direction and were not used.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=8. Time figures internally inconsistent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL12", "authors": "O'Brien WJ, Rowlands DS", "year": 2011, "title": "Fructose-maltodextrin ratio differentially affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, gut comfort, and performance", "doi": "10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010", "pmid": "21071509", "design": "Randomised double-blind crossover", "population": "10 cyclists", "duration": "150 min at 50% peak power then incremental test", "key_results": "At 1.8 g/min, 0.8 fructose:maltodextrin had small oxidation advantages vs 0.5 and 1.25 and the lowest gut-symptom increases. Moderate peak-power improvements for 0.8 and 1.25 vs 0.5.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small sample. Magnitude-based inference.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL12", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL12" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL12", "authors": "O'Brien WJ, Rowlands DS", "year": 2011, "title": "Fructose-maltodextrin ratio differentially affects exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, gut comfort, and performance", "doi": "10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010", "pmid": "21071509", "design": "Randomised double-blind crossover", "population": "10 cyclists", "duration": "150 min at 50% peak power then incremental test", "key_results": "At 1.8 g/min, 0.8 fructose:maltodextrin had small oxidation advantages vs 0.5 and 1.25 and the lowest gut-symptom increases. Moderate peak-power improvements for 0.8 and 1.25 vs 0.5.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small sample. Magnitude-based inference.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2010" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL13", "authors": "O'Brien WJ, Stannard SR, Clarke JA, Rowlands DS", "year": 2013, "title": "Fructose-maltodextrin ratio governs exogenous and other CHO oxidation and performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31828e12d4", "pmid": "23949097", "design": "Crossover", "population": "12 male cyclists", "duration": "2 h at 57% peak power then 10 sprints", "key_results": "0.8 ratio had higher exogenous CHO oxidation efficiency and moderately higher sprint power than 0.5 and 1.25. Fluid-absorption effects inconclusive.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Sprint outcome, not a long time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31828e12d4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL13", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL13" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31828e12d4", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL13", "authors": "O'Brien WJ, Stannard SR, Clarke JA, Rowlands DS", "year": 2013, "title": "Fructose-maltodextrin ratio governs exogenous and other CHO oxidation and performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31828e12d4", "pmid": "23949097", "design": "Crossover", "population": "12 male cyclists", "duration": "2 h at 57% peak power then 10 sprints", "key_results": "0.8 ratio had higher exogenous CHO oxidation efficiency and moderately higher sprint power than 0.5 and 1.25. Fluid-absorption effects inconclusive.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Sprint outcome, not a long time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31828e12d4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL14", "authors": "Rowlands DS, Houltham S, Musa-Veloso K, Brown F, Paulionis L, Bailey D", "year": 2015, "title": "Fructose-glucose composite carbohydrates and endurance performance: critical review", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-015-0381-0", "pmid": "26373645", "design": "Critical review of performance studies", "population": "14 studies, mostly male cycling, ~2.5-3 h", "duration": "2.5-3.0 h estimates", "key_results": "0.5-1.0:1 fructose:glucose/maltodextrin at 1.3-2.4 g/min associated with 1-9% mean-power gains vs isocaloric single saccharide. Larger effects at higher ingestion rates. 0.8:1 highlighted at 1.5-1.8 g/min.", "limitations": "Mostly men. Not a formal meta-analysis with a single pooled estimate in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0381-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL14", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL14" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0381-0", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL14", "authors": "Rowlands DS, Houltham S, Musa-Veloso K, Brown F, Paulionis L, Bailey D", "year": 2015, "title": "Fructose-glucose composite carbohydrates and endurance performance: critical review", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-015-0381-0", "pmid": "26373645", "design": "Critical review of performance studies", "population": "14 studies, mostly male cycling, ~2.5-3 h", "duration": "2.5-3.0 h estimates", "key_results": "0.5-1.0:1 fructose:glucose/maltodextrin at 1.3-2.4 g/min associated with 1-9% mean-power gains vs isocaloric single saccharide. Larger effects at higher ingestion rates. 0.8:1 highlighted at 1.5-1.8 g/min.", "limitations": "Mostly men. Not a formal meta-analysis with a single pooled estimate in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0381-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL15", "authors": "Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L", "year": 2010, "title": "Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x", "pmid": "19000102", "design": "Crossover", "population": "8 men, VO2max 62.6 ± 2.5", "duration": "120 min cycling at 61% VO2max", "key_results": "Glucose+fructose (2:1, 1.5 g/min) emptied faster and delivered fluid faster than glucose alone, and attenuated heart-rate rise.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Delivery, not performance. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL15", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL15" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL15", "authors": "Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L", "year": 2010, "title": "Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x", "pmid": "19000102", "design": "Crossover", "population": "8 men, VO2max 62.6 ± 2.5", "duration": "120 min cycling at 61% VO2max", "key_results": "Glucose+fructose (2:1, 1.5 g/min) emptied faster and delivered fluid faster than glucose alone, and attenuated heart-rate rise.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Delivery, not performance. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00862.x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL16", "authors": "Trommelen J, Fuchs CJ, Beelen M, Lenaerts K, Jeukendrup AE, Cermak NM, van Loon LJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise", "doi": "10.3390/nu9020167", "pmid": "28230742", "pmcid": "PMC5331598", "design": "Crossover, stable isotope", "population": "10 trained male cyclists, VO2peak 65 ± 2", "duration": "180 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "Ten trained men, 180 min at 50% Wmax, 1.8 g/min (108 g/h). Peak exogenous oxidation 0.96 ± 0.06 g/min glucose alone; 1.40 ± 0.06 for 1.2 g/min glucose + 0.6 g/min fructose; 1.29 ± 0.07 for 0.6 g/min glucose + 1.2 g/min sucrose. The sucrose arm hydrolyses to the same overall 2:1 glucose:fructose as the free mix. Sucrose alone was not tested. Both mixed arms about 46% above glucose alone.", "limitations": "Not a sucrose-alone versus free glucose-plus-fructose comparison. Moderate intensity. Men only. Open access PMC5331598.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331598/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL16", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL16" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL16", "authors": "Trommelen J, Fuchs CJ, Beelen M, Lenaerts K, Jeukendrup AE, Cermak NM, van Loon LJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Fructose and sucrose intake increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise", "doi": "10.3390/nu9020167", "pmid": "28230742", "pmcid": "PMC5331598", "design": "Crossover, stable isotope", "population": "10 trained male cyclists, VO2peak 65 ± 2", "duration": "180 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "Ten trained men, 180 min at 50% Wmax, 1.8 g/min (108 g/h). Peak exogenous oxidation 0.96 ± 0.06 g/min glucose alone; 1.40 ± 0.06 for 1.2 g/min glucose + 0.6 g/min fructose; 1.29 ± 0.07 for 0.6 g/min glucose + 1.2 g/min sucrose. The sucrose arm hydrolyses to the same overall 2:1 glucose:fructose as the free mix. Sucrose alone was not tested. Both mixed arms about 46% above glucose alone.", "limitations": "Not a sucrose-alone versus free glucose-plus-fructose comparison. Moderate intensity. Men only. Open access PMC5331598.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5331598/", "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020167" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL17", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003", "pmid": "14657044", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "9 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 2", "duration": "150 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "Nine trained men. Glucose plus sucrose (1.2 + 0.6 g/min), not sucrose alone, peaked at 1.25 ± 0.07 g/min versus about 1.06 g/min for glucose or glucose plus maltose.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not sucrose alone. Oxidation, not performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL17", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL17" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2004 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL17", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003", "pmid": "14657044", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "9 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 2", "duration": "150 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "Nine trained men. Glucose plus sucrose (1.2 + 0.6 g/min), not sucrose alone, peaked at 1.25 ± 0.07 g/min versus about 1.06 g/min for glucose or glucose plus maltose.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not sucrose alone. Oxidation, not performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL18", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d", "pmid": "15354037", "design": "Crossover", "population": "8 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 1", "duration": "150 min at ~62% VO2max", "key_results": "Glucose+fructose+sucrose at 2.4 g/min peaked near 1.70 g/min, about 44% above isocaloric glucose, with lower estimated endogenous CHO oxidation.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Very high intake. Men.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL18", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL18" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2004 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL18", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d", "pmid": "15354037", "design": "Crossover", "population": "8 trained male cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 1", "duration": "150 min at ~62% VO2max", "key_results": "Glucose+fructose+sucrose at 2.4 g/min peaked near 1.70 g/min, about 44% above isocaloric glucose, with lower estimated endogenous CHO oxidation.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Very high intake. Men.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL19", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Shaw C, Birtles T, Waring RH, Harding LK, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2005, "title": "Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and sucrose during exercise", "doi": "10.1016/j.metabol.2004.12.004", "pmid": "15877291", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 trained cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 2", "duration": "120 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "High glucose+sucrose (2.4 g/min) peaked at 1.20 ± 0.07 g/min, above glucose, sucrose, or a moderate mix. Shows intake rate is not identical to oxidation rate.", "limitations": "Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2004.12.004" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL19", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL19" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2004.12.004", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL19", "authors": "Jentjens RLPG, Shaw C, Birtles T, Waring RH, Harding LK, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2005, "title": "Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and sucrose during exercise", "doi": "10.1016/j.metabol.2004.12.004", "pmid": "15877291", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 trained cyclists, VO2max 64 ± 2", "duration": "120 min at 50% Wmax", "key_results": "High glucose+sucrose (2.4 g/min) peaked at 1.20 ± 0.07 g/min, above glucose, sucrose, or a moderate mix. Shows intake rate is not identical to oxidation rate.", "limitations": "Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2004.12.004" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL20", "authors": "Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Smith FE, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise in trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015", "pmid": "26487008", "design": "Crossover with 13C-MRS", "population": "14 cyclists; 4 also did water", "duration": "3 h at 50% peak power; 1.7 g/min (102 g/h)", "key_results": "Liver glycogen did not fall with glucose or sucrose; muscle glycogen fell similarly. Whole-body CHO use higher with sucrose (2.03 ± 0.43 vs 1.66 ± 0.36 g/min). Water reference: both liver and muscle glycogen fell.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Moderate intensity. Water arm n=4.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL20", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL20" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL20", "authors": "Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Smith FE, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise in trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015", "pmid": "26487008", "design": "Crossover with 13C-MRS", "population": "14 cyclists; 4 also did water", "duration": "3 h at 50% peak power; 1.7 g/min (102 g/h)", "key_results": "Liver glycogen did not fall with glucose or sucrose; muscle glycogen fell similarly. Whole-body CHO use higher with sucrose (2.03 ± 0.43 vs 1.66 ± 0.36 g/min). Water reference: both liver and muscle glycogen fell.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Moderate intensity. Water arm n=4.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL21", "authors": "Fuchs CJ, Gonzalez JT, Beelen M, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Sucrose ingestion after exhaustive exercise accelerates liver, but not muscle, glycogen repletion versus glucose", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2015", "pmid": "27013608", "design": "Crossover, 13C-MRS", "population": "15 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "5 h recovery after glycogen-depleting exercise; 1.5 g/kg/h", "key_results": "Muscle glycogen rose similarly. Liver glycogen content rose faster with sucrose by 3.4 g/h (95% CI 1.6-5.1).", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Men. High absolute intake.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2015" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL21", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL21" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2015", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL21", "authors": "Fuchs CJ, Gonzalez JT, Beelen M, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Sucrose ingestion after exhaustive exercise accelerates liver, but not muscle, glycogen repletion versus glucose", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2015", "pmid": "27013608", "design": "Crossover, 13C-MRS", "population": "15 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "5 h recovery after glycogen-depleting exercise; 1.5 g/kg/h", "key_results": "Muscle glycogen rose similarly. Liver glycogen content rose faster with sucrose by 3.4 g/h (95% CI 1.6-5.1).", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Men. High absolute intake.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2015" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL22", "authors": "Hearris MA, Pugh JN, Langan-Evans C, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Comparable exogenous CHO oxidation at 120 g/h from fluid, gel, jelly chew, or co-ingestion", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2022", "pmid": "35446596", "design": "Randomised repeated measures", "population": "9 trained males, after 8 g/kg CHO day and 2 g/kg pre-exercise meal", "duration": "180 min at 95% lactate threshold then capacity test", "key_results": "Peak exogenous oxidation ~1.56-1.66 g/min, not different by form. Minimal GI symptoms. Capacity test not different.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small male sample. Not a 90 vs 120 comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2022" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL22", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL22" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2022", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL22", "authors": "Hearris MA, Pugh JN, Langan-Evans C, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Comparable exogenous CHO oxidation at 120 g/h from fluid, gel, jelly chew, or co-ingestion", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2022", "pmid": "35446596", "design": "Randomised repeated measures", "population": "9 trained males, after 8 g/kg CHO day and 2 g/kg pre-exercise meal", "duration": "180 min at 95% lactate threshold then capacity test", "key_results": "Peak exogenous oxidation ~1.56-1.66 g/min, not different by form. Minimal GI symptoms. Capacity test not different.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small male sample. Not a 90 vs 120 comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2022" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL23", "authors": "Costa RJS, Miall A, Khoo A, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Gut-training: two weeks of repetitive gut-challenge during exercise", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2016-0453", "pmid": "28177715", "design": "Randomised gut-training intervention", "population": "25 endurance runners", "duration": "2 weeks; challenge was 2 h running at 60% VO2max", "key_results": "Symptoms fell ~60% with carbohydrate gel or food training vs less with placebo. Distance test improved ~4-5% in CHO arms and not placebo.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Abstract-only. Challenge dose was 30 g every 20 min, not 120 g/h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0453" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL23", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL23" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0453", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL23", "authors": "Costa RJS, Miall A, Khoo A, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Gut-training: two weeks of repetitive gut-challenge during exercise", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2016-0453", "pmid": "28177715", "design": "Randomised gut-training intervention", "population": "25 endurance runners", "duration": "2 weeks; challenge was 2 h running at 60% VO2max", "key_results": "Symptoms fell ~60% with carbohydrate gel or food training vs less with placebo. Distance test improved ~4-5% in CHO arms and not placebo.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Abstract-only. Challenge dose was 30 g every 20 min, not 120 g/h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0453" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL24", "authors": "Martinez IG, Mika AS, Biesiekierski JR, Costa RJS", "year": 2023, "title": "Effect of gut-training and feeding-challenge on gastrointestinal status: systematic review", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0", "pmid": "37061651", "pmcid": "PMC10185635", "design": "Systematic review, 8 studies", "population": "Endurance exercise gut-training trials", "duration": "4-28 days", "key_results": "Some 2-week CHO protocols reduced discomfort (~47% in two studies) and malabsorption (45-54% in two; no change in one). Several symptom results unclear. Gastric emptying and injury markers generally unchanged.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous tools. Few studies. Mostly not cycling performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL24", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL24" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL24", "authors": "Martinez IG, Mika AS, Biesiekierski JR, Costa RJS", "year": 2023, "title": "Effect of gut-training and feeding-challenge on gastrointestinal status: systematic review", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0", "pmid": "37061651", "pmcid": "PMC10185635", "design": "Systematic review, 8 studies", "population": "Endurance exercise gut-training trials", "duration": "4-28 days", "key_results": "Some 2-week CHO protocols reduced discomfort (~47% in two studies) and malabsorption (45-54% in two; no change in one). Several symptom results unclear. Gastric emptying and injury markers generally unchanged.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous tools. Few studies. Mostly not cycling performance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01841-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL25", "authors": "King AJ, Etxebarria N, Ross ML, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Short-term very high carbohydrate diet and gut-training have minor effects in highly trained endurance athletes", "doi": "10.3390/nu14091929", "pmid": "35565896", "pmcid": "PMC9105618", "design": "Two cohorts, intervention vs guideline-range CHO", "population": "19 elite male race walkers; 18 highly trained distance runners", "duration": "2 weeks diet plus gut training; 26 km race-walk or 35 km run", "key_results": "Large individual variability. No clear performance advantage of pushing above guideline CHO. Some increase in upper-GI symptoms. Authors note confounding weight loss and fitness gains.", "limitations": "Not a cycling RCT. Abstract-only for numbers used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091929" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL25", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL25" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091929", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL25", "authors": "King AJ, Etxebarria N, Ross ML, et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Short-term very high carbohydrate diet and gut-training have minor effects in highly trained endurance athletes", "doi": "10.3390/nu14091929", "pmid": "35565896", "pmcid": "PMC9105618", "design": "Two cohorts, intervention vs guideline-range CHO", "population": "19 elite male race walkers; 18 highly trained distance runners", "duration": "2 weeks diet plus gut training; 26 km race-walk or 35 km run", "key_results": "Large individual variability. No clear performance advantage of pushing above guideline CHO. Some increase in upper-GI symptoms. Authors note confounding weight loss and fitness gains.", "limitations": "Not a cycling RCT. Abstract-only for numbers used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091929" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL26", "authors": "Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009", "pmid": "20466803", "design": "Pair-matched 28-day training intervention", "population": "16 endurance-trained cyclists or triathletes", "duration": "28 days; tests were 100 min steady state plus 7 kJ/kg time trial", "key_results": "High group increased citrate synthase and exogenous glucose oxidation. Performance improved ~6% in training; metabolic differences did not change the magnitude of the performance gain vs energy-matched low group.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small groups (n=8).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL26", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL26" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL26", "authors": "Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009", "pmid": "20466803", "design": "Pair-matched 28-day training intervention", "population": "16 endurance-trained cyclists or triathletes", "duration": "28 days; tests were 100 min steady state plus 7 kJ/kg time trial", "key_results": "High group increased citrate synthase and exogenous glucose oxidation. Performance improved ~6% in training; metabolic differences did not change the magnitude of the performance gain vs energy-matched low group.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Small groups (n=8).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00950.2009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL27", "authors": "Podlogar T, Grmek B, Pungerčar L, Cirnski S, Goršek Šparovec T, Rowlands DS", "year": 2026, "title": "No performance effects of altered carbohydrate distribution during intense cycling", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0059", "pmid": "41468185", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "12 trained male cyclists", "duration": "180 min intermittent preload, 15 min all-out, sprint to exhaustion; 90 g/h", "key_results": "Increasing, decreasing, and constant patterns did not clearly differ for 15-min performance or time to exhaustion (wide confidence limits). Decreasing pattern had higher CHO oxidation than constant and less late nausea than increasing.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Same total dose; not a dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0059" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL27", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL27" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0059", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL27", "authors": "Podlogar T, Grmek B, Pungerčar L, Cirnski S, Goršek Šparovec T, Rowlands DS", "year": 2026, "title": "No performance effects of altered carbohydrate distribution during intense cycling", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0059", "pmid": "41468185", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "12 trained male cyclists", "duration": "180 min intermittent preload, 15 min all-out, sprint to exhaustion; 90 g/h", "key_results": "Increasing, decreasing, and constant patterns did not clearly differ for 15-min performance or time to exhaustion (wide confidence limits). Decreasing pattern had higher CHO oxidation than constant and less late nausea than increasing.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Same total dose; not a dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0059" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL28", "authors": "Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3181dd5070", "pmid": "20351596", "design": "Pair-matched 3-week training", "population": "14 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks; 9 aerobic and 9 HIT sessions", "key_results": "Low-glycogen group interval power 297 ± 8 W vs 323 ± 9 W in high. Fat oxidation increased. Performance no more effective than high-glycogen training. P value for power contrast was truncated in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Twice-daily schedule confounds glycogen with session spacing.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181dd5070" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL28", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL28" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181dd5070", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL28", "authors": "Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3181dd5070", "pmid": "20351596", "design": "Pair-matched 3-week training", "population": "14 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks; 9 aerobic and 9 HIT sessions", "key_results": "Low-glycogen group interval power 297 ± 8 W vs 323 ± 9 W in high. Fat oxidation increased. Performance no more effective than high-glycogen training. P value for power contrast was truncated in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Twice-daily schedule confounds glycogen with session spacing.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181dd5070" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL29", "authors": "Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Carey AL, Hawley JA", "year": 2008, "title": "Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008", "pmid": "18772325", "design": "3-week training comparison", "population": "14 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Low schedule compromised high-intensity capacity. Selected mitochondrial markers and fat oxidation rose only in low. 1-h time trial after 60 min steady state improved ~10% in both groups.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Schedule and glycogen confounded.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL29", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL29" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL29", "authors": "Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Carey AL, Hawley JA", "year": 2008, "title": "Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008", "pmid": "18772325", "design": "3-week training comparison", "population": "14 endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Low schedule compromised high-intensity capacity. Selected mitochondrial markers and fat oxidation rose only in low. 1-h time trial after 60 min steady state improved ~10% in both groups.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Schedule and glycogen confounded.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90882.2008" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL30", "authors": "Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK", "year": 2005, "title": "Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs training once daily", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004", "pmid": "15361516", "design": "10-week one-leg training", "population": "7 healthy untrained men", "duration": "10 weeks knee-extensor training", "key_results": "Time to exhaustion at 90% increased more in the low-glycogen leg. Maximal workload increase was identical. Not cycling and not trained.", "limitations": "Untrained, single-leg, not cycling. Must not be transferred as a cyclist prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL30", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL30" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL30", "authors": "Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK", "year": 2005, "title": "Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs training once daily", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004", "pmid": "15361516", "design": "10-week one-leg training", "population": "7 healthy untrained men", "duration": "10 weeks knee-extensor training", "key_results": "Time to exhaustion at 90% increased more in the low-glycogen leg. Maximal workload increase was identical. Not cycling and not trained.", "limitations": "Untrained, single-leg, not cycling. Must not be transferred as a cyclist prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00163.2004" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL31", "authors": "Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Seaborne RA, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018", "pmid": "31046515", "design": "Repeated-measures sleep-low model", "population": "8 men", "duration": "Evening depletion then next-morning capacity test", "key_results": "Below ~300 mmol/kg dry weight, further ~100 mmol/kg reductions cut capacity at 80% peak power by about 20-50% without further augmenting measured signalling.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=8. Not a training study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL31", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL31" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL31", "authors": "Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Seaborne RA, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Graded reductions in preexercise muscle glycogen impair exercise capacity but do not augment skeletal muscle cell signaling", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018", "pmid": "31046515", "design": "Repeated-measures sleep-low model", "population": "8 men", "duration": "Evening depletion then next-morning capacity test", "key_results": "Below ~300 mmol/kg dry weight, further ~100 mmol/kg reductions cut capacity at 80% peak power by about 20-50% without further augmenting measured signalling.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=8. Not a training study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00913.2018" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL33", "authors": "Main E, et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Correction to Main et al. 2026 low carbohydrate availability in female cyclists", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "pmid": "42440090", "pmcid": "PMC13541836", "design": "Correction notice", "population": "Same as FUEL32", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Springer HTML full text: 'In the original version of this article, Figure 2 was included twice as Figure 1 and Figure 2.' Replacement Figure 1 caption is the crossover schematic (High vs Low CHO, 5-14 days apart). No watts, VT1, or efficiency number is stated. The correction neither revises nor confirms the −19 ± 14 W abstract result.", "limitations": "Figure correction only. Does not resolve the numeric results.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13541836" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL33", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL33" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL33", "authors": "Main E, et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Correction to Main et al. 2026 low carbohydrate availability in female cyclists", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "pmid": "42440090", "pmcid": "PMC13541836", "design": "Correction notice", "population": "Same as FUEL32", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Springer HTML full text: 'In the original version of this article, Figure 2 was included twice as Figure 1 and Figure 2.' Replacement Figure 1 caption is the crossover schematic (High vs Low CHO, 5-14 days apart). No watts, VT1, or efficiency number is stated. The correction neither revises nor confirms the −19 ± 14 W abstract result.", "limitations": "Figure correction only. Does not resolve the numeric results.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13541836" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL34", "authors": "Clauss M, Skattebo Ø, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged cycling improves next-day time trial performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000003264", "pmid": "37535337", "design": "Crossover, work-matched, isoenergetic diet", "population": "7 trained male cyclists, VO2max 66.8 ± 1.9", "duration": "~2.5 h to exhaustion plus intervals; next-day time trial; 1 g/kg/h CHO vs water during ride", "key_results": "Next-day TT 41:49 ± 1:38 vs 42:50 ± 1:46 (small effect). Gross efficiency higher after CHO. Not a season-long adaptation study.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=7. Order was placebo first then CHO in the abstract description.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003264" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL34", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL34" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003264", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL34", "authors": "Clauss M, Skattebo Ø, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged cycling improves next-day time trial performance", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000003264", "pmid": "37535337", "design": "Crossover, work-matched, isoenergetic diet", "population": "7 trained male cyclists, VO2max 66.8 ± 1.9", "duration": "~2.5 h to exhaustion plus intervals; next-day time trial; 1 g/kg/h CHO vs water during ride", "key_results": "Next-day TT 41:49 ± 1:38 vs 42:50 ± 1:46 (small effect). Gross efficiency higher after CHO. Not a season-long adaptation study.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. n=7. Order was placebo first then CHO in the abstract description.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003264" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL35", "authors": "Achten J, Halson SL, Moseley L, Rayson MP, Casey A, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003", "pmid": "14660506", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "7 trained runners, VO2max 64.7 ± 2.6", "duration": "11-day trials; last week intensified; 8.5 vs 5.4 g/kg/day", "key_results": "16 km outdoor time worsened only on the lower-CHO diet (8.2 ± 2.1%). Mood deterioration more pronounced on lower CHO.", "limitations": "Running, n=7, abstract-only. Not cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL35", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL35" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2004 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL35", "authors": "Achten J, Halson SL, Moseley L, Rayson MP, Casey A, Jeukendrup AE", "year": 2004, "title": "Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003", "pmid": "14660506", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "7 trained runners, VO2max 64.7 ± 2.6", "duration": "11-day trials; last week intensified; 8.5 vs 5.4 g/kg/day", "key_results": "16 km outdoor time worsened only on the lower-CHO diet (8.2 ± 2.1%). Mood deterioration more pronounced on lower CHO.", "limitations": "Running, n=7, abstract-only. Not cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL36", "authors": "Gejl KD, Nybo L", "year": 2021, "title": "Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3", "pmid": "34001184", "pmcid": "PMC8127206", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "9 studies; VO2max ≥55 (women) or ≥60 (men) mL/kg/min", "duration": "≥1 week, restriction ≥3 times/week", "key_results": "SMD 0.17 (95% CI -0.15 to 0.49), P=0.29 versus high carbohydrate availability. No demonstrated reliable average performance advantage. The interval permits a potentially meaningful positive effect, so this is not evidence that the true effect is zero.", "limitations": "Nonsignificant pooled effect is imprecise, not proof of no benefit. Includes the positive Marquet trials. Heterogeneous protocols.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL36", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL36" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL36", "authors": "Gejl KD, Nybo L", "year": 2021, "title": "Performance effects of periodized carbohydrate restriction in endurance trained athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3", "pmid": "34001184", "pmcid": "PMC8127206", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "9 studies; VO2max ≥55 (women) or ≥60 (men) mL/kg/min", "duration": "≥1 week, restriction ≥3 times/week", "key_results": "SMD 0.17 (95% CI -0.15 to 0.49), P=0.29 versus high carbohydrate availability. No demonstrated reliable average performance advantage. The interval permits a potentially meaningful positive effect, so this is not evidence that the true effect is zero.", "limitations": "Nonsignificant pooled effect is imprecise, not proof of no benefit. Includes the positive Marquet trials. Heterogeneous protocols.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00435-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL38", "authors": "Prieto-Bellver G, Diaz-Lara J, Bishop DJ, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "A five-week periodized carbohydrate diet does not improve maximal lactate steady-state exercise capacity versus a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.3390/nu16020318", "pmid": "38276556", "pmcid": "PMC10820927", "design": "Two-group training intervention, energy-matched", "population": "17 trained cyclists, VO2peak 70.8 ± 6.5", "duration": "5 weeks; 13 low-availability sessions in periodised group", "key_results": "MLSS power rose in both groups. No between-group advantage for time to exhaustion, substrate oxidation, heart rate, or lactate.", "limitations": "Not a crossover. Modest sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020318" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL38", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL38" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020318", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL38", "authors": "Prieto-Bellver G, Diaz-Lara J, Bishop DJ, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "A five-week periodized carbohydrate diet does not improve maximal lactate steady-state exercise capacity versus a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.3390/nu16020318", "pmid": "38276556", "pmcid": "PMC10820927", "design": "Two-group training intervention, energy-matched", "population": "17 trained cyclists, VO2peak 70.8 ± 6.5", "duration": "5 weeks; 13 low-availability sessions in periodised group", "key_results": "MLSS power rose in both groups. No between-group advantage for time to exhaustion, substrate oxidation, heart rate, or lactate.", "limitations": "Not a crossover. Modest sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020318" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL39", "authors": "Diaz-Lara J, Prieto-Bellver G, Guadalupe-Grau A, Bishop DJ", "year": 2025, "title": "Responses to exercise with low carbohydrate availability on muscle glycogen and cell signaling: systematic review and meta-analysis", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9", "pmid": "39352665", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute responses", "population": "19 randomised studies", "duration": "Acute exercise with low vs high CHO availability", "key_results": "PDK4 SMD 1.61 (0.80-2.42), GLUT4 1.38 (0.46-2.30), UCP3 2.05 (0.40-3.69). No overall effect on PGC-1α or TFAM mRNA. PGC-1α rose when glycogen gap exceeded ~200 mmol/kg dw.", "limitations": "mRNA, not performance. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL39", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL39" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL39", "authors": "Diaz-Lara J, Prieto-Bellver G, Guadalupe-Grau A, Bishop DJ", "year": 2025, "title": "Responses to exercise with low carbohydrate availability on muscle glycogen and cell signaling: systematic review and meta-analysis", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9", "pmid": "39352665", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of acute responses", "population": "19 randomised studies", "duration": "Acute exercise with low vs high CHO availability", "key_results": "PDK4 SMD 1.61 (0.80-2.42), GLUT4 1.38 (0.46-2.30), UCP3 2.05 (0.40-3.69). No overall effect on PGC-1α or TFAM mRNA. PGC-1α rose when glycogen gap exceeded ~200 mmol/kg dw.", "limitations": "mRNA, not performance. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02119-9" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL42", "authors": "Marquet LA, Hausswirth C, Molle O, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance", "doi": "10.3390/nu8120755", "pmid": "27897989", "pmcid": "PMC5188410", "design": "1-week parallel intervention", "population": "11 trained cyclists", "duration": "1 week, three sleep-low cycles; 6 g/kg/day", "key_results": "Sleep-low improved performance by a mean +3.2%. Selected metabolic markers did not explain it.", "limitations": "Very small. Abstract p-value truncated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120755" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL42", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL42" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120755", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL42", "authors": "Marquet LA, Hausswirth C, Molle O, et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Periodization of carbohydrate intake: short-term effect on performance", "doi": "10.3390/nu8120755", "pmid": "27897989", "pmcid": "PMC5188410", "design": "1-week parallel intervention", "population": "11 trained cyclists", "duration": "1 week, three sleep-low cycles; 6 g/kg/day", "key_results": "Sleep-low improved performance by a mean +3.2%. Selected metabolic markers did not explain it.", "limitations": "Very small. Abstract p-value truncated.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8120755" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL43", "authors": "Louis J, Marquet LA, Tiollier E, Bermon S, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J", "year": 2016, "title": "Impact of sleeping with reduced glycogen stores on immunity and sleep in triathletes", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3", "pmid": "27491620", "pmcid": "PMC5020129", "design": "3-week parallel, same model as Marquet", "population": "21 triathletes", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Minimal effects on selected immune markers, URTI incidence, and sleep. 10 km running improved in sleep-low (−1 min 13 s) in the abstract fragment.", "limitations": "Not a safety proof for chronic low energy availability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL43", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL43" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL43", "authors": "Louis J, Marquet LA, Tiollier E, Bermon S, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J", "year": 2016, "title": "Impact of sleeping with reduced glycogen stores on immunity and sleep in triathletes", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3", "pmid": "27491620", "pmcid": "PMC5020129", "design": "3-week parallel, same model as Marquet", "population": "21 triathletes", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "Minimal effects on selected immune markers, URTI incidence, and sleep. 10 km running improved in sleep-low (−1 min 13 s) in the abstract fragment.", "limitations": "Not a safety proof for chronic low energy availability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3446-3" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL44", "authors": "Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers", "doi": "10.1113/jp273230", "pmid": "28012184", "pmcid": "PMC5407976", "design": "3-week controlled diet plus intensified training", "population": "Elite race walkers; HCHO n=9 (8.6 g/kg CHO), PCHO n=10, LCHF n=10", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "VO2peak rose in all groups. 10 km improved 6.6% (HCHO) and 5.3% (PCHO); LCHF −1.6%. Economy worsened on LCHF at race-relevant speeds.", "limitations": "Race walking, not cycling. Elite. Ketogenic diet is not session-level train-low.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp273230" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL44", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL44" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp273230", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL44", "authors": "Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers", "doi": "10.1113/jp273230", "pmid": "28012184", "pmcid": "PMC5407976", "design": "3-week controlled diet plus intensified training", "population": "Elite race walkers; HCHO n=9 (8.6 g/kg CHO), PCHO n=10, LCHF n=10", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "VO2peak rose in all groups. 10 km improved 6.6% (HCHO) and 5.3% (PCHO); LCHF −1.6%. Economy worsened on LCHF at race-relevant speeds.", "limitations": "Race walking, not cycling. Elite. Ketogenic diet is not session-level train-low.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp273230" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL45", "authors": "Burke LM, Whitfield J, Heikura IA, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability", "doi": "10.1113/jp280221", "pmid": "32697366", "pmcid": "PMC7891450", "design": "5-6 day adaptation plus washout", "population": "13 world-class male race walkers", "duration": "5-6 days LCHF or high CHO", "key_results": "Oxygen cost rose ~5-8% at race speeds after brief LCHF. 24 h CHO restoration did not restore performance. HCHO athletes improved; 6/7 LCHF athletes were slower.", "limitations": "Race walking. Small n. Not amateur cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp280221" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL45", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL45" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp280221", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL45", "authors": "Burke LM, Whitfield J, Heikura IA, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability", "doi": "10.1113/jp280221", "pmid": "32697366", "pmcid": "PMC7891450", "design": "5-6 day adaptation plus washout", "population": "13 world-class male race walkers", "duration": "5-6 days LCHF or high CHO", "key_results": "Oxygen cost rose ~5-8% at race speeds after brief LCHF. 24 h CHO restoration did not restore performance. HCHO athletes improved; 6/7 LCHF athletes were slower.", "limitations": "Race walking. Small n. Not amateur cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp280221" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL46", "authors": "Prins PJ, Noakes TD, Buga A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Carbohydrate ingestion eliminates hypoglycemia and improves endurance performance in triathletes adapted to very-low- and high-carbohydrate diets", "doi": "10.1152/ajpcell.00583.2024", "pmid": "39786965", "design": "Diet adaptation crossover or parallel as described in a partly garbled abstract", "population": "Trained triathletes", "duration": "6 weeks diet; exercise tests with 10 g/h CHO", "key_results": "Time-to-exhaustion similar across diets in the abstract conclusion. 10 g/h CHO improved time to exhaustion by 22% on both diets by preventing hypoglycemia. Authors say ≥4 weeks needed for LCHF metabolic normalisation.", "limitations": "Abstract methods are incompletely parsed. Conflicts with Burke on performance cost of LCHF; outcomes differ (TTE vs race-pace economy).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00583.2024" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL46", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL46" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00583.2024", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL46", "authors": "Prins PJ, Noakes TD, Buga A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Carbohydrate ingestion eliminates hypoglycemia and improves endurance performance in triathletes adapted to very-low- and high-carbohydrate diets", "doi": "10.1152/ajpcell.00583.2024", "pmid": "39786965", "design": "Diet adaptation crossover or parallel as described in a partly garbled abstract", "population": "Trained triathletes", "duration": "6 weeks diet; exercise tests with 10 g/h CHO", "key_results": "Time-to-exhaustion similar across diets in the abstract conclusion. 10 g/h CHO improved time to exhaustion by 22% on both diets by preventing hypoglycemia. Authors say ≥4 weeks needed for LCHF metabolic normalisation.", "limitations": "Abstract methods are incompletely parsed. Conflicts with Burke on performance cost of LCHF; outcomes differ (TTE vs race-pace economy).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00583.2024" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL47", "authors": "Burke LM, Noakes TD", "year": 2026, "title": "Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? Yes", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268", "pmid": "42070891", "pmcid": "PMC13197943", "design": "Commentary", "population": "Cites trained-athlete trials", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues LCHF is suboptimal at oxidative thresholds important in high-performance sport because fat oxidation yields less power, and that CHO during exercise often still helps keto-adapted athletes.", "limitations": "Commentary, not new primary data.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL47", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL47" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL47", "authors": "Burke LM, Noakes TD", "year": 2026, "title": "Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? Yes", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268", "pmid": "42070891", "pmcid": "PMC13197943", "design": "Commentary", "population": "Cites trained-athlete trials", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues LCHF is suboptimal at oxidative thresholds important in high-performance sport because fat oxidation yields less power, and that CHO during exercise often still helps keto-adapted athletes.", "limitations": "Commentary, not new primary data.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101268" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL48", "authors": "Noakes TD, Burke LM", "year": 2026, "title": "Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? No", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269", "pmid": "42070892", "pmcid": "PMC13197914", "design": "Commentary", "population": "Cites 4-6 week diet trials including Prins-type findings", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues several controlled comparisons found similar performance after LCHF vs high CHO, and that hypoglycemia rather than muscle glycogen is the main limiter in prolonged submaximal work.", "limitations": "Commentary. Does not overturn Burke 2017/2021 economy findings.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL48", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL48" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL48", "authors": "Noakes TD, Burke LM", "year": 2026, "title": "Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? No", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269", "pmid": "42070892", "pmcid": "PMC13197914", "design": "Commentary", "population": "Cites 4-6 week diet trials including Prins-type findings", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues several controlled comparisons found similar performance after LCHF vs high CHO, and that hypoglycemia rather than muscle glycogen is the main limiter in prolonged submaximal work.", "limitations": "Commentary. Does not overturn Burke 2017/2021 economy findings.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL49", "authors": "Kripp AM, Feichter A, König D", "year": 2025, "title": "Periodized carbohydrate intake influences metabolic flexibility and indices of running economy during endurance training in recreationally active males", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042", "pmid": "41624183", "pmcid": "PMC12851979", "design": "8-week randomised diet plus same endurance training", "population": "24 recreational male runners, VO2peak 51 ± 8", "duration": "8 weeks; one arm 4 weeks ≤50 g CHO/day then 4 weeks high CHO", "key_results": "Performance improved over time with no significant between-group difference. Fat oxidation rose on LCHF and reversed after CHO reintroduction.", "limitations": "Recreational runners, not trained cyclists. Some p-values truncated in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL49", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL49" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL49", "authors": "Kripp AM, Feichter A, König D", "year": 2025, "title": "Periodized carbohydrate intake influences metabolic flexibility and indices of running economy during endurance training in recreationally active males", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042", "pmid": "41624183", "pmcid": "PMC12851979", "design": "8-week randomised diet plus same endurance training", "population": "24 recreational male runners, VO2peak 51 ± 8", "duration": "8 weeks; one arm 4 weeks ≤50 g CHO/day then 4 weeks high CHO", "key_results": "Performance improved over time with no significant between-group difference. Fat oxidation rose on LCHF and reversed after CHO reintroduction.", "limitations": "Recreational runners, not trained cyclists. Some p-values truncated in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1750042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL50", "authors": "Alghannam AF, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA", "year": 2018, "title": "Restoration of muscle glycogen and functional capacity: role of post-exercise carbohydrate and protein", "doi": "10.3390/nu10020253", "pmid": "29473893", "pmcid": "PMC5852829", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Recovery studies, mixed", "duration": "Short-term recovery 3-6 h emphasised", "key_results": "≥1.2 g/kg/h CHO maximises muscle glycogen repletion and repeated endurance capacity. Protein addition helps when CHO is ≤0.8 g/kg/h.", "limitations": "Review. Not a new cyclist trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020253" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL50", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL50" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020253", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL50", "authors": "Alghannam AF, Gonzalez JT, Betts JA", "year": 2018, "title": "Restoration of muscle glycogen and functional capacity: role of post-exercise carbohydrate and protein", "doi": "10.3390/nu10020253", "pmid": "29473893", "pmcid": "PMC5852829", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Recovery studies, mixed", "duration": "Short-term recovery 3-6 h emphasised", "key_results": "≥1.2 g/kg/h CHO maximises muscle glycogen repletion and repeated endurance capacity. Protein addition helps when CHO is ≤0.8 g/kg/h.", "limitations": "Review. Not a new cyclist trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020253" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL51", "authors": "Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, van Loon LJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post-exercise recovery—greater than the sum of its parts?", "doi": "10.3390/nu9040344", "pmid": "28358334", "pmcid": "PMC5409683", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Post-exercise glycogen studies", "duration": "Recovery", "key_results": "≥1.2 g/kg/h maximises muscle glycogen; glucose-fructose or sucrose does not further raise muscle repletion but approximately doubles liver repletion and reduces GI distress near ~1.2 g/min glucose absorption.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL51", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL51" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL51", "authors": "Gonzalez JT, Fuchs CJ, Betts JA, van Loon LJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Glucose plus fructose ingestion for post-exercise recovery—greater than the sum of its parts?", "doi": "10.3390/nu9040344", "pmid": "28358334", "pmcid": "PMC5409683", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Post-exercise glycogen studies", "duration": "Recovery", "key_results": "≥1.2 g/kg/h maximises muscle glycogen; glucose-fructose or sucrose does not further raise muscle repletion but approximately doubles liver repletion and reduces GI distress near ~1.2 g/min glucose absorption.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040344" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL52", "authors": "Fuchs CJ, Veeraiah P, Hermans WJH, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Carbohydrate intake of 10 g/kg rapidly replenishes liver, but not muscle glycogen, during 12 h of recovery in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1113/jp289115", "pmid": "40836481", "design": "Crossover with 13C-MRS and biopsies", "population": "12 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 67 ± 5, Wmax 5.8 ± 0.7 W/kg", "duration": "12 h recovery; 10 g/kg CHO vs fasted", "key_results": "Liver glycogen exceeded pre-exercise values within 6 h. Muscle glycogen was 55% of pre-exercise at 6 h and 69% at 12 h. Fasting left both depleted.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Men. Severe depletion model.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp289115" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL52", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL52" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp289115", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL52", "authors": "Fuchs CJ, Veeraiah P, Hermans WJH, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Carbohydrate intake of 10 g/kg rapidly replenishes liver, but not muscle glycogen, during 12 h of recovery in well-trained cyclists", "doi": "10.1113/jp289115", "pmid": "40836481", "design": "Crossover with 13C-MRS and biopsies", "population": "12 well-trained male cyclists, VO2peak 67 ± 5, Wmax 5.8 ± 0.7 W/kg", "duration": "12 h recovery; 10 g/kg CHO vs fasted", "key_results": "Liver glycogen exceeded pre-exercise values within 6 h. Muscle glycogen was 55% of pre-exercise at 6 h and 69% at 12 h. Fasting left both depleted.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Men. Severe depletion model.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1113/jp289115" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL53", "authors": "Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "ISSN position stand: nutrient timing", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4", "pmid": "28919842", "pmcid": "PMC5596471", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Healthy exercising adults", "duration": "Daily and peri-exercise", "key_results": "Intact sentence used: glycogen stores maximised by 8-12 g carbohydrate/kg/day. Protein doses 0.25-0.40 g/kg or 20-40 g every 3-4 h. During-exercise 30-60 g/h sentence exists but is a conservative general range, not the best cyclist source.", "limitations": "Parts of the Europe PMC abstract are corrupted. Only intact sentences used. Broader than trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL53", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL53" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL53", "authors": "Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "ISSN position stand: nutrient timing", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4", "pmid": "28919842", "pmcid": "PMC5596471", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Healthy exercising adults", "duration": "Daily and peri-exercise", "key_results": "Intact sentence used: glycogen stores maximised by 8-12 g carbohydrate/kg/day. Protein doses 0.25-0.40 g/kg or 20-40 g every 3-4 h. During-exercise 30-60 g/h sentence exists but is a conservative general range, not the best cyclist source.", "limitations": "Parts of the Europe PMC abstract are corrupted. Only intact sentences used. Broader than trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL54", "authors": "Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "ISSN position stand: protein and exercise", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8", "pmid": "28642676", "pmcid": "PMC5477153", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Healthy exercising individuals", "duration": "Daily", "key_results": "1.4-2.0 g protein/kg/day for most exercising people; 0.25 g/kg or 20-40 g per serving. Endurance athletes should prioritise carbohydrate; protein may help offset damage.", "limitations": "Not an endurance dose-finding trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL54", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL54" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL54", "authors": "Jäger R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "ISSN position stand: protein and exercise", "doi": "10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8", "pmid": "28642676", "pmcid": "PMC5477153", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Healthy exercising individuals", "duration": "Daily", "key_results": "1.4-2.0 g protein/kg/day for most exercising people; 0.25 g/kg or 20-40 g per serving. Endurance athletes should prioritise carbohydrate; protein may help offset damage.", "limitations": "Not an endurance dose-finding trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL55", "authors": "Kato H, Suzuki K, Bannai M, Moore DR", "year": 2016, "title": "Protein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0157406", "pmid": "27322029", "pmcid": "PMC4913918", "design": "IAAO breakpoint study", "population": "6 male endurance-trained adults, VO2peak 60.3 ± 6.7, after a 20 km run", "duration": "Acute 3-day controlled period", "key_results": "Recommended protein intake 1.83 g/kg/day from 13CO2 excretion (EAR 1.65).", "limitations": "n=6. One hard day. Not a performance trial. Running.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157406" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL55", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL55" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157406", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL55", "authors": "Kato H, Suzuki K, Bannai M, Moore DR", "year": 2016, "title": "Protein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0157406", "pmid": "27322029", "pmcid": "PMC4913918", "design": "IAAO breakpoint study", "population": "6 male endurance-trained adults, VO2peak 60.3 ± 6.7, after a 20 km run", "duration": "Acute 3-day controlled period", "key_results": "Recommended protein intake 1.83 g/kg/day from 13CO2 excretion (EAR 1.65).", "limitations": "n=6. One hard day. Not a performance trial. Running.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157406" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL56", "authors": "Wooding DJ, Packer JE, Kato H, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Increased protein requirements in female athletes after variable-intensity exercise", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001366", "pmid": "28692631", "design": "IAAO", "population": "6 active women, luteal phase, shuttle running", "duration": "Acute trials", "key_results": "EAR 1.41 and RDA estimate 1.71 g/kg/day.", "limitations": "Not cycling. n=6. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001366" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL56", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL56" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001366", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL56", "authors": "Wooding DJ, Packer JE, Kato H, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Increased protein requirements in female athletes after variable-intensity exercise", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001366", "pmid": "28692631", "design": "IAAO", "population": "6 active women, luteal phase, shuttle running", "duration": "Acute trials", "key_results": "EAR 1.41 and RDA estimate 1.71 g/kg/day.", "limitations": "Not cycling. n=6. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001366" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL57", "authors": "Witard OC, Hearris M, Morgan PT", "year": 2025, "title": "Protein nutrition for endurance athletes: a metabolic focus on promoting recovery and training adaptation", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8", "pmid": "40117058", "pmcid": "PMC12152099", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Review of requirement studies", "key_results": "Advocates ~1.8 g/kg/day, possibly >2.0 during CHO-restricted training and on some rest days. No compelling benefit of co-ingesting protein during endurance exercise if CHO targets are met.", "limitations": "Review. Per-meal endurance dose-response still thin, as the authors state.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL57", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL57" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL57", "authors": "Witard OC, Hearris M, Morgan PT", "year": 2025, "title": "Protein nutrition for endurance athletes: a metabolic focus on promoting recovery and training adaptation", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8", "pmid": "40117058", "pmcid": "PMC12152099", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "Review of requirement studies", "key_results": "Advocates ~1.8 g/kg/day, possibly >2.0 during CHO-restricted training and on some rest days. No compelling benefit of co-ingesting protein during endurance exercise if CHO targets are met.", "limitations": "Review. Per-meal endurance dose-response still thin, as the authors state.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL58", "authors": "Morton JP, Hearris M, Fell MJ, Owens DJ, Halson S, Trommelen J", "year": 2026, "title": "UCI Sports Nutrition Project: nutritional periodization", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073", "pmid": "41130458", "design": "Consensus-style review", "population": "Elite cycling context", "duration": "Microcycle to macrocycle", "key_results": "Fuel for the work required. Daily protein at least 1.6-2.1 g/kg/day. Definitive evidence that train-low induces superior performance is limited.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Practice chapter, not a new trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL58", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL58" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL58", "authors": "Morton JP, Hearris M, Fell MJ, Owens DJ, Halson S, Trommelen J", "year": 2026, "title": "UCI Sports Nutrition Project: nutritional periodization", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073", "pmid": "41130458", "design": "Consensus-style review", "population": "Elite cycling context", "duration": "Microcycle to macrocycle", "key_results": "Fuel for the work required. Daily protein at least 1.6-2.1 g/kg/day. Definitive evidence that train-low induces superior performance is limited.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Practice chapter, not a new trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0073" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL59", "authors": "Gillen JB, West DWD, Williamson EP, Fung HJW, Moore DR", "year": 2019, "title": "Low-carbohydrate training increases protein requirements of endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000002036", "pmid": "31083047", "design": "Crossover IAAO", "population": "8 endurance-trained males", "duration": "Two availability conditions around interval running and a next-morning 10 km", "key_results": "Phenylalanine oxidation higher in low-CHO availability. Authors conclude protein requirements increase. New g/kg breakpoint not stated in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated at the conclusion. Running, n=8. Magnitude not verified.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002036" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL59", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL59" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002036", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL59", "authors": "Gillen JB, West DWD, Williamson EP, Fung HJW, Moore DR", "year": 2019, "title": "Low-carbohydrate training increases protein requirements of endurance athletes", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000002036", "pmid": "31083047", "design": "Crossover IAAO", "population": "8 endurance-trained males", "duration": "Two availability conditions around interval running and a next-morning 10 km", "key_results": "Phenylalanine oxidation higher in low-CHO availability. Authors conclude protein requirements increase. New g/kg breakpoint not stated in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Abstract truncated at the conclusion. Running, n=8. Magnitude not verified.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002036" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL60", "authors": "Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS", "year": 2007, "title": "ACSM position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597", "pmid": "17277604", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Physically active individuals", "duration": "Before, during, after exercise", "key_results": "Start euhydrated. Prevent excessive dehydration defined as >2% body-weight loss from water deficit. Customise fluid replacement. Estimate sweat rate from body mass.", "limitations": "2007. Later hyponatremia consensus emphasises not overdrinking. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL60", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL60" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL60", "authors": "Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS", "year": 2007, "title": "ACSM position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597", "pmid": "17277604", "design": "Position stand", "population": "Physically active individuals", "duration": "Before, during, after exercise", "key_results": "Start euhydrated. Prevent excessive dehydration defined as >2% body-weight loss from water deficit. Customise fluid replacement. Estimate sweat rate from body mass.", "limitations": "2007. Later hyponatremia consensus emphasises not overdrinking. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL61", "authors": "McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "NATA position statement: fluid replacement for the physically active", "doi": "10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02", "pmid": "28985128", "pmcid": "PMC5634236", "design": "Position statement", "population": "Physically active people", "duration": "Exercise", "key_results": "Both hypohydration and hyperhydration compromise performance and health. Quantify sweat rates. Educate against overdrinking and hyponatremia.", "limitations": "Position statement, not a cycling sodium dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL61", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL61" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL61", "authors": "McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "NATA position statement: fluid replacement for the physically active", "doi": "10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02", "pmid": "28985128", "pmcid": "PMC5634236", "design": "Position statement", "population": "Physically active people", "duration": "Exercise", "key_results": "Both hypohydration and hyperhydration compromise performance and health. Quantify sweat rates. Educate against overdrinking and hyponatremia.", "limitations": "Position statement, not a cycling sodium dose trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.9.02" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL62", "authors": "Hew-Butler T, Loi V, Pani A, Rosner MH", "year": 2017, "title": "Exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2017 update", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2017.00021", "pmid": "28316971", "pmcid": "PMC5334560", "design": "Review", "population": "Endurance and other athletic events", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Overdrinking beyond thirst and non-osmotic AVP release are the most common causes. Sodium depletion may matter in a subset.", "limitations": "Short abstract. Not a treatment guide.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL62", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL62" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00021", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL62", "authors": "Hew-Butler T, Loi V, Pani A, Rosner MH", "year": 2017, "title": "Exercise-associated hyponatremia: 2017 update", "doi": "10.3389/fmed.2017.00021", "pmid": "28316971", "pmcid": "PMC5334560", "design": "Review", "population": "Endurance and other athletic events", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Overdrinking beyond thirst and non-osmotic AVP release are the most common causes. Sodium depletion may matter in a subset.", "limitations": "Short abstract. Not a treatment guide.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL63", "authors": "Baker LB", "year": 2017, "title": "Sweating rate and sweat sodium concentration in athletes: methodology and intra/interindividual variability", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5", "pmid": "28332116", "pmcid": "PMC5371639", "design": "Methods review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Sweat rate and sweat sodium vary widely. Testing can guide replacement only if collection and interpretation are sound. Intensity, heat, acclimation, size, sex, diet, and hydration status all matter.", "limitations": "Does not prescribe a mmol dose.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL63", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL63" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL63", "authors": "Baker LB", "year": 2017, "title": "Sweating rate and sweat sodium concentration in athletes: methodology and intra/interindividual variability", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5", "pmid": "28332116", "pmcid": "PMC5371639", "design": "Methods review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Sweat rate and sweat sodium vary widely. Testing can guide replacement only if collection and interpretation are sound. Intensity, heat, acclimation, size, sex, diet, and hydration status all matter.", "limitations": "Does not prescribe a mmol dose.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0691-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL64", "authors": "Barnes KA, Anderson ML, Stofan JR, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159", "pmid": "31230518", "design": "Observational compilation 2000-2017", "population": "1303 athletes across sports", "duration": "Field and lab sweat tests", "key_results": "Endurance sports: whole-body sweat rate 1.28 ± 0.57 L/h; sodium loss 51.7 ± 27.8 mmol/h. Large SD. Not a prescription.", "limitations": "Mixed endurance sports, not cycling-only. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL64", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL64" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL64", "authors": "Barnes KA, Anderson ML, Stofan JR, et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159", "pmid": "31230518", "design": "Observational compilation 2000-2017", "population": "1303 athletes across sports", "duration": "Field and lab sweat tests", "key_results": "Endurance sports: whole-body sweat rate 1.28 ± 0.57 L/h; sodium loss 51.7 ± 27.8 mmol/h. Large SD. Not a prescription.", "limitations": "Mixed endurance sports, not cycling-only. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1633159" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL65", "authors": "Needleman I, Ashley P, Fine P, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Oral health and elite sport performance", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804", "pmid": "25263651", "pmcid": "PMC4316856", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Elite athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Poor oral health is consistently reported. Challenges include nutrition, oral dehydration, and low prioritisation. Oral disease is preventable in principle. Research base limited.", "limitations": "Does not isolate sports-drink exposure.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL65", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL65" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL65", "authors": "Needleman I, Ashley P, Fine P, et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Oral health and elite sport performance", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804", "pmid": "25263651", "pmcid": "PMC4316856", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Elite athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Poor oral health is consistently reported. Challenges include nutrition, oral dehydration, and low prioritisation. Oral disease is preventable in principle. Research base limited.", "limitations": "Does not isolate sports-drink exposure.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL66", "authors": "Ashley P, Di Iorio A, Cole E, Tanday A, Needleman I", "year": 2015, "title": "Oral health of elite athletes and association with performance: systematic review", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093617", "pmid": "25388551", "pmcid": "PMC4316843", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Elite/professional athletes, 34 studies", "duration": "Cross-sectional epidemiology", "key_results": "Caries 15-75%, erosion 36-85%, periodontal disease 15%. In four studies, 5-18% reported a performance impact. Quality generally low.", "limitations": "Does not prove sports drinks caused the prevalence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093617" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL66", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL66" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093617", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL66", "authors": "Ashley P, Di Iorio A, Cole E, Tanday A, Needleman I", "year": 2015, "title": "Oral health of elite athletes and association with performance: systematic review", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093617", "pmid": "25388551", "pmcid": "PMC4316843", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Elite/professional athletes, 34 studies", "duration": "Cross-sectional epidemiology", "key_results": "Caries 15-75%, erosion 36-85%, periodontal disease 15%. In four studies, 5-18% reported a performance impact. Quality generally low.", "limitations": "Does not prove sports drinks caused the prevalence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093617" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL67", "authors": "Needleman I, Ashley P, Petrie A, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Oral health and impact on performance of athletes at the London 2012 Olympic Games", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2013-092891", "pmid": "24068332", "pmcid": "PMC3812828", "design": "Cross-sectional clinic sample", "population": "278 athletes attending the polyclinic dental clinic", "duration": "Games period", "key_results": "Caries 55%, erosion 45%, gingivitis 76%. 18% reported an impact on training or performance. Nearly half had no dental check in the previous year.", "limitations": "Clinic attendees, not a random athlete sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092891" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL67", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL67" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092891", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL67", "authors": "Needleman I, Ashley P, Petrie A, et al.", "year": 2013, "title": "Oral health and impact on performance of athletes at the London 2012 Olympic Games", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2013-092891", "pmid": "24068332", "pmcid": "PMC3812828", "design": "Cross-sectional clinic sample", "population": "278 athletes attending the polyclinic dental clinic", "duration": "Games period", "key_results": "Caries 55%, erosion 45%, gingivitis 76%. 18% reported an impact on training or performance. Nearly half had no dental check in the previous year.", "limitations": "Clinic attendees, not a random athlete sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092891" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL68", "authors": "Schulze A, Busse M", "year": 2024, "title": "Sports diet and oral health in athletes: a comprehensive review", "doi": "10.3390/medicina60020319", "pmid": "38399605", "pmcid": "PMC10890155", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Cites high prevalence ranges and attributes part of the burden to frequent sugar/carbohydrate exposure. Recommends hygiene alongside sports nutrition, not instead of fueling.", "limitations": "Review. Prevalence ranges are secondary.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020319" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL68", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL68" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020319", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL68", "authors": "Schulze A, Busse M", "year": 2024, "title": "Sports diet and oral health in athletes: a comprehensive review", "doi": "10.3390/medicina60020319", "pmid": "38399605", "pmcid": "PMC10890155", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Cites high prevalence ranges and attributes part of the burden to frequent sugar/carbohydrate exposure. Recommends hygiene alongside sports nutrition, not instead of fueling.", "limitations": "Review. Prevalence ranges are secondary.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020319" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL69", "authors": "Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "2023 IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs)", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994", "pmid": "37752011", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Female and male athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "REDs is a syndrome from low energy availability. Distinguishes adaptable vs problematic exposure. Introduces CAT2 for detection and clinical diagnosis by accumulated severity, not one laboratory value. Emerging role of low carbohydrate availability noted.", "limitations": "Full text not retrieved. The often-cited 30 kcal/kg FFM/day sentence was not quoted from this paper.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL69", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL69" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL69", "authors": "Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "2023 IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs)", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994", "pmid": "37752011", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Female and male athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "REDs is a syndrome from low energy availability. Distinguishes adaptable vs problematic exposure. Introduces CAT2 for detection and clinical diagnosis by accumulated severity, not one laboratory value. Emerging role of low carbohydrate availability noted.", "limitations": "Full text not retrieved. The often-cited 30 kcal/kg FFM/day sentence was not quoted from this paper.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL70", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Mountjoy M, McCluskey WT, Ackerman KE, Verhagen E, Heikura IA", "year": 2023, "title": "Review of the IOC REDs Clinical Assessment Tool version 2", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914", "pmid": "37752002", "design": "Tool development and validation paper", "population": "Athletes assessed for REDs", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No singular validated diagnostic test. Three steps: screening, severity/risk stratification, physician-led diagnosis. Traffic-light participation guide is clinical, not a calorie cutoff.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not a validation that any questionnaire is sufficient alone.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL70", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL70" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL70", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Mountjoy M, McCluskey WT, Ackerman KE, Verhagen E, Heikura IA", "year": 2023, "title": "Review of the IOC REDs Clinical Assessment Tool version 2", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914", "pmid": "37752002", "design": "Tool development and validation paper", "population": "Athletes assessed for REDs", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No singular validated diagnostic test. Three steps: screening, severity/risk stratification, physician-led diagnosis. Traffic-light participation guide is clinical, not a calorie cutoff.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not a validation that any questionnaire is sufficient alone.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL71", "authors": "Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K", "year": 2021, "title": "Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0", "pmid": "33095376", "pmcid": "PMC7815551", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Prospective LEA studies mostly short and originally female", "duration": "Most causal interventions ≤5 days", "key_results": "EA is dietary energy remaining after exercise, not energy balance. Causal evidence is short. Male experimental evidence limited. Field extrapolation requires caution.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL71", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL71" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL71", "authors": "Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K", "year": 2021, "title": "Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0", "pmid": "33095376", "pmcid": "PMC7815551", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Prospective LEA studies mostly short and originally female", "duration": "Most causal interventions ≤5 days", "key_results": "EA is dietary energy remaining after exercise, not energy balance. Causal evidence is short. Male experimental evidence limited. Field extrapolation requires caution.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL72", "authors": "Lieberman JL, De Souza MJ, Wagstaff DA, Williams NI", "year": 2018, "title": "Menstrual disruption with exercise is not linked to an energy availability threshold", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001451", "pmid": "29023359", "pmcid": "PMC5820163", "design": "Randomised diet-and-exercise intervention over three menstrual cycles; secondary EA analysis", "population": "35 sedentary ovulatory women, 18-24 years", "duration": "Three menstrual cycles", "key_results": "Odds of menstrual disturbance fell 9% per unit rise in EA (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.98). No threshold. Tertiles ~23-50 kcal/kg FFM/day.", "limitations": "Sedentary women, not trained cyclists. Still the direct evidence against a universal cutoff.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001451" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL72", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL72" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001451", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL72", "authors": "Lieberman JL, De Souza MJ, Wagstaff DA, Williams NI", "year": 2018, "title": "Menstrual disruption with exercise is not linked to an energy availability threshold", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000001451", "pmid": "29023359", "pmcid": "PMC5820163", "design": "Randomised diet-and-exercise intervention over three menstrual cycles; secondary EA analysis", "population": "35 sedentary ovulatory women, 18-24 years", "duration": "Three menstrual cycles", "key_results": "Odds of menstrual disturbance fell 9% per unit rise in EA (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.98). No threshold. Tertiles ~23-50 kcal/kg FFM/day.", "limitations": "Sedentary women, not trained cyclists. Still the direct evidence against a universal cutoff.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001451" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL73", "authors": "Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Low energy availability in athletes 2020: narrative review", "doi": "10.3390/nu12030835", "pmid": "32245088", "pmcid": "PMC7146210", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "EA assessment is methodologically difficult. LEAF-Q can screen female endurance athletes at risk. Screening is not diagnosis. Knowledge among coaches and athletes is low.", "limitations": "Review. Prevalence depends on tool.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030835" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL73", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL73" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030835", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL73", "authors": "Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Low energy availability in athletes 2020: narrative review", "doi": "10.3390/nu12030835", "pmid": "32245088", "pmcid": "PMC7146210", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "EA assessment is methodologically difficult. LEAF-Q can screen female endurance athletes at risk. Screening is not diagnosis. Knowledge among coaches and athletes is low.", "limitations": "Review. Prevalence depends on tool.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030835" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL74", "authors": "Melin AK, Heikura IA, Tenforde A, Mountjoy M", "year": 2019, "title": "Energy availability in athletics: health, performance, and physique", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201", "pmid": "30632422", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Track and field athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Reported LEA prevalence 18-58%, highest in endurance and jumps. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea reported in 60% of elite female middle- and long-distance athletes in the cited literature and 23% of elite sprinters. Men: low testosterone, libido, impaired training capacity. Athletes can be weight-stable and still impaired.", "limitations": "Track and field, not cycling incidence. Secondary prevalence figures.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL74", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL74" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL74", "authors": "Melin AK, Heikura IA, Tenforde A, Mountjoy M", "year": 2019, "title": "Energy availability in athletics: health, performance, and physique", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201", "pmid": "30632422", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Track and field athletes", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Reported LEA prevalence 18-58%, highest in endurance and jumps. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea reported in 60% of elite female middle- and long-distance athletes in the cited literature and 23% of elite sprinters. Men: low testosterone, libido, impaired training capacity. Athletes can be weight-stable and still impaired.", "limitations": "Track and field, not cycling incidence. Secondary prevalence figures.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0201" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL75", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Heikura IA, Meeusen R, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Overtraining syndrome and RED-S: shared pathways, symptoms and complexities", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0", "pmid": "34181189", "design": "Narrative review of overload studies that also measured intake", "population": "21 overload/OTS-type studies with intake data", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "18 of 21 studies showed an EA decrease/difference or a CHO availability decrease during overload. Symptom overlap with RED-S is large. Under-fueling should be excluded before an overtraining diagnosis.", "limitations": "Not a prospective cyclist trial. Indication of shortfall is not a diagnosis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL75", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL75" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL75", "authors": "Stellingwerff T, Heikura IA, Meeusen R, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Overtraining syndrome and RED-S: shared pathways, symptoms and complexities", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0", "pmid": "34181189", "design": "Narrative review of overload studies that also measured intake", "population": "21 overload/OTS-type studies with intake data", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "18 of 21 studies showed an EA decrease/difference or a CHO availability decrease during overload. Symptom overlap with RED-S is large. Under-fueling should be excluded before an overtraining diagnosis.", "limitations": "Not a prospective cyclist trial. Indication of shortfall is not a diagnosis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL76", "authors": "Ijaz A, Collins AJ, Moreno-Cabañas A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise is positively related to body size", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0097", "pmid": "39332815", "design": "Crossover/group comparison with 13C glucose", "population": "15 cyclists grouped by body mass; lactate threshold matched at 2.3 W/kg", "duration": "120 min at 95% lactate threshold; 90 g/h glucose", "key_results": "Exogenous glucose oxidation 33 ± 8 g/h in smaller vs 45 ± 13 g/h in larger athletes at the same relative intensity (difference 13 g/h, 95% CI 2-24). Body surface area vs peak exogenous oxidation r=0.85.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Group n incompletely specified. Glucose only, not a mixed drink.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0097" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL76", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL76" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0097", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL76", "authors": "Ijaz A, Collins AJ, Moreno-Cabañas A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Exogenous glucose oxidation during exercise is positively related to body size", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0097", "pmid": "39332815", "design": "Crossover/group comparison with 13C glucose", "population": "15 cyclists grouped by body mass; lactate threshold matched at 2.3 W/kg", "duration": "120 min at 95% lactate threshold; 90 g/h glucose", "key_results": "Exogenous glucose oxidation 33 ± 8 g/h in smaller vs 45 ± 13 g/h in larger athletes at the same relative intensity (difference 13 g/h, 95% CI 2-24). Body surface area vs peak exogenous oxidation r=0.85.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Group n incompletely specified. Glucose only, not a mixed drink.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0097" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL77", "authors": "Sollie O, Clauss M, Jeppesen PB, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Similar performance after carbohydrate plus whey protein and carbohydrate only in the early phase after non-exhaustive cycling", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14364", "pmid": "37010270", "design": "Double-blind randomised crossover", "population": "13 highly trained competitive male cyclists", "duration": "90 min morning session including a 60 min time trial; 5 h recovery; 1.2 g/kg/h CHO vs 0.8 CHO + 0.4 whey", "key_results": "Abstract confirms design only: 13 highly trained male cyclists, 90 min morning session including a 60 min time trial, 5 h recovery, 1.2 g/kg/h carbohydrate vs 0.8 g/kg/h carbohydrate plus 0.4 g/kg/h whey. Results paragraph was not fully extracted. The title states similar performance and is not used as an outcome.", "limitations": "Results not fully extracted. Title is not quantitative proof.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14364" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL77", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL77" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14364", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL77", "authors": "Sollie O, Clauss M, Jeppesen PB, et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Similar performance after carbohydrate plus whey protein and carbohydrate only in the early phase after non-exhaustive cycling", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14364", "pmid": "37010270", "design": "Double-blind randomised crossover", "population": "13 highly trained competitive male cyclists", "duration": "90 min morning session including a 60 min time trial; 5 h recovery; 1.2 g/kg/h CHO vs 0.8 CHO + 0.4 whey", "key_results": "Abstract confirms design only: 13 highly trained male cyclists, 90 min morning session including a 60 min time trial, 5 h recovery, 1.2 g/kg/h carbohydrate vs 0.8 g/kg/h carbohydrate plus 0.4 g/kg/h whey. Results paragraph was not fully extracted. The title states similar performance and is not used as an outcome.", "limitations": "Results not fully extracted. Title is not quantitative proof.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14364" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "pmcid": null, "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "FUEL78", "authors": "Naderi A, Rothschild JA, Santos HO, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Nutritional strategies to improve post-exercise recovery and subsequent exercise performance", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6", "pmid": "40221559", "pmcid": "PMC12297025", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes with short recovery", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Carbohydrate amount, type, and early timing dominate glycogen replenishment. Protein helps when carbohydrate is suboptimal.", "limitations": "Review. Supplement adjuncts not used in this brief.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "FUEL78", "citation_ids": [ "FUEL78" ], "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6", "topic_files": [ "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "FUEL78", "authors": "Naderi A, Rothschild JA, Santos HO, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Nutritional strategies to improve post-exercise recovery and subsequent exercise performance", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6", "pmid": "40221559", "pmcid": "PMC12297025", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes with short recovery", "duration": "Review", "key_results": "Carbohydrate amount, type, and early timing dominate glycogen replenishment. Protein helps when carbohydrate is suboptimal.", "limitations": "Review. Supplement adjuncts not used in this brief.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC01", "authors": "Walsh NP et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025", "pmid": "33144349", "design": "Narrative review and expert consensus", "population": "Elite athletes; consensus panel", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Habitual short sleep (<7 h) and fragmentation are common. Total sleep loss reduces performance; partial restriction over 1-3 nights remains unclear. Rejects a one-size 7-9 h rule; calls for research on naps and sleep extension.", "limitations": "Few female experimental data; not a meta-analysis of cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33144349&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC01", "citation_ids": [ "REC01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC01", "authors": "Walsh NP et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025", "pmid": "33144349", "design": "Narrative review and expert consensus", "population": "Elite athletes; consensus panel", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Habitual short sleep (<7 h) and fragmentation are common. Total sleep loss reduces performance; partial restriction over 1-3 nights remains unclear. Rejects a one-size 7-9 h rule; calls for research on naps and sleep extension.", "limitations": "Few female experimental data; not a meta-analysis of cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33144349&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC02", "authors": "Craven J et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Effects of Acute Sleep Loss on Physical Performance: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01706-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01706-y", "pmid": "35708888", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "69 publications; 89% male outcome measures", "duration": "Acute (≤6 h vs >6 h in 24 h)", "key_results": "Mean performance change -7.56% (95% CI -11.9 to -3.13), including endurance. Consistent harm with deprivation and late restriction, not all early-night restriction. Afternoon tasks more affected. ~0.4% worse per hour awake in deprivation/late-restriction protocols.", "limitations": "I2=98.1%. Not cyclist-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35708888&format=json&resultType=core", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9584849" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC02", "citation_ids": [ "REC02" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC02", "authors": "Craven J et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Effects of Acute Sleep Loss on Physical Performance: A Systematic and Meta-Analytical Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01706-y", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01706-y", "pmid": "35708888", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "69 publications; 89% male outcome measures", "duration": "Acute (≤6 h vs >6 h in 24 h)", "key_results": "Mean performance change -7.56% (95% CI -11.9 to -3.13), including endurance. Consistent harm with deprivation and late restriction, not all early-night restriction. Afternoon tasks more affected. ~0.4% worse per hour awake in deprivation/late-restriction protocols.", "limitations": "I2=98.1%. Not cyclist-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35708888&format=json&resultType=core", "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC9584849" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC03", "authors": "Kong Y et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of sleep deprivation on sports performance and perceived exertion in athletes and non-athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1544286", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2025.1544286", "pmid": "40236824", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "45 studies; athletes and non-athletes", "duration": "Acute deprivation/restriction; search to Sep 2024", "key_results": "Athlete aerobic endurance SMD -0.66 (95% CI -1.28 to -0.04); RPE SMD 0.39 (0.11 to 0.66). Total deprivation linked to aerobic endurance. PM tests more affected for several outcomes.", "limitations": "Wide CIs; mixed sports.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40236824&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC03", "citation_ids": [ "REC03" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC03", "authors": "Kong Y et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of sleep deprivation on sports performance and perceived exertion in athletes and non-athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1544286", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2025.1544286", "pmid": "40236824", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "45 studies; athletes and non-athletes", "duration": "Acute deprivation/restriction; search to Sep 2024", "key_results": "Athlete aerobic endurance SMD -0.66 (95% CI -1.28 to -0.04); RPE SMD 0.39 (0.11 to 0.66). Total deprivation linked to aerobic endurance. PM tests more affected for several outcomes.", "limitations": "Wide CIs; mixed sports.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40236824&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC04", "authors": "Gong M et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Sporting Performance in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S467531", "doi": "10.2147/NSS.S467531", "pmid": "39006249", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "27 studies, athletes", "duration": "Acute sleep deprivation", "key_results": "Overall athletic performance impaired (effect size -0.56 in the retrieved abstract fragment). Aerobic endurance among impaired abilities. Larger impact from end-of-night partial loss than beginning-of-night loss. Afternoon worse than morning.", "limitations": "Abstract numeric formatting was partly corrupted by markup; directional findings used, not every SMD.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39006249&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC04", "citation_ids": [ "REC04" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC04", "authors": "Gong M et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of Acute Sleep Deprivation on Sporting Performance in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S467531", "doi": "10.2147/NSS.S467531", "pmid": "39006249", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "27 studies, athletes", "duration": "Acute sleep deprivation", "key_results": "Overall athletic performance impaired (effect size -0.56 in the retrieved abstract fragment). Aerobic endurance among impaired abilities. Larger impact from end-of-night partial loss than beginning-of-night loss. Afternoon worse than morning.", "limitations": "Abstract numeric formatting was partly corrupted by markup; directional findings used, not every SMD.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39006249&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC05", "authors": "Roberts SSH et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Extended Sleep Maintains Endurance Performance Better than Normal or Restricted Sleep", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002071", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000002071", "pmid": "31246714", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "9 endurance cyclists/triathletes", "duration": "3 nights restriction, normal, or extension; TT on 4 days", "key_results": "Restriction ~4.5-4.9 h slowed day-3 TT (60.4±3.7 vs 58.8±2.5 min). Extension ~7.9-8.6 h vs normal ~6.5-7.1 h made day-4 TT faster (56.8±3.1 vs 58.7±3.4 min). Authors conclude sleep >8 h to optimise performance.", "limitations": "n=9. Acute repeated TT, not training adaptation. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31246714&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC05", "citation_ids": [ "REC05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC05", "authors": "Roberts SSH et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Extended Sleep Maintains Endurance Performance Better than Normal or Restricted Sleep", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002071", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000002071", "pmid": "31246714", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "9 endurance cyclists/triathletes", "duration": "3 nights restriction, normal, or extension; TT on 4 days", "key_results": "Restriction ~4.5-4.9 h slowed day-3 TT (60.4±3.7 vs 58.8±2.5 min). Extension ~7.9-8.6 h vs normal ~6.5-7.1 h made day-4 TT faster (56.8±3.1 vs 58.7±3.4 min). Authors conclude sleep >8 h to optimise performance.", "limitations": "n=9. Acute repeated TT, not training adaptation. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31246714&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC06", "authors": "Roberts SSH et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Effects of total sleep deprivation on endurance cycling performance and heart rate indices", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1661561", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2019.1661561", "pmid": "31526108", "design": "Crossover", "population": "13 endurance athletes", "duration": "1 night total deprivation vs normal sleep", "key_results": "TT 10% slower after deprivation (64±7 vs 59±4 min) and 11% slower than prior day. RPE:HR ratio, mood, and vigilance worsened.", "limitations": "Total deprivation, not partial. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31526108&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC06", "citation_ids": [ "REC06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC06", "authors": "Roberts SSH et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Effects of total sleep deprivation on endurance cycling performance and heart rate indices", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1661561", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2019.1661561", "pmid": "31526108", "design": "Crossover", "population": "13 endurance athletes", "duration": "1 night total deprivation vs normal sleep", "key_results": "TT 10% slower after deprivation (64±7 vs 59±4 min) and 11% slower than prior day. RPE:HR ratio, mood, and vigilance worsened.", "limitations": "Total deprivation, not partial. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31526108&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC07", "authors": "Mah CD et al.", "year": 2011, "title": "The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1132", "doi": "10.5665/SLEEP.1132", "pmid": "21731144", "design": "Pre-post sleep extension, no non-extension control", "population": "11 male collegiate basketball players", "duration": "5-7 weeks, goal ≥10 h in bed", "key_results": "Objective sleep +110.9±79.7 min. Sprint 16.2±0.61 to 15.5±0.54 s. Free-throw and 3-point accuracy about +9 percentage points.", "limitations": "Not cycling or endurance. No control group.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21731144&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC07", "citation_ids": [ "REC07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC07", "authors": "Mah CD et al.", "year": 2011, "title": "The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1132", "doi": "10.5665/SLEEP.1132", "pmid": "21731144", "design": "Pre-post sleep extension, no non-extension control", "population": "11 male collegiate basketball players", "duration": "5-7 weeks, goal ≥10 h in bed", "key_results": "Objective sleep +110.9±79.7 min. Sprint 16.2±0.61 to 15.5±0.54 s. Free-throw and 3-point accuracy about +9 percentage points.", "limitations": "Not cycling or endurance. No control group.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:21731144&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC08", "authors": "Silva AC et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sleep extension in athletes: what we know so far - A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.028", "doi": "10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.028", "pmid": "33352457", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Athlete sleep-extension trials; 7 studies after screening", "duration": "Extension 26-106 min", "key_results": "Some large effects among 15 sport measures; evidence very low to moderate; bias often high. Conclusions tentative.", "limitations": "Few trials. Not endurance-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33352457&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC08", "citation_ids": [ "REC08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC08", "authors": "Silva AC et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sleep extension in athletes: what we know so far - A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.028", "doi": "10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.028", "pmid": "33352457", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Athlete sleep-extension trials; 7 studies after screening", "duration": "Extension 26-106 min", "key_results": "Some large effects among 15 sport measures; evidence very low to moderate; bias often high. Conclusions tentative.", "limitations": "Few trials. Not endurance-specific.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33352457&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC09", "authors": "Schwartz J, Simon RD", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: A study with college varsity tennis players", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.035", "doi": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.035", "pmid": "26325012", "design": "Sleep-extension intervention", "population": "College varsity tennis players", "duration": "Sleep extension period", "key_results": "Serving accuracy improved. Used only to mark non-cycling skill evidence.", "limitations": "Not cycling. Abstract details beyond title-level outcome not relied on for magnitude.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26325012&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC09", "citation_ids": [ "REC09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC09", "authors": "Schwartz J, Simon RD", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: A study with college varsity tennis players", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.035", "doi": "10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.035", "pmid": "26325012", "design": "Sleep-extension intervention", "population": "College varsity tennis players", "duration": "Sleep extension period", "key_results": "Serving accuracy improved. Used only to mark non-cycling skill evidence.", "limitations": "Not cycling. Abstract details beyond title-level outcome not relied on for magnitude.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26325012&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC10", "authors": "Sargent C et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.957306", "doi": "10.3109/07420528.2014.957306", "pmid": "25222347", "design": "Observational actigraphy", "population": "70 nationally ranked athletes, 7 sports", "duration": "2 weeks normal training", "key_results": "Mean sleep 6 h 30 min. Less time in bed and less sleep on nights before training days than rest days. Shorter sleep associated with higher pre-training fatigue.", "limitations": "Not an experimental need study. Mixed sports.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25222347&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC10", "citation_ids": [ "REC10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC10", "authors": "Sargent C et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2014.957306", "doi": "10.3109/07420528.2014.957306", "pmid": "25222347", "design": "Observational actigraphy", "population": "70 nationally ranked athletes, 7 sports", "duration": "2 weeks normal training", "key_results": "Mean sleep 6 h 30 min. Less time in bed and less sleep on nights before training days than rest days. Shorter sleep associated with higher pre-training fatigue.", "limitations": "Not an experimental need study. Mixed sports.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25222347&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC11", "authors": "Sargent C et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0896", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0896", "pmid": "34021090", "design": "Observational actigraphy plus self-assessed need", "population": "175 elite athletes (30 women), 12 sports", "duration": "~12 nights", "key_results": "Self-assessed need 8.3±0.9 h; obtained 6.7±0.8 h; deficit 96±60.6 min. 3% met own need. Individual-sport athletes slept less; stated need similar.", "limitations": "Self-assessed need is not an experimental optimum and is not 9 h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34021090&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC11", "citation_ids": [ "REC11" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC11", "authors": "Sargent C et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0896", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0896", "pmid": "34021090", "design": "Observational actigraphy plus self-assessed need", "population": "175 elite athletes (30 women), 12 sports", "duration": "~12 nights", "key_results": "Self-assessed need 8.3±0.9 h; obtained 6.7±0.8 h; deficit 96±60.6 min. 3% met own need. Individual-sport athletes slept less; stated need similar.", "limitations": "Self-assessed need is not an experimental optimum and is not 9 h.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34021090&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC12", "authors": "Lastella M et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.932016", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2014.932016", "pmid": "24993935", "design": "Observational", "population": "124 elite athletes", "duration": "≥7 nights", "key_results": "6.8±1.1 h. Individual sports 6.5 h vs team 7.0 h.", "limitations": "Not a performance trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24993935&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC12", "citation_ids": [ "REC12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC12", "authors": "Lastella M et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep/wake behaviours of elite athletes from individual and team sports", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.932016", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2014.932016", "pmid": "24993935", "design": "Observational", "population": "124 elite athletes", "duration": "≥7 nights", "key_results": "6.8±1.1 h. Individual sports 6.5 h vs team 7.0 h.", "limitations": "Not a performance trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24993935&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC13", "authors": "Leeder J et al.", "year": 2012, "title": "Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.660188", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2012.660188", "pmid": "22329779", "design": "Observational", "population": "47 Olympic athletes vs 20 controls", "duration": "Individual nights", "key_results": "Sleep efficiency 80.6±6.4% vs 88.7±3.6%. Fragmentation higher in athletes. Time asleep not significantly different (p=0.27).", "limitations": "Mixed sports. Quality, not a need experiment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22329779&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC13", "citation_ids": [ "REC13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC13", "authors": "Leeder J et al.", "year": 2012, "title": "Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.660188", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2012.660188", "pmid": "22329779", "design": "Observational", "population": "47 Olympic athletes vs 20 controls", "duration": "Individual nights", "key_results": "Sleep efficiency 80.6±6.4% vs 88.7±3.6%. Fragmentation higher in athletes. Time asleep not significantly different (p=0.27).", "limitations": "Mixed sports. Quality, not a need experiment.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:22329779&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC14", "authors": "Mesas AE et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106355", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2022-106355", "pmid": "36690376", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "22 trials, 291 men aged 18-35", "duration": "Daytime naps vs no nap", "key_results": "After normal sleep, physical performance SMD 0.99 (0.67 to 1.31), I2=89%. Benefits higher for 30 to <60 min and >1 h from waking to test. Also favourable after partial deprivation on fewer studies.", "limitations": "No women. High heterogeneity. Not cycling TT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36690376&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC14", "citation_ids": [ "REC14" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC14", "authors": "Mesas AE et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Is daytime napping an effective strategy to improve sport-related cognitive and physical performance and reduce fatigue?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106355", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2022-106355", "pmid": "36690376", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "22 trials, 291 men aged 18-35", "duration": "Daytime naps vs no nap", "key_results": "After normal sleep, physical performance SMD 0.99 (0.67 to 1.31), I2=89%. Benefits higher for 30 to <60 min and >1 h from waking to test. Also favourable after partial deprivation on fewer studies.", "limitations": "No women. High heterogeneity. Not cycling TT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36690376&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC15", "authors": "Boukhris O et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "The Impact of Daytime Napping Following Normal Night-Time Sleep on Physical Performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01920-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01920-2", "pmid": "37700141", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Physically active people and athletes; 18 articles", "duration": "Naps after 7-9 h night sleep", "key_results": "Improved 5 m shuttle distance and fatigue index. No effect on muscle force. Other endurance measures too few for firm conclusions.", "limitations": "Intermittent tests dominate.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37700141&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC15", "citation_ids": [ "REC15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC15", "authors": "Boukhris O et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "The Impact of Daytime Napping Following Normal Night-Time Sleep on Physical Performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01920-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01920-2", "pmid": "37700141", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Physically active people and athletes; 18 articles", "duration": "Naps after 7-9 h night sleep", "key_results": "Improved 5 m shuttle distance and fatigue index. No effect on muscle force. Other endurance measures too few for firm conclusions.", "limitations": "Intermittent tests dominate.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37700141&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC16", "authors": "Zheng J et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "The effect of daytime napping on the athletic performance of team ball sports athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1878224", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1878224", "pmid": "42558951", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "12 RCTs, 179 team ball-sport athletes", "duration": "Search to 2025-12-18; first published 2026-07-22", "key_results": "After presumed normal sleep, endurance SMD 0.96 (0.62 to 1.29). Naps >60 min SMD 1.38 for endurance. Early afternoon. Cognitive/technical effects imprecise.", "limitations": "Team ball sports, not cycling. Endurance mostly intermittent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42558951&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC16", "citation_ids": [ "REC16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC16", "authors": "Zheng J et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "The effect of daytime napping on the athletic performance of team ball sports athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1878224", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1878224", "pmid": "42558951", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "12 RCTs, 179 team ball-sport athletes", "duration": "Search to 2025-12-18; first published 2026-07-22", "key_results": "After presumed normal sleep, endurance SMD 0.96 (0.62 to 1.29). Naps >60 min SMD 1.38 for endurance. Early afternoon. Cognitive/technical effects imprecise.", "limitations": "Team ball sports, not cycling. Endurance mostly intermittent.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42558951&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC17", "authors": "Yu H et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "The effects, mechanisms and strategies of daytime napping on athletes: a narrative review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2", "pmid": "39922927", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Suggests naps 13:00-15:00, 20-40 or 60-90 min depending on night sleep, and ≥60 min before exercise to reduce inertia.", "limitations": "Narrative; not a cyclist meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39922927&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC17", "citation_ids": [ "REC17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC17", "authors": "Yu H et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "The effects, mechanisms and strategies of daytime napping on athletes: a narrative review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05724-2", "pmid": "39922927", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Suggests naps 13:00-15:00, 20-40 or 60-90 min depending on night sleep, and ≥60 min before exercise to reduce inertia.", "limitations": "Narrative; not a cyclist meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39922927&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC18", "authors": "Lastella M et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S315556", "doi": "10.2147/NSS.S315556", "pmid": "34194254", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "37 athlete studies", "duration": "To Aug 2020", "key_results": "Napping studied for frequency, duration, timing, and effects on physical, cognitive, and perceptual outcomes. Moderate quality overall.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous. Used as review context, not a single effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34194254&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC18", "citation_ids": [ "REC18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC18", "authors": "Lastella M et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "To Nap or Not to Nap? A Systematic Review Evaluating Napping Behavior in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S315556", "doi": "10.2147/NSS.S315556", "pmid": "34194254", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "37 athlete studies", "duration": "To Aug 2020", "key_results": "Napping studied for frequency, duration, timing, and effects on physical, cognitive, and perceptual outcomes. Moderate quality overall.", "limitations": "Heterogeneous. Used as review context, not a single effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34194254&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC19", "authors": "Souabni M et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Benefits of Daytime Napping Opportunity on Physical and Cognitive Performances", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01482-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01482-1", "pmid": "34043185", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Physically active participants", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Nap opportunity can benefit physical and cognitive performance; effects depend on duration, prior sleep, and test.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Effect sizes not extracted beyond the review conclusion.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34043185&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC19", "citation_ids": [ "REC19" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC19", "authors": "Souabni M et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Benefits of Daytime Napping Opportunity on Physical and Cognitive Performances", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01482-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01482-1", "pmid": "34043185", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Physically active participants", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Nap opportunity can benefit physical and cognitive performance; effects depend on duration, prior sleep, and test.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Effect sizes not extracted beyond the review conclusion.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34043185&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC20", "authors": "Hilditch CJ, Dorrian J, Banks S", "year": 2017, "title": "A review of short naps and sleep inertia", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.016", "doi": "10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.016", "pmid": "28366332", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Naps ≤30 min", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Mixed slow-wave sleep and mixed inertia after short naps. A blanket ≤30 min rule is potentially misleading without prior sleep and time of day.", "limitations": "Few nighttime short-nap studies. Not athlete-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28366332&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC20", "citation_ids": [ "REC20" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC20", "authors": "Hilditch CJ, Dorrian J, Banks S", "year": 2017, "title": "A review of short naps and sleep inertia", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.016", "doi": "10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.016", "pmid": "28366332", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Naps ≤30 min", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Mixed slow-wave sleep and mixed inertia after short naps. A blanket ≤30 min rule is potentially misleading without prior sleep and time of day.", "limitations": "Few nighttime short-nap studies. Not athlete-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28366332&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC21", "authors": "Blanchfield AW et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "The influence of an afternoon nap on the endurance performance of trained runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1477180", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2018.1477180", "pmid": "29851569", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "11 trained male runners", "duration": "Nap 20±10 min ~90 min before evening run", "key_results": "Group TTE unchanged (596±148 vs 589±216 s). Runners sleeping 6.4±0.7 h improved; those sleeping 7.5±0.4 h did not.", "limitations": "Runners, TTE, small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29851569&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC21", "citation_ids": [ "REC21" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC21", "authors": "Blanchfield AW et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "The influence of an afternoon nap on the endurance performance of trained runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1477180", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2018.1477180", "pmid": "29851569", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "11 trained male runners", "duration": "Nap 20±10 min ~90 min before evening run", "key_results": "Group TTE unchanged (596±148 vs 589±216 s). Runners sleeping 6.4±0.7 h improved; those sleeping 7.5±0.4 h did not.", "limitations": "Runners, TTE, small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29851569&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC22", "authors": "Saner NJ et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278828", "doi": "10.1113/JP278828", "pmid": "32078168", "design": "Parallel groups", "population": "24 healthy young men", "duration": "5 nights: 8 h, 4 h, or 4 h plus 3 HIIE sessions", "key_results": "MyoPS 1.24±0.21 %/day in restriction vs 1.53±0.09 normal and 1.61±0.14 restriction+HIIE.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Not a VO2 adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32078168&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC22", "citation_ids": [ "REC22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC22", "authors": "Saner NJ et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high-intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278828", "doi": "10.1113/JP278828", "pmid": "32078168", "design": "Parallel groups", "population": "24 healthy young men", "duration": "5 nights: 8 h, 4 h, or 4 h plus 3 HIIE sessions", "key_results": "MyoPS 1.24±0.21 %/day in restriction vs 1.53±0.09 normal and 1.61±0.14 restriction+HIIE.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists. Not a VO2 adaptation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32078168&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC23", "authors": "Lamon S et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14660", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14660", "pmid": "33400856", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "13 young adults (7 male, 6 female)", "duration": "1 night total deprivation", "key_results": "Muscle protein synthesis -18%. Cortisol +21%. Testosterone -24%.", "limitations": "One night total deprivation. Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33400856&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC23", "citation_ids": [ "REC23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC23", "authors": "Lamon S et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14660", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.14660", "pmid": "33400856", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "13 young adults (7 male, 6 female)", "duration": "1 night total deprivation", "key_results": "Muscle protein synthesis -18%. Cortisol +21%. Testosterone -24%.", "limitations": "One night total deprivation. Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33400856&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC24", "authors": "Murphy C et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Does overreaching from endurance-based training impair sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303748", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0303748", "pmid": "38809828", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "14 studies; endurance overreaching including cycling", "duration": "Protocols mean 16 days", "key_results": "Objective sleep efficiency -2.0 percentage points (95% CI -3.2 to -0.8). No clear subjective sleep-quality effect. No study low risk of bias.", "limitations": "Few objective studies (k=3).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38809828&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC24", "citation_ids": [ "REC24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC24", "authors": "Murphy C et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Does overreaching from endurance-based training impair sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303748", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0303748", "pmid": "38809828", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "14 studies; endurance overreaching including cycling", "duration": "Protocols mean 16 days", "key_results": "Objective sleep efficiency -2.0 percentage points (95% CI -3.2 to -0.8). No clear subjective sleep-quality effect. No study low risk of bias.", "limitations": "Few objective studies (k=3).", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38809828&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC25", "authors": "Bonnar D et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Sleep Interventions Designed to Improve Athletic Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0832-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0832-x", "pmid": "29352373", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Competitive athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep-intervention evidence for performance and recovery is limited and methodologically uneven.", "limitations": "Not used for a pooled effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29352373&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC25", "citation_ids": [ "REC25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC25", "authors": "Bonnar D et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Sleep Interventions Designed to Improve Athletic Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0832-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0832-x", "pmid": "29352373", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Competitive athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep-intervention evidence for performance and recovery is limited and methodologically uneven.", "limitations": "Not used for a pooled effect size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29352373&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC26", "authors": "Fullagar HH et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0", "pmid": "25315456", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep loss can impair performance, especially submaximal prolonged exercise, plus cognition and recovery processes. Historical review; effect sizes superseded by later metas.", "limitations": "Pre-2022. Not a meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25315456&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC26", "citation_ids": [ "REC26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC26", "authors": "Fullagar HH et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0", "pmid": "25315456", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep loss can impair performance, especially submaximal prolonged exercise, plus cognition and recovery processes. Historical review; effect sizes superseded by later metas.", "limitations": "Pre-2022. Not a meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25315456&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC27", "authors": "Vitale KC et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Sleep Hygiene for Optimizing Recovery in Athletes: Review and Recommendations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0905-3103", "doi": "10.1055/a-0905-3103", "pmid": "31288293", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep-hygiene recommendations for recovery. Not a dose-response trial of sleep duration and cycling adaptation.", "limitations": "Narrative.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31288293&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC27", "citation_ids": [ "REC27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC27", "authors": "Vitale KC et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Sleep Hygiene for Optimizing Recovery in Athletes: Review and Recommendations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0905-3103", "doi": "10.1055/a-0905-3103", "pmid": "31288293", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Sleep-hygiene recommendations for recovery. Not a dose-response trial of sleep duration and cycling adaptation.", "limitations": "Narrative.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31288293&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC28", "authors": "Tyler CJ et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception and Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5", "pmid": "27106556", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "96 articles; human heat-adaptation studies", "duration": "Most often 7-14 days; longer >14 days more effective", "key_results": "Moderate benefit on exercise capacity and performance in the heat. Longer regimens more effective. Lowers core temperature and supports cardiovascular stability and heat loss.", "limitations": "Performance synthesis is in the heat, not cool cycling. Large methodological heterogeneity.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27106556&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC28", "citation_ids": [ "REC28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC28", "authors": "Tyler CJ et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception and Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5", "pmid": "27106556", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "96 articles; human heat-adaptation studies", "duration": "Most often 7-14 days; longer >14 days more effective", "key_results": "Moderate benefit on exercise capacity and performance in the heat. Longer regimens more effective. Lowers core temperature and supports cardiovascular stability and heat loss.", "limitations": "Performance synthesis is in the heat, not cool cycling. Large methodological heterogeneity.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:27106556&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0538-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC29", "authors": "McDonald P et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Influence of Exercise Heat Acclimation Protocol Characteristics on Adaptation Kinetics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cph4.70017", "doi": "10.1002/cph4.70017", "pmid": "40442924", "design": "Bayesian meta-regression", "population": "211 papers", "duration": "Mean 8±4 exposures, 90±36 min, 39.1±4.8°C", "key_results": "Plasma volume +5.6% (90% CrI 3.8 to 7.0). Time-to-exhaustion +49% (35 to 61). Time-trial +3.1% (1.8 to 4.5). Extra exposure associated with +1.9 g haemoglobin mass (0.6 to 3.2), an across-study slope.", "limitations": "Heat-performance outcomes. Hb-mass slope is not a daily prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40442924&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cph4.70017" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC29", "citation_ids": [ "REC29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC29", "authors": "McDonald P et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Influence of Exercise Heat Acclimation Protocol Characteristics on Adaptation Kinetics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cph4.70017", "doi": "10.1002/cph4.70017", "pmid": "40442924", "design": "Bayesian meta-regression", "population": "211 papers", "duration": "Mean 8±4 exposures, 90±36 min, 39.1±4.8°C", "key_results": "Plasma volume +5.6% (90% CrI 3.8 to 7.0). Time-to-exhaustion +49% (35 to 61). Time-trial +3.1% (1.8 to 4.5). Extra exposure associated with +1.9 g haemoglobin mass (0.6 to 3.2), an across-study slope.", "limitations": "Heat-performance outcomes. Hb-mass slope is not a daily prescription.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40442924&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1002/cph4.70017" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC30", "authors": "Solomon TPJ, Laye MJ", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of post-exercise heat exposure (passive heat acclimation) on endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6", "pmid": "39762944", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "10 studies, 199 adults (156 male)", "duration": "Post-exercise sauna or hot-water immersion vs same training", "key_results": "Hot performance ratio of means 1.04 (95% CI 0.94-1.15). Thermoneutral performance trivial. Certainty low to very low.", "limitations": "Small samples, bias, imprecision. Does not erase single positive trials.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39762944&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC30", "citation_ids": [ "REC30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC30", "authors": "Solomon TPJ, Laye MJ", "year": 2025, "title": "The effect of post-exercise heat exposure (passive heat acclimation) on endurance exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6", "doi": "10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6", "pmid": "39762944", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "10 studies, 199 adults (156 male)", "duration": "Post-exercise sauna or hot-water immersion vs same training", "key_results": "Hot performance ratio of means 1.04 (95% CI 0.94-1.15). Thermoneutral performance trivial. Certainty low to very low.", "limitations": "Small samples, bias, imprecision. Does not erase single positive trials.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39762944&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01038-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC31", "authors": "Ahokas EK et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of Post-Exercise Heat Exposure on Acute Recovery and Training-Induced Performance Adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0", "pmid": "41032138", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "14 studies, 194 adults", "duration": "Acute and chronic post-exercise heat ≥36°C", "key_results": "Acute recovery mixed. Chronic studies suggest possible running benefit in heat; no clear cycling performance or VO2max effect in included studies. Evidence low to moderate.", "limitations": "Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41032138&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC31", "citation_ids": [ "REC31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC31", "authors": "Ahokas EK et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Effects of Post-Exercise Heat Exposure on Acute Recovery and Training-Induced Performance Adaptations", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0", "pmid": "41032138", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "14 studies, 194 adults", "duration": "Acute and chronic post-exercise heat ≥36°C", "key_results": "Acute recovery mixed. Chronic studies suggest possible running benefit in heat; no clear cycling performance or VO2max effect in included studies. Evidence low to moderate.", "limitations": "Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41032138&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00910-0" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC32", "authors": "Périard JD, Racinais S, Sawka MN", "year": 2015, "title": "Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12408", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12408", "pmid": "25943654", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Heat acclimation improves sweating, skin blood flow, lowers body temperature, reduces cardiovascular strain, and can improve hot and potentially temperate aerobic performance. Dose depends on intensity, duration, frequency, and number of exposures.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial. Temperate benefit described as potential.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25943654&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12408" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC32", "citation_ids": [ "REC32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC32", "authors": "Périard JD, Racinais S, Sawka MN", "year": 2015, "title": "Adaptations and mechanisms of human heat acclimation", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12408", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12408", "pmid": "25943654", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Heat acclimation improves sweating, skin blood flow, lowers body temperature, reduces cardiovascular strain, and can improve hot and potentially temperate aerobic performance. Dose depends on intensity, duration, frequency, and number of exposures.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial. Temperate benefit described as potential.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25943654&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12408" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC33", "authors": "Racinais S et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915", "pmid": "26069301", "design": "Consensus", "population": "Athletes competing in heat", "duration": "1-2 weeks repeated exercise-heat", "key_results": "Heat acclimatisation is the main intervention to reduce strain and protect performance. Start euhydrated and minimise dehydration.", "limitations": "Consensus, not a cyclist RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26069301&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC33", "citation_ids": [ "REC33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC33", "authors": "Racinais S et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915", "pmid": "26069301", "design": "Consensus", "population": "Athletes competing in heat", "duration": "1-2 weeks repeated exercise-heat", "key_results": "Heat acclimatisation is the main intervention to reduce strain and protect performance. Start euhydrated and minimise dehydration.", "limitations": "Consensus, not a cyclist RCT.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26069301&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC34", "authors": "Daanen HAM, Racinais S, Périard JD", "year": 2018, "title": "Heat Acclimation Decay and Re-Induction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x", "pmid": "29129022", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "12 studies for decay", "duration": "HA ≥5 days; decay ≥7 days in longitudinal studies", "key_results": "End-exercise HR adaptation lost ~2.3%/decay day; core temperature ~2.6%/day. Re-induction faster than original induction for HR and core temperature.", "limitations": "Protocols poorly standardised. Not haemoglobin mass.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29129022&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC34", "citation_ids": [ "REC34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC34", "authors": "Daanen HAM, Racinais S, Périard JD", "year": 2018, "title": "Heat Acclimation Decay and Re-Induction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x", "pmid": "29129022", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "12 studies for decay", "duration": "HA ≥5 days; decay ≥7 days in longitudinal studies", "key_results": "End-exercise HR adaptation lost ~2.3%/decay day; core temperature ~2.6%/day. Re-induction faster than original induction for HR and core temperature.", "limitations": "Protocols poorly standardised. Not haemoglobin mass.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29129022&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0808-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC35", "authors": "Scoon GS et al.", "year": 2007, "title": "Effect of post-exercise sauna bathing on the endurance performance of competitive male runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009", "pmid": "16877041", "design": "Crossover", "population": "6 male distance runners", "duration": "3 weeks sauna vs 3 weeks control; 31±5 min at 89.9±2.0°C; 12.7±2.1 sessions", "key_results": "TTE +32% (90% CL 21-43%), equated to ~1.9% TT. Plasma volume +7.1% (5.6-8.7). Red-cell volume +3.5% (-0.8 to 8.1). Performance correlated with plasma and blood volume, not clearly red-cell volume.", "limitations": "n=6. TTE. Not 3x45. Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:16877041&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC35", "citation_ids": [ "REC35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC35", "authors": "Scoon GS et al.", "year": 2007, "title": "Effect of post-exercise sauna bathing on the endurance performance of competitive male runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009", "pmid": "16877041", "design": "Crossover", "population": "6 male distance runners", "duration": "3 weeks sauna vs 3 weeks control; 31±5 min at 89.9±2.0°C; 12.7±2.1 sessions", "key_results": "TTE +32% (90% CL 21-43%), equated to ~1.9% TT. Plasma volume +7.1% (5.6-8.7). Red-cell volume +3.5% (-0.8 to 8.1). Performance correlated with plasma and blood volume, not clearly red-cell volume.", "limitations": "n=6. TTE. Not 3x45. Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:16877041&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC36", "authors": "Stanley J et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Effect of sauna-based heat acclimation on plasma volume and heart rate variability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1", "pmid": "25432420", "design": "Time series within athletes", "population": "7 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "10 days, 30 min, 87°C, 11% RH, post training", "key_results": "Plasma volume +17.8% (90% CL 7.4-29.2) after four exposures. HR/HRV tracking of plasma volume unclear. No performance test.", "limitations": "n=7. Magnitude-based inference. Capillary plasma-volume method.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25432420&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC36", "citation_ids": [ "REC36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC36", "authors": "Stanley J et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Effect of sauna-based heat acclimation on plasma volume and heart rate variability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1", "pmid": "25432420", "design": "Time series within athletes", "population": "7 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "10 days, 30 min, 87°C, 11% RH, post training", "key_results": "Plasma volume +17.8% (90% CL 7.4-29.2) after four exposures. HR/HRV tracking of plasma volume unclear. No performance test.", "limitations": "n=7. Magnitude-based inference. Capillary plasma-volume method.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25432420&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3060-1" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC37", "authors": "Zurawlew MJ et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endurance exercise performance in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12638", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12638", "pmid": "26661992", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "17 non-heat-acclimatised men", "duration": "6 days; 40 min run then ≤40 min 40°C (n=10) or 34°C (n=7)", "key_results": "5 km TT +4.9% at 33°C, not at 18°C. Resting rectal temperature -0.27°C.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26661992&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12638" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC37", "citation_ids": [ "REC37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC37", "authors": "Zurawlew MJ et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endurance exercise performance in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12638", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12638", "pmid": "26661992", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "17 non-heat-acclimatised men", "duration": "6 days; 40 min run then ≤40 min 40°C (n=10) or 34°C (n=7)", "key_results": "5 km TT +4.9% at 33°C, not at 18°C. Resting rectal temperature -0.27°C.", "limitations": "Not trained cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26661992&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12638" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC38", "authors": "Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP", "year": 2018, "title": "Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations in Endurance Trained and Recreationally Active Individuals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01824", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.01824", "pmid": "30618833", "design": "Controlled comparison", "population": "8 endurance-trained (~9 h/week) and 8 recreational (~3 h/week) men", "duration": "6 days post-exercise 40°C immersion", "key_results": "Both reduced end-exercise rectal temperature in 33°C. Trained men did not clearly reduce end-exercise heart rate.", "limitations": "No temperate performance test in abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30618833&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC38", "citation_ids": [ "REC38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC38", "authors": "Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP", "year": 2018, "title": "Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations in Endurance Trained and Recreationally Active Individuals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01824", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2018.01824", "pmid": "30618833", "design": "Controlled comparison", "population": "8 endurance-trained (~9 h/week) and 8 recreational (~3 h/week) men", "duration": "6 days post-exercise 40°C immersion", "key_results": "Both reduced end-exercise rectal temperature in 33°C. Trained men did not clearly reduce end-exercise heart rate.", "limitations": "No temperate performance test in abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30618833&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC39", "authors": "Kirby NV et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z", "pmid": "33211153", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "20 middle-distance runners (13 female), VO2max 56.1±8.7", "duration": "3 weeks; 28±2 min; 101-108°C; 3±1/week", "key_results": "Vs control: peak rectal temperature -0.2°C, HR -11 bpm in heat test; temperate VO2max +0.27 L/min; speed at 4 mmol/L +0.6 km/h. 7 weeks only -0.1°C further rectal temperature.", "limitations": "Runners. Not 45 min. Hb mass not measured.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33211153&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC39", "citation_ids": [ "REC39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC39", "authors": "Kirby NV et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z", "pmid": "33211153", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "20 middle-distance runners (13 female), VO2max 56.1±8.7", "duration": "3 weeks; 28±2 min; 101-108°C; 3±1/week", "key_results": "Vs control: peak rectal temperature -0.2°C, HR -11 bpm in heat test; temperate VO2max +0.27 L/min; speed at 4 mmol/L +0.6 km/h. 7 weeks only -0.1°C further rectal temperature.", "limitations": "Runners. Not 45 min. Hb mass not measured.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33211153&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04541-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC40", "authors": "Kirby NV et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6", "pmid": "34297227", "design": "Pre-post, both sexes", "population": "26 trained runners (16 female)", "duration": "3 weeks; 29±1 min; 101-108°C; 3±1/week", "key_results": "Both sexes: heat-tolerance gains; VO2max +5%; lactate speed +0.4 km/h. Sweat-gland and blood-flow responses differed by sex.", "limitations": "Runners. No non-sauna control described in this abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34297227&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC40", "citation_ids": [ "REC40" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC40", "authors": "Kirby NV et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6", "doi": "10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6", "pmid": "34297227", "design": "Pre-post, both sexes", "population": "26 trained runners (16 female)", "duration": "3 weeks; 29±1 min; 101-108°C; 3±1/week", "key_results": "Both sexes: heat-tolerance gains; VO2max +5%; lactate speed +0.4 km/h. Sweat-gland and blood-flow responses differed by sex.", "limitations": "Runners. No non-sauna control described in this abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34297227&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC41", "authors": "Kirby NV, Lucas SJE, Lucas RAI", "year": 2019, "title": "Nine-, but Not Four-Days Heat Acclimation Improves Self-Paced Endurance Performance in Females", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00539", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.00539", "pmid": "31156449", "design": "Pre-post isothermic HA", "population": "8 female endurance athletes, VO2peak 47±6", "duration": "4 vs 9 days; 90 min cycling holding rectal temperature ~38.5°C in 40°C; permissive dehydration", "key_results": "15 min cycling TT in 35°C unchanged after 4 days; after 9 days distance +3.2%, power +8.1% vs baseline.", "limitations": "Small female sample. Hot TT only. Permissive dehydration.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31156449&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00539" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC41", "citation_ids": [ "REC41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC41", "authors": "Kirby NV, Lucas SJE, Lucas RAI", "year": 2019, "title": "Nine-, but Not Four-Days Heat Acclimation Improves Self-Paced Endurance Performance in Females", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00539", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.00539", "pmid": "31156449", "design": "Pre-post isothermic HA", "population": "8 female endurance athletes, VO2peak 47±6", "duration": "4 vs 9 days; 90 min cycling holding rectal temperature ~38.5°C in 40°C; permissive dehydration", "key_results": "15 min cycling TT in 35°C unchanged after 4 days; after 9 days distance +3.2%, power +8.1% vs baseline.", "limitations": "Small female sample. Hot TT only. Permissive dehydration.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31156449&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00539" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC42", "authors": "Lorenzo S et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Heat acclimation improves exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010", "pmid": "20724560", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "12 trained cyclists; 8 cool-training controls", "duration": "10 days ~50% VO2max in 40°C", "key_results": "Cool TT work +6%, hot +8%. Cool VO2max 66.8±2.1 to 70.2±2.3 ml/kg/min. Plasma volume +6.5±1.5%. Controls unchanged.", "limitations": "Full text not retrieved; immersion preload on VO2/LT tests unresolved. Not elite.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20724560&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC42", "citation_ids": [ "REC42" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC42", "authors": "Lorenzo S et al.", "year": 2010, "title": "Heat acclimation improves exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010", "pmid": "20724560", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "12 trained cyclists; 8 cool-training controls", "duration": "10 days ~50% VO2max in 40°C", "key_results": "Cool TT work +6%, hot +8%. Cool VO2max 66.8±2.1 to 70.2±2.3 ml/kg/min. Plasma volume +6.5±1.5%. Controls unchanged.", "limitations": "Full text not retrieved; immersion preload on VO2/LT tests unresolved. Not elite.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:20724560&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00495.2010" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC43", "authors": "Rendell RA et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017", "pmid": "28592459", "design": "Crossover heat acclimation ± overnight hypoxia", "population": "8 men, VO2max 58.5±8.3", "duration": "10 days isothermal exercise-heat", "key_results": "Plasma volume +5.9 (7.3)%. EPO +1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml. Haemoglobin mass unchanged. Small temperate performance gains. Overnight hypoxia added nothing.", "limitations": "Short HA. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28592459&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC43", "citation_ids": [ "REC43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC43", "authors": "Rendell RA et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017", "pmid": "28592459", "design": "Crossover heat acclimation ± overnight hypoxia", "population": "8 men, VO2max 58.5±8.3", "duration": "10 days isothermal exercise-heat", "key_results": "Plasma volume +5.9 (7.3)%. EPO +1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml. Haemoglobin mass unchanged. Small temperate performance gains. Overnight hypoxia added nothing.", "limitations": "Short HA. Small n.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28592459&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC44", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Five weeks of heat training increases haemoglobin mass in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088544", "doi": "10.1113/EP088544", "pmid": "32436633", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "23 elite male cyclists, VO2max 76.2±7.6", "duration": "1 h easy cycling, 37.8°C, 5x/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +42 g vs +6 g control. VO2max increase not greater than control. Small-to-moderate effects on LT power, fatigued economy, 15 min power. Tests at 16-19°C.", "limitations": "Not sauna. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32436633&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088544" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC44", "citation_ids": [ "REC44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC44", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Five weeks of heat training increases haemoglobin mass in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088544", "doi": "10.1113/EP088544", "pmid": "32436633", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "23 elite male cyclists, VO2max 76.2±7.6", "duration": "1 h easy cycling, 37.8°C, 5x/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +42 g vs +6 g control. VO2max increase not greater than control. Small-to-moderate effects on LT power, fatigued economy, 15 min power. Tests at 16-19°C.", "limitations": "Not sauna. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:32436633&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088544" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC45", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat Training Efficiently Increases and Maintains Hemoglobin Mass and Temperate Endurance Performance in Elite Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928", "pmid": "35394464", "design": "Controlled training study with maintenance phase", "population": "Elite cyclists", "duration": "5x50 min/week, 5 weeks, chamber or heat suit; then 3x/week for 3 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +2.6% suit, +2.4% chamber, -0.7% control. Pooled performance index +4.9±3.2% vs +1.7±1.1%. 3 sessions/week maintained rise better than stopping (3.3% vs 0.8%).", "limitations": "Maintenance is not induction. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35394464&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC45", "citation_ids": [ "REC45" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC45", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat Training Efficiently Increases and Maintains Hemoglobin Mass and Temperate Endurance Performance in Elite Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928", "pmid": "35394464", "design": "Controlled training study with maintenance phase", "population": "Elite cyclists", "duration": "5x50 min/week, 5 weeks, chamber or heat suit; then 3x/week for 3 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +2.6% suit, +2.4% chamber, -0.7% control. Pooled performance index +4.9±3.2% vs +1.7±1.1%. 3 sessions/week maintained rise better than stopping (3.3% vs 0.8%).", "limitations": "Maintenance is not induction. Abstract-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35394464&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002928" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC46", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat suit training increases hemoglobin mass in elite cross-country skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14156", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14156", "pmid": "35305278", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "25 elite male skiers", "duration": "5x50 min/week heat suit, 5 weeks", "key_results": "+30 g Hb mass vs control (95% CI 8.5 to 51.7). No group difference in performance determinants or 15 min trial.", "limitations": "Hb mass gain without performance gain.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35305278&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14156" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC46", "citation_ids": [ "REC46" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC46", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat suit training increases hemoglobin mass in elite cross-country skiers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14156", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14156", "pmid": "35305278", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "25 elite male skiers", "duration": "5x50 min/week heat suit, 5 weeks", "key_results": "+30 g Hb mass vs control (95% CI 8.5 to 51.7). No group difference in performance determinants or 15 min trial.", "limitations": "Hb mass gain without performance gain.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35305278&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14156" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC47", "authors": "Lundby C et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Hematological, skeletal muscle fiber, and exercise performance adaptations to heat training in elite female and male cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023", "pmid": "37262101", "design": "Randomised control vs heat training", "population": "20 elite women VO2max 58.2; 27 elite men 76.4", "duration": "5x50 min/week, 5 weeks, inside normal training", "key_results": "Women Hb mass +4.0±1.6% (650 to 675 g); men +3.5±2.3% (1008 to 1041 g). LT, VO2max, and 15 min power improved in thermoneutral conditions. Muscle CS, fibre type, capillaries unchanged.", "limitations": "Abstract does not specify chamber temperature or suit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37262101&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC47", "citation_ids": [ "REC47" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC47", "authors": "Lundby C et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Hematological, skeletal muscle fiber, and exercise performance adaptations to heat training in elite female and male cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023", "pmid": "37262101", "design": "Randomised control vs heat training", "population": "20 elite women VO2max 58.2; 27 elite men 76.4", "duration": "5x50 min/week, 5 weeks, inside normal training", "key_results": "Women Hb mass +4.0±1.6% (650 to 675 g); men +3.5±2.3% (1008 to 1041 g). LT, VO2max, and 15 min power improved in thermoneutral conditions. Muscle CS, fibre type, capillaries unchanged.", "limitations": "Abstract does not specify chamber temperature or suit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37262101&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2023" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC48", "authors": "Oberholzer L et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Hematological Adaptations to Prolonged Heat Acclimation in Endurance-Trained Males", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01379", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01379", "pmid": "31749713", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "21 male cyclists, VO2peak 59.1±5.2", "duration": "1 h at 60% VO2peak in 40°C, 5 days/week, 5.5 weeks", "key_results": "Plasma volume rose in heat and control. Hb mass +34±36 g vs +2±33 g; interaction p=0.061. Reticulocytes and BV hormones unchanged.", "limitations": "Not a clear positive Hb-mass trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31749713&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01379" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC48", "citation_ids": [ "REC48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC48", "authors": "Oberholzer L et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Hematological Adaptations to Prolonged Heat Acclimation in Endurance-Trained Males", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01379", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01379", "pmid": "31749713", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "21 male cyclists, VO2peak 59.1±5.2", "duration": "1 h at 60% VO2peak in 40°C, 5 days/week, 5.5 weeks", "key_results": "Plasma volume rose in heat and control. Hb mass +34±36 g vs +2±33 g; interaction p=0.061. Reticulocytes and BV hormones unchanged.", "limitations": "Not a clear positive Hb-mass trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31749713&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01379" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC49", "authors": "Cubel C et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Time-course for onset and decay of physiological adaptations in endurance trained athletes undertaking prolonged heat acclimation training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505", "doi": "10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505", "pmid": "39583901", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "20 elite male cyclists", "duration": "Six 1 h heat-suit sessions/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +30 g (+3%) at 3 weeks, +40 g (+4%) at 5 weeks; back to baseline at 2 weeks. Incremental peak power +12 W; VO2max p=0.094. Hot TTE +15 min, also decayed by 2 weeks.", "limitations": "Elite men. VO2max not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39583901&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC49", "citation_ids": [ "REC49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC49", "authors": "Cubel C et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Time-course for onset and decay of physiological adaptations in endurance trained athletes undertaking prolonged heat acclimation training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505", "doi": "10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505", "pmid": "39583901", "design": "Controlled training study", "population": "20 elite male cyclists", "duration": "Six 1 h heat-suit sessions/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +30 g (+3%) at 3 weeks, +40 g (+4%) at 5 weeks; back to baseline at 2 weeks. Incremental peak power +12 W; VO2max p=0.094. Hot TTE +15 min, also decayed by 2 weeks.", "limitations": "Elite men. VO2max not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39583901&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2024.2383505" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC50", "authors": "Cubel C et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Haematological adaptations to high-altitude and heat acclimation training in elite male cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092968", "doi": "10.1113/EP092968", "pmid": "40929090", "design": "Within-athlete comparison of camps", "population": "12 elite male cyclists; 7 also did heat", "duration": "21 days at 3000 m; heat was six 1 h sessions/week for 5 weeks", "key_results": "Altitude Hb mass +3.5±2.0%, decayed by 10 days. Paired heat +5.4±3.9%, not different from altitude (n=7). No performance gain after altitude camp.", "limitations": "Small paired n. Not a shared-mechanism proof. First published 2025-09-10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40929090&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092968" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC50", "citation_ids": [ "REC50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC50", "authors": "Cubel C et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "Haematological adaptations to high-altitude and heat acclimation training in elite male cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092968", "doi": "10.1113/EP092968", "pmid": "40929090", "design": "Within-athlete comparison of camps", "population": "12 elite male cyclists; 7 also did heat", "duration": "21 days at 3000 m; heat was six 1 h sessions/week for 5 weeks", "key_results": "Altitude Hb mass +3.5±2.0%, decayed by 10 days. Paired heat +5.4±3.9%, not different from altitude (n=7). No performance gain after altitude camp.", "limitations": "Small paired n. Not a shared-mechanism proof. First published 2025-09-10.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40929090&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092968" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC51", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Heat Suit Training Preserves the Increased Hemoglobin Mass after Altitude Camp in Elite Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542", "pmid": "39160765", "design": "Controlled maintenance after altitude", "population": "18 elite male cyclists, VO2max 76±5", "duration": "3 heat-suit sessions/week for 3.5 weeks after 3 weeks at ~2100 m; duration not in abstract", "key_results": "Camp +4.1% Hb mass. Heat maintained (0.2%) vs control -3.3%. Heat plasma volume +11.6%.", "limitations": "Maintenance, not sea-level induction. Session length not in retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39160765&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC51", "citation_ids": [ "REC51" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC51", "authors": "Rønnestad BR et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Heat Suit Training Preserves the Increased Hemoglobin Mass after Altitude Camp in Elite Cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542", "pmid": "39160765", "design": "Controlled maintenance after altitude", "population": "18 elite male cyclists, VO2max 76±5", "duration": "3 heat-suit sessions/week for 3.5 weeks after 3 weeks at ~2100 m; duration not in abstract", "key_results": "Camp +4.1% Hb mass. Heat maintained (0.2%) vs control -3.3%. Heat plasma volume +11.6%.", "limitations": "Maintenance, not sea-level induction. Session length not in retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39160765&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003542" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC52", "authors": "Jenkins EJ et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Long-term passive heat acclimation enhances maximal oxygen consumption via haematological and cardiac adaptation in endurance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289874", "doi": "10.1113/JP289874", "pmid": "41267396", "design": "Within-subject counterbalanced crossover", "population": "10 well-trained runners (9 male), VO2max 64.5±8.1", "duration": "≥40°C hot-water immersion, 45 min, 5x/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +33 g (95% CI 18 to 49). Blood volume +284 ml. VO2max +2.7 ml/kg/min (1.4 to 4.1).", "limitations": "Not 3x/week. Not cyclists. Not sauna. Small n. First published 2025-11-20.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41267396&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289874" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC52", "citation_ids": [ "REC52" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC52", "authors": "Jenkins EJ et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Long-term passive heat acclimation enhances maximal oxygen consumption via haematological and cardiac adaptation in endurance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289874", "doi": "10.1113/JP289874", "pmid": "41267396", "design": "Within-subject counterbalanced crossover", "population": "10 well-trained runners (9 male), VO2max 64.5±8.1", "duration": "≥40°C hot-water immersion, 45 min, 5x/week, 5 weeks", "key_results": "Hb mass +33 g (95% CI 18 to 49). Blood volume +284 ml. VO2max +2.7 ml/kg/min (1.4 to 4.1).", "limitations": "Not 3x/week. Not cyclists. Not sauna. Small n. First published 2025-11-20.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41267396&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP289874" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC53", "authors": "Jenkins EJ et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Mechanisms of haemoglobin mass expansion following heat stress", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288997", "doi": "10.1113/JP288997", "pmid": "40836483", "design": "Mechanistic review", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues long-term heat acclimation (≥5 weeks) can expand Hb mass ~2-4% via erythropoiesis that diverges from hypoxia pathways (renal oxygen tension, plasma-volume signals, cellular stress). Passive heat is discussed as unproven at the time of that review relative to exercise-heat.", "limitations": "Review claim that every study showed concurrent VO2max gains is stronger than several original trials retrieved here.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40836483&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288997" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC53", "citation_ids": [ "REC53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC53", "authors": "Jenkins EJ et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Mechanisms of haemoglobin mass expansion following heat stress", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288997", "doi": "10.1113/JP288997", "pmid": "40836483", "design": "Mechanistic review", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues long-term heat acclimation (≥5 weeks) can expand Hb mass ~2-4% via erythropoiesis that diverges from hypoxia pathways (renal oxygen tension, plasma-volume signals, cellular stress). Passive heat is discussed as unproven at the time of that review relative to exercise-heat.", "limitations": "Review claim that every study showed concurrent VO2max gains is stronger than several original trials retrieved here.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:40836483&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP288997" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC54", "authors": "Lundby C, Robach P", "year": 2025, "title": "Altitude or heat training to increase haemoglobin mass and endurance exercise performance in elite sport", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287700", "doi": "10.1113/JP287700", "pmid": "41139221", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance sport", "duration": "3-5 weeks heat training", "key_results": "Heat training repeatedly raises Hb mass; associated performance gains are only small. Should not displace the rest of elite preparation. Individual choice versus altitude.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41139221&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287700" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC54", "citation_ids": [ "REC54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC54", "authors": "Lundby C, Robach P", "year": 2025, "title": "Altitude or heat training to increase haemoglobin mass and endurance exercise performance in elite sport", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287700", "doi": "10.1113/JP287700", "pmid": "41139221", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance sport", "duration": "3-5 weeks heat training", "key_results": "Heat training repeatedly raises Hb mass; associated performance gains are only small. Should not displace the rest of elite preparation. Individual choice versus altitude.", "limitations": "Review, not a new trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41139221&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1113/JP287700" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC55", "authors": "Nybo L, Rønnestad B, Lundby C", "year": 2024, "title": "High or hot-Perspectives on altitude camps and heat-acclimation training as preparation for prolonged stage races", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14268", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14268", "pmid": "36350277", "design": "Perspective", "population": "Elite cyclists preparing for stage races", "duration": "Weeks", "key_results": "Heat-acclimation training discussed as alternative or adjunct to altitude for haematological adaptation. Practical experience, not a trial. First published 2022-12-22.", "limitations": "Perspective.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36350277&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14268" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC55", "citation_ids": [ "REC55" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC55", "authors": "Nybo L, Rønnestad B, Lundby C", "year": 2024, "title": "High or hot-Perspectives on altitude camps and heat-acclimation training as preparation for prolonged stage races", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14268", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14268", "pmid": "36350277", "design": "Perspective", "population": "Elite cyclists preparing for stage races", "duration": "Weeks", "key_results": "Heat-acclimation training discussed as alternative or adjunct to altitude for haematological adaptation. Practical experience, not a trial. First published 2022-12-22.", "limitations": "Perspective.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36350277&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14268" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC56", "authors": "Sitkowski D et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Hematological Adaptations to Post-Exercise Sauna Bathing With No Fluid Intake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684", "doi": "10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684", "pmid": "34727008", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "13 physical-education students", "duration": "3x/week, 4 weeks, 30 min sauna at 89±3°C after 60 min cycling; no fluid", "key_results": "No additional Hb mass, EPO, or fitness benefit versus training alone. Hb-mass changes within typical error <1.8%.", "limitations": "Students. Fluid withheld. 30 not 45 min.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34727008&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC56", "citation_ids": [ "REC56" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC56", "authors": "Sitkowski D et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Hematological Adaptations to Post-Exercise Sauna Bathing With No Fluid Intake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684", "doi": "10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684", "pmid": "34727008", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "13 physical-education students", "duration": "3x/week, 4 weeks, 30 min sauna at 89±3°C after 60 min cycling; no fluid", "key_results": "No additional Hb mass, EPO, or fitness benefit versus training alone. Hb-mass changes within typical error <1.8%.", "limitations": "Students. Fluid withheld. 30 not 45 min.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34727008&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1921684" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC57", "authors": "Kjertakov M, Aughey R, Petersen A", "year": 2026, "title": "Limited benefit of repeated post-exercise hot water immersion on exercise performance of well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4", "pmid": "41432746", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "16 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "6 days; 40 min at 50% PPO in ~14°C then 40 min hot or thermoneutral water", "key_results": "No 20 km TT benefit at 27°C or 35°C. Some perceptual and HR changes at 27°C. First published 2025-12-23.", "limitations": "Short passive protocol. n=8 per arm.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41432746&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC57", "citation_ids": [ "REC57" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC57", "authors": "Kjertakov M, Aughey R, Petersen A", "year": 2026, "title": "Limited benefit of repeated post-exercise hot water immersion on exercise performance of well-trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4", "pmid": "41432746", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "16 well-trained male cyclists", "duration": "6 days; 40 min at 50% PPO in ~14°C then 40 min hot or thermoneutral water", "key_results": "No 20 km TT benefit at 27°C or 35°C. Some perceptual and HR changes at 27°C. First published 2025-12-23.", "limitations": "Short passive protocol. n=8 per arm.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:41432746&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-06041-4" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC58", "authors": "McIntyre RD et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "A comparison of medium-term heat acclimation by post-exercise hot water immersion or exercise in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021", "pmid": "36094449", "design": "Randomised comparison", "population": "Men; recreational model", "duration": "Up to 12 days post-exercise 40°C bath vs exercise at 33°C or 19°C", "key_results": "12 days immersion gave fuller thermal adaptation than exercise-heat without differences in endurance capacity or overreaching markers including sleep (P≥0.190).", "limitations": "Not elite cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36094449&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC58", "citation_ids": [ "REC58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC58", "authors": "McIntyre RD et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "A comparison of medium-term heat acclimation by post-exercise hot water immersion or exercise in the heat", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021", "doi": "10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021", "pmid": "36094449", "design": "Randomised comparison", "population": "Men; recreational model", "duration": "Up to 12 days post-exercise 40°C bath vs exercise at 33°C or 19°C", "key_results": "12 days immersion gave fuller thermal adaptation than exercise-heat without differences in endurance capacity or overreaching markers including sleep (P≥0.190).", "limitations": "Not elite cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:36094449&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2021" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC59", "authors": "Sim M et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y", "pmid": "31055680", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athlete cohorts", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Iron deficiency about 15-35% of female athlete cohorts and 5-11% of male cohorts in summarised studies. Hepcidin highlighted as a regulator of athlete iron metabolism.", "limitations": "Prevalence depends on cut-off and cohort.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31055680&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC59", "citation_ids": [ "REC59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC59", "authors": "Sim M et al.", "year": 2019, "title": "Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y", "pmid": "31055680", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athlete cohorts", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Iron deficiency about 15-35% of female athlete cohorts and 5-11% of male cohorts in summarised studies. Hepcidin highlighted as a regulator of athlete iron metabolism.", "limitations": "Prevalence depends on cut-off and cohort.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31055680&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04157-y" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC60", "authors": "Clénin G et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Iron deficiency in sports - definition, influence on performance and therapy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14196", "doi": "10.4414/smw.2015.14196", "pmid": "26512429", "design": "Consensus / practical review", "population": "Athletes >15 years; separate child cut-offs", "duration": "Monitoring about twice yearly if followed", "key_results": "Ferritin <15 empty, 15-30 low, 30 µg/L cut-off; 50 µg/L before altitude. Intermittent oral iron if repeatedly low. Long-term daily or IV iron with normal or high ferritin does not make sense and may be harmful.", "limitations": "Consensus cut-off, not a universal biological law.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26512429&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14196" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC60", "citation_ids": [ "REC60" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC60", "authors": "Clénin G et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Iron deficiency in sports - definition, influence on performance and therapy", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14196", "doi": "10.4414/smw.2015.14196", "pmid": "26512429", "design": "Consensus / practical review", "population": "Athletes >15 years; separate child cut-offs", "duration": "Monitoring about twice yearly if followed", "key_results": "Ferritin <15 empty, 15-30 low, 30 µg/L cut-off; 50 µg/L before altitude. Intermittent oral iron if repeatedly low. Long-term daily or IV iron with normal or high ferritin does not make sense and may be harmful.", "limitations": "Consensus cut-off, not a universal biological law.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26512429&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14196" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC61", "authors": "Clénin GE", "year": 2017, "title": "The treatment of iron deficiency without anaemia (in otherwise healthy persons)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2017.14434", "doi": "10.4414/smw.2017.14434", "pmid": "28634965", "design": "Clinical review", "population": "Otherwise healthy people with iron deficiency without anaemia", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Discusses treatment of iron deficiency without anaemia. Not a licence to treat normal ferritin.", "limitations": "Abstract not used for a specific dose.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28634965&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2017.14434" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC61", "citation_ids": [ "REC61" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC61", "authors": "Clénin GE", "year": 2017, "title": "The treatment of iron deficiency without anaemia (in otherwise healthy persons)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2017.14434", "doi": "10.4414/smw.2017.14434", "pmid": "28634965", "design": "Clinical review", "population": "Otherwise healthy people with iron deficiency without anaemia", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Discusses treatment of iron deficiency without anaemia. Not a licence to treat normal ferritin.", "limitations": "Abstract not used for a specific dose.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:28634965&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2017.14434" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC62", "authors": "Burden RJ et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Is iron treatment beneficial in iron-deficient but non-anaemic endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624", "pmid": "25361786", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "17 studies; IDNA endurance athletes", "duration": "Varied iron treatments", "key_results": "Large effects on ferritin, serum iron, transferrin saturation. Moderate effect on [Hb] and VO2max (Hedges g 0.610, 95% CI 0.399 to 0.821).", "limitations": "Deficient athletes only. Not a replete-athlete ergogenic.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25361786&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC62", "citation_ids": [ "REC62" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC62", "authors": "Burden RJ et al.", "year": 2015, "title": "Is iron treatment beneficial in iron-deficient but non-anaemic endurance athletes?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624", "pmid": "25361786", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "17 studies; IDNA endurance athletes", "duration": "Varied iron treatments", "key_results": "Large effects on ferritin, serum iron, transferrin saturation. Moderate effect on [Hb] and VO2max (Hedges g 0.610, 95% CI 0.399 to 0.821).", "limitations": "Deficient athletes only. Not a replete-athlete ergogenic.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:25361786&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093624" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC63", "authors": "Šmid AN et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of Oral Iron Supplementation on Blood Iron Status in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8", "pmid": "38407751", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "13 studies, n=449, healthy adult athletes", "duration": "Oral iron; search to Nov 2022", "key_results": "Ferritin SMD 1.27 (0.44 to 2.10), clearest if baseline ≤12 µg/L. Hb and transferrin markers not reliably changed. VO2max SMD 0.49, p=0.086. Evidence moderate to low. Effective trial doses 16-100 mg elemental iron for 6-8 weeks.", "limitations": "Not a screening cut-off study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38407751&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC63", "citation_ids": [ "REC63" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC63", "authors": "Šmid AN et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Effects of Oral Iron Supplementation on Blood Iron Status in Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8", "pmid": "38407751", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "13 studies, n=449, healthy adult athletes", "duration": "Oral iron; search to Nov 2022", "key_results": "Ferritin SMD 1.27 (0.44 to 2.10), clearest if baseline ≤12 µg/L. Hb and transferrin markers not reliably changed. VO2max SMD 0.49, p=0.086. Evidence moderate to low. Effective trial doses 16-100 mg elemental iron for 6-8 weeks.", "limitations": "Not a screening cut-off study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:38407751&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC64", "authors": "Pengelly M et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Iron deficiency, supplementation, and sports performance in female athletes: A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009", "pmid": "39536912", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "23 studies, 669 high-level female athletes, ferritin <40 µg/L", "duration": "Varied supplementation", "key_results": "Iron deficiency associated with 3-4% worse endurance. Supplementation improved endurance in included deficient athletes. Most groups ≤20. Quality moderate.", "limitations": "Inclusion cut-off <40 is a review definition. Wide improvement ranges.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39536912&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC64", "citation_ids": [ "REC64" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC64", "authors": "Pengelly M et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Iron deficiency, supplementation, and sports performance in female athletes: A systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009", "pmid": "39536912", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "23 studies, 669 high-level female athletes, ferritin <40 µg/L", "duration": "Varied supplementation", "key_results": "Iron deficiency associated with 3-4% worse endurance. Supplementation improved endurance in included deficient athletes. Most groups ≤20. Quality moderate.", "limitations": "Inclusion cut-off <40 is a review definition. Wide improvement ranges.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39536912&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101009" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC65", "authors": "McCarthy E et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "The Effect of Diet and Dietary Supplements on Iron Status of Active Females", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x", "pmid": "42271116", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Active females of reproductive age", "duration": "Search to March 2026; first published 2026-06-10", "key_results": "Ferrous sulfate: haemoglobin +0.42 g/dL (0.10 to 0.74); ferritin +12.61 ng/mL (8.29 to 16.92).", "limitations": "Abstract does not establish a performance benefit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42271116&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC65", "citation_ids": [ "REC65" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC65", "authors": "McCarthy E et al.", "year": 2026, "title": "The Effect of Diet and Dietary Supplements on Iron Status of Active Females", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x", "pmid": "42271116", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Active females of reproductive age", "duration": "Search to March 2026; first published 2026-06-10", "key_results": "Ferrous sulfate: haemoglobin +0.42 g/dL (0.10 to 0.74); ferritin +12.61 ng/mL (8.29 to 16.92).", "limitations": "Abstract does not establish a performance benefit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:42271116&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02464-x" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC66", "authors": "Pedlar CR et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178", "pmid": "29280410", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Female athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "[Hb] confounded by plasma-volume shifts; ferritin confounded by inflammation. No sport-specific universal norms. Supplementation often required in deficiency; nutrition and rest also matter. Injection is time-critical, not routine.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29280410&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC66", "citation_ids": [ "REC66" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC66", "authors": "Pedlar CR et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178", "doi": "10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178", "pmid": "29280410", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Female athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "[Hb] confounded by plasma-volume shifts; ferritin confounded by inflammation. No sport-specific universal norms. Supplementation often required in deficiency; nutrition and rest also matter. Injection is time-critical, not routine.", "limitations": "Review.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:29280410&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1416178" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC67", "authors": "McKay AKA et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Methodological Considerations for Investigating Iron Status and Regulation in Exercise and Sport Science Studies", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343", "pmid": "35365588", "design": "Methods review", "population": "Athlete iron research", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Blood-draw timing, screening, and biomarker choice change iron-status interpretation.", "limitations": "Methods paper; no new prevalence estimate used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35365588&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC67", "citation_ids": [ "REC67" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC67", "authors": "McKay AKA et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Methodological Considerations for Investigating Iron Status and Regulation in Exercise and Sport Science Studies", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343", "pmid": "35365588", "design": "Methods review", "population": "Athlete iron research", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Blood-draw timing, screening, and biomarker choice change iron-status interpretation.", "limitations": "Methods paper; no new prevalence estimate used.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35365588&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0343" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC68", "authors": "Peeling P et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6", "pmid": "18365240", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lists haemolysis, haematuria, sweat, and gastrointestinal bleeding as loss routes, plus inflammation-driven hepcidin.", "limitations": "Does not quantify cycling GI loss.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18365240&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC68", "citation_ids": [ "REC68" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC68", "authors": "Peeling P et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6", "pmid": "18365240", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Lists haemolysis, haematuria, sweat, and gastrointestinal bleeding as loss routes, plus inflammation-driven hepcidin.", "limitations": "Does not quantify cycling GI loss.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18365240&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC69", "authors": "Peeling P et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Iron status and the acute post-exercise hepcidin response in athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0093002", "pmid": "24667393", "design": "Pooled athlete exercise trials", "population": "54 athletes grouped by ferritin", "duration": "Single running sessions", "key_results": "Post-exercise hepcidin rose in groups with ferritin ≥30 µg/L, not significantly in <30 µg/L. Baseline stores shape the hepcidin response.", "limitations": "Runners. Not a supplementation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24667393&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC69", "citation_ids": [ "REC69" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC69", "authors": "Peeling P et al.", "year": 2014, "title": "Iron status and the acute post-exercise hepcidin response in athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0093002", "pmid": "24667393", "design": "Pooled athlete exercise trials", "population": "54 athletes grouped by ferritin", "duration": "Single running sessions", "key_results": "Post-exercise hepcidin rose in groups with ferritin ≥30 µg/L, not significantly in <30 µg/L. Baseline stores shape the hepcidin response.", "limitations": "Runners. Not a supplementation trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:24667393&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093002" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC70", "authors": "Fensham NC et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Factors Influencing the Hepcidin Response to Exercise: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5", "pmid": "37347443", "design": "Individual participant data meta-analysis", "population": "Exercise hepcidin studies", "duration": "3 h post-exercise window", "key_results": "Exercise associated with 1.5-2.5-fold hepcidin increase. Duration explained ~44% of the change score. Females tended to have a smaller absolute response; sample imbalance limits sex conclusions.", "limitations": "Not cycling-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37347443&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC70", "citation_ids": [ "REC70" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2023 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC70", "authors": "Fensham NC et al.", "year": 2023, "title": "Factors Influencing the Hepcidin Response to Exercise: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5", "pmid": "37347443", "design": "Individual participant data meta-analysis", "population": "Exercise hepcidin studies", "duration": "3 h post-exercise window", "key_results": "Exercise associated with 1.5-2.5-fold hepcidin increase. Duration explained ~44% of the change score. Females tended to have a smaller absolute response; sample imbalance limits sex conclusions.", "limitations": "Not cycling-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:37347443&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01874-5" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC71", "authors": "Telford RD et al.", "year": 2003, "title": "Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001", "pmid": "12391035", "design": "Randomised-order crossover", "population": "10 male triathletes", "duration": "1 h running vs cycling at 75% peak VO2", "key_results": "Plasma free haemoglobin rose after both; rise fourfold greater after running. Haptoglobin fell after running only.", "limitations": "Acute markers, not seasonal iron balance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12391035&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC71", "citation_ids": [ "REC71" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2003 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC71", "authors": "Telford RD et al.", "year": 2003, "title": "Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during running", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001", "pmid": "12391035", "design": "Randomised-order crossover", "population": "10 male triathletes", "duration": "1 h running vs cycling at 75% peak VO2", "key_results": "Plasma free haemoglobin rose after both; rise fourfold greater after running. Haptoglobin fell after running only.", "limitations": "Acute markers, not seasonal iron balance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12391035&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2001" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC72", "authors": "DeRuisseau KC et al.", "year": 2002, "title": "Sweat iron and zinc losses during prolonged exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428", "pmid": "12500986", "design": "Controlled exercise bout", "population": "9 male and 9 female recreational cyclists", "duration": "2 h at ~50% VO2peak, 23°C", "key_results": "Sweat iron loss lower in hour 2 (0.042 vs 0.060 mg/m2/h). 2 h losses about 3% and 1% of then RDA for men and women.", "limitations": "Temperate, not a heat block. Regional sweat estimates.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12500986&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC72", "citation_ids": [ "REC72" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2002 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC72", "authors": "DeRuisseau KC et al.", "year": 2002, "title": "Sweat iron and zinc losses during prolonged exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428", "pmid": "12500986", "design": "Controlled exercise bout", "population": "9 male and 9 female recreational cyclists", "duration": "2 h at ~50% VO2peak, 23°C", "key_results": "Sweat iron loss lower in hour 2 (0.042 vs 0.060 mg/m2/h). 2 h losses about 3% and 1% of then RDA for men and women.", "limitations": "Temperate, not a heat block. Regional sweat estimates.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:12500986&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.428" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC73", "authors": "Waller MF, Haymes EM", "year": 1996, "title": "The effects of heat and exercise on sweat iron loss", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007", "pmid": "8775154", "design": "Controlled environments", "population": "9 male and 9 female athletes", "duration": "1 h rest in 40°C or exercise at 50% VO2max in 25°C or 35°C", "key_results": "Estimated exercise iron loss higher than rest (~0.08 vs 0.039 mg/m2/h). Concentration not simply higher in hotter exercise.", "limitations": "Arm-sweat extrapolation. Short bout.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:8775154&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC73", "citation_ids": [ "REC73" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1996 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC73", "authors": "Waller MF, Haymes EM", "year": 1996, "title": "The effects of heat and exercise on sweat iron loss", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007", "pmid": "8775154", "design": "Controlled environments", "population": "9 male and 9 female athletes", "duration": "1 h rest in 40°C or exercise at 50% VO2max in 25°C or 35°C", "key_results": "Estimated exercise iron loss higher than rest (~0.08 vs 0.039 mg/m2/h). Concentration not simply higher in hotter exercise.", "limitations": "Arm-sweat extrapolation. Short bout.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:8775154&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199602000-00007" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC74", "authors": "Chinevere TD et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "Effect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04", "pmid": "18408609", "design": "Pre-post heat acclimation", "population": "8 men", "duration": "10 days walking in 45°C", "key_results": "Sweat sodium fell. Sweat iron concentration trend -75% (p=0.07). Estimated hourly iron loss not significantly reduced.", "limitations": "Arm glove. Iron change not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18408609&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC74", "citation_ids": [ "REC74" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC74", "authors": "Chinevere TD et al.", "year": 2008, "title": "Effect of heat acclimation on sweat minerals", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04", "pmid": "18408609", "design": "Pre-post heat acclimation", "population": "8 men", "duration": "10 days walking in 45°C", "key_results": "Sweat sodium fell. Sweat iron concentration trend -75% (p=0.07). Estimated hourly iron loss not significantly reduced.", "limitations": "Arm glove. Iron change not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:18408609&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181641c04" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC75", "authors": "Sumi D et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat acclimation does not attenuate hepcidin elevation after a single session of endurance exercise under hot condition", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8", "pmid": "35674827", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "15 healthy men", "duration": "10 days, 8 sessions of 60 min at 50% VO2max in 35°C or 18°C", "key_results": "Hot training lowered core temperature. Hepcidin still rose after a hot exercise test; heat acclimation did not attenuate that rise versus control.", "limitations": "Men. Not cyclists specifically. Not a seasonal iron-balance study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35674827&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC75", "citation_ids": [ "REC75" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC75", "authors": "Sumi D et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Heat acclimation does not attenuate hepcidin elevation after a single session of endurance exercise under hot condition", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8", "pmid": "35674827", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "15 healthy men", "duration": "10 days, 8 sessions of 60 min at 50% VO2max in 35°C or 18°C", "key_results": "Hot training lowered core temperature. Hepcidin still rose after a hot exercise test; heat acclimation did not attenuate that rise versus control.", "limitations": "Men. Not cyclists specifically. Not a seasonal iron-balance study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:35674827&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04974-8" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "REC76", "authors": "Bruinvels G et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The Prevalence and Impact of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) in Elite and Non-Elite Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149881", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0149881", "pmid": "26901873", "design": "Survey", "population": "789 online exercisers; 1073 marathon registrants", "duration": "Cross-sectional", "key_results": "HMB 54% online, 36% marathon, 37% elite respondents. 32% reported anaemia history; 50% had used iron; 22% sought medical advice.", "limitations": "Self-report, not measured menstrual iron loss.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26901873&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149881" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "REC76", "citation_ids": [ "REC76" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "REC76", "authors": "Bruinvels G et al.", "year": 2016, "title": "The Prevalence and Impact of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia) in Elite and Non-Elite Athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149881", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0149881", "pmid": "26901873", "design": "Survey", "population": "789 online exercisers; 1073 marathon registrants", "duration": "Cross-sectional", "key_results": "HMB 54% online, 36% marathon, 37% elite respondents. 32% reported anaemia history; 50% had used iron; 22% sought medical advice.", "limitations": "Self-report, not measured menstrual iron loss.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:26901873&format=json&resultType=core", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149881" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR01", "authors": "Llanos-Lagos C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Saez de Villarreal E", "year": 2026, "title": "Heavy strength training effects on physiological determinants of endurance cyclist performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05883-2", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05883-2", "pmid": "40632222", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials", "population": "262 endurance cyclists (60 women); mean baseline VO2max 61.25 ml/kg/min", "duration": "Included interventions 5-25 weeks, 1-3 sessions/week; search to February 2025", "key_results": "Performance g 0.463 (0.109 to 0.817) is a coherent signed result. Efficiency: small beneficial effect, magnitude about |g| 0.353, p=0.012, low certainty. Prose pairs positive point 0.353 with negative 95% CI (-0.619 to -0.088). Figure 3 displays a negative pooled estimate; caption states negative = beneficial. That positive point plus negative interval is a source reporting inconsistency, not a valid signed pair and not a new estimate. Anaerobic power g 0.560; VO2max, pVO2max, MMSS, and anaerobic capacity not significant. GRADE low. Online 2025-07-09; journal issue 2026, 126(1):193-222.", "limitations": "Low certainty from risk of bias and imprecision; some non-random allocation; no significant moderators so dose is not optimised. Efficiency text point +0.353 with CI -0.619 to -0.088 conflicts with the negative Figure 3 pool; do not treat that pair as one estimate.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12881108/fullTextXML", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40632222" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR01", "citation_ids": [ "STR01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "year_note": "First published online 2025-07-09; journal issue 2026. Same review, not two studies.", "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR01", "authors": "Llanos-Lagos C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Saez de Villarreal E", "year": 2026, "title": "Heavy strength training effects on physiological determinants of endurance cyclist performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05883-2", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05883-2", "pmid": "40632222", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials", "population": "262 endurance cyclists (60 women); mean baseline VO2max 61.25 ml/kg/min", "duration": "Included interventions 5-25 weeks, 1-3 sessions/week; search to February 2025", "key_results": "Performance g 0.463 (0.109 to 0.817) is a coherent signed result. Efficiency: small beneficial effect, magnitude about |g| 0.353, p=0.012, low certainty. Prose pairs positive point 0.353 with negative 95% CI (-0.619 to -0.088). Figure 3 displays a negative pooled estimate; caption states negative = beneficial. That positive point plus negative interval is a source reporting inconsistency, not a valid signed pair and not a new estimate. Anaerobic power g 0.560; VO2max, pVO2max, MMSS, and anaerobic capacity not significant. GRADE low. Online 2025-07-09; journal issue 2026, 126(1):193-222.", "limitations": "Low certainty from risk of bias and imprecision; some non-random allocation; no significant moderators so dose is not optimised. Efficiency text point +0.353 with CI -0.619 to -0.088 conflicts with the negative Figure 3 pool; do not treat that pair as one estimate.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12881108/fullTextXML", "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40632222" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR04", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2010, "title": "In-season strength maintenance training increases well-trained cyclists' performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1622-4", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-010-1622-4", "pmid": "20799042", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Well-trained cyclists; E+S n=6 men; E n=6 (5 men, 1 woman)", "duration": "12-week build at 2 sessions/week then 13 competition weeks at 1 session/week", "key_results": "Maintenance preserved CSA and 1RM. From the start of the build to mid-competition, Wingate peak, power at 2 mmol/L, Wmax, and 40-min power rose; the last two improved more than endurance-only.", "limitations": "Very small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20799042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR04", "citation_ids": [ "STR04" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR04", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2010, "title": "In-season strength maintenance training increases well-trained cyclists' performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1622-4", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-010-1622-4", "pmid": "20799042", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Well-trained cyclists; E+S n=6 men; E n=6 (5 men, 1 woman)", "duration": "12-week build at 2 sessions/week then 13 competition weeks at 1 session/week", "key_results": "Maintenance preserved CSA and 1RM. From the start of the build to mid-competition, Wingate peak, power at 2 mmol/L, Wmax, and 40-min power rose; the last two improved more than endurance-only.", "limitations": "Very small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20799042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR05", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen J, Hollan I, Ellefsen S", "year": 2015, "title": "Strength training improves performance and pedaling characteristics in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12257", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12257", "pmid": "24862305", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Young elite cyclists; ES n=9, E n=7", "duration": "25 weeks heavy strength plus endurance", "key_results": "ES improved isometric squat, lower-body lean mass, Wingate peak, Wmax, power at 4 mmol/L, 40-min power, and earlier peak torque. 40-min change correlated with earlier peak torque (r=0.66). VO2max and economy unchanged.", "limitations": "Small; not randomised in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24862305" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR05", "citation_ids": [ "STR05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR05", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen J, Hollan I, Ellefsen S", "year": 2015, "title": "Strength training improves performance and pedaling characteristics in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12257", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12257", "pmid": "24862305", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Young elite cyclists; ES n=9, E n=7", "duration": "25 weeks heavy strength plus endurance", "key_results": "ES improved isometric squat, lower-body lean mass, Wingate peak, Wmax, power at 4 mmol/L, 40-min power, and earlier peak torque. 40-min change correlated with earlier peak torque (r=0.66). VO2max and economy unchanged.", "limitations": "Small; not randomised in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24862305" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR06", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H", "year": 2017, "title": "10 weeks of heavy strength training improves performance-related measurements in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215499", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2016.1215499", "pmid": "27486014", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Elite cyclists; E&S n=12, E n=8", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Larger gains in isometric half-squat and 30-s Wingate mean power. Tendency for power at 4 mmol/L (P=0.068). 40-min all-out 4+/-6% vs -1+/-6%, P=0.13.", "limitations": "Short for elites; 40-min difference not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27486014" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR06", "citation_ids": [ "STR06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR06", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen J, Nygaard H", "year": 2017, "title": "10 weeks of heavy strength training improves performance-related measurements in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215499", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2016.1215499", "pmid": "27486014", "design": "Controlled intervention", "population": "Elite cyclists; E&S n=12, E n=8", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Larger gains in isometric half-squat and 30-s Wingate mean power. Tendency for power at 4 mmol/L (P=0.068). 40-min all-out 4+/-6% vs -1+/-6%, P=0.13.", "limitations": "Short for elites; 40-min difference not significant.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27486014" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR07", "authors": "Vikmoen O, Ellefsen S, Troen O, Hollan I, Hanestadhaugen M, Raastad T, Ronnestad BR", "year": 2016, "title": "Strength training improves cycling performance, fractional utilization of VO2max and cycling economy in female cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12468", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12468", "pmid": "25892654", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "19 well-trained female cyclists; E+S n=11, E n=8", "duration": "11 weeks; heavy strength twice weekly", "key_results": "40-min power, fractional utilisation, economy, leg-press 1RM, and quadriceps CSA improved more with strength. IIAX-IIX fell and IIA rose. Performance change correlated with fibre shift (r=-0.63) and CSA (r=0.73).", "limitations": "Small; one research group.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25892654" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR07", "citation_ids": [ "STR07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR07", "authors": "Vikmoen O, Ellefsen S, Troen O, Hollan I, Hanestadhaugen M, Raastad T, Ronnestad BR", "year": 2016, "title": "Strength training improves cycling performance, fractional utilization of VO2max and cycling economy in female cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12468", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12468", "pmid": "25892654", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "19 well-trained female cyclists; E+S n=11, E n=8", "duration": "11 weeks; heavy strength twice weekly", "key_results": "40-min power, fractional utilisation, economy, leg-press 1RM, and quadriceps CSA improved more with strength. IIAX-IIX fell and IIA rose. Performance change correlated with fibre shift (r=-0.63) and CSA (r=0.73).", "limitations": "Small; one research group.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25892654" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR08", "authors": "Vikmoen O, Ronnestad BR, Ellefsen S, Raastad T", "year": 2017, "title": "Heavy strength training improves running and cycling performance following prolonged submaximal work in well-trained female athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13149", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.13149", "pmid": "28292885", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "19 well-trained female duathletes; cycling VO2max 54+/-3 ml/kg/min", "duration": "11 weeks; 3x4-10RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "Half-squat 1RM +45+/-22% and leg lean mass +3.1+/-4.0% more than control. 5-min cycling power after 3 h rose 7.0+/-4.5% in E+S; no change in E. Running 5-min power after 1.5 h also rose, with an explicit between-group difference.", "limitations": "Independence from STR07 not established. Between-group p for the cycling 5-min test not stated in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28292885", "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5350167" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR08", "citation_ids": [ "STR08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR08", "authors": "Vikmoen O, Ronnestad BR, Ellefsen S, Raastad T", "year": 2017, "title": "Heavy strength training improves running and cycling performance following prolonged submaximal work in well-trained female athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13149", "doi": "10.14814/phy2.13149", "pmid": "28292885", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "19 well-trained female duathletes; cycling VO2max 54+/-3 ml/kg/min", "duration": "11 weeks; 3x4-10RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "Half-squat 1RM +45+/-22% and leg lean mass +3.1+/-4.0% more than control. 5-min cycling power after 3 h rose 7.0+/-4.5% in E+S; no change in E. Running 5-min power after 1.5 h also rose, with an explicit between-group difference.", "limitations": "Independence from STR07 not established. Between-group p for the cycling 5-min test not stated in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28292885", "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC5350167" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR09", "authors": "Sunde A, Storen O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J", "year": 2010, "title": "Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a", "pmid": "19855311", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "13 completers of 16 competitive road cyclists (10 men, 3 women); intervention 7 men and 1 woman", "duration": "8 weeks; half-squat 4x4RM, 3 times/week", "key_results": "1RM +14.2%, RFD +16.7%, economy at 70% VO2max +4.8%, work efficiency +4.7%, time to exhaustion at pre-intervention maximal aerobic power +17.2%. VO2max and body weight unchanged.", "limitations": "Small completer sample; single exercise.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19855311" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR09", "citation_ids": [ "STR09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR09", "authors": "Sunde A, Storen O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J", "year": 2010, "title": "Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181aeb16a", "pmid": "19855311", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "13 completers of 16 competitive road cyclists (10 men, 3 women); intervention 7 men and 1 woman", "duration": "8 weeks; half-squat 4x4RM, 3 times/week", "key_results": "1RM +14.2%, RFD +16.7%, economy at 70% VO2max +4.8%, work efficiency +4.7%, time to exhaustion at pre-intervention maximal aerobic power +17.2%. VO2max and body weight unchanged.", "limitations": "Small completer sample; single exercise.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19855311" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR10", "authors": "Aagaard P, Andersen JL, Bennekou M, Larsson B, Olesen JL, Crameri R, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M", "year": 2011, "title": "Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top-level cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01283.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01283.x", "pmid": "21362056", "design": "Controlled concurrent-training comparison", "population": "Young elite competitive cyclists, n=14 total; group sizes not in the retrieved abstract", "duration": "16 weeks", "key_results": "MVC and RFD +12-20% with strength. 45-min capacity +8% with strength only. 5-min performance +3-4% in both arms. IIA up and IIX down with strength. VO2max unchanged. Economy improved in endurance-only until it matched the strength group. Capillarisation unchanged.", "limitations": "Group sizes not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21362056" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR10", "citation_ids": [ "STR10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR10", "authors": "Aagaard P, Andersen JL, Bennekou M, Larsson B, Olesen JL, Crameri R, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M", "year": 2011, "title": "Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top-level cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01283.x", "doi": "10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01283.x", "pmid": "21362056", "design": "Controlled concurrent-training comparison", "population": "Young elite competitive cyclists, n=14 total; group sizes not in the retrieved abstract", "duration": "16 weeks", "key_results": "MVC and RFD +12-20% with strength. 45-min capacity +8% with strength only. 5-min performance +3-4% in both arms. IIA up and IIX down with strength. VO2max unchanged. Economy improved in endurance-only until it matched the strength group. Capillarisation unchanged.", "limitations": "Group sizes not in the retrieved abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21362056" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR11", "authors": "Sitko S, Lopez-Laval I, Cirer-Sastre R", "year": 2024, "title": "Influence of conventional resistance training compared to core exercises on road cycling power output", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59371", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.59371", "pmid": "38817493", "design": "Three-arm training intervention", "population": "36 trained road cyclists, mixed licence levels, 12 per arm", "duration": "12 weeks; strength or core twice weekly plus matched cycling", "key_results": "Strength superior to core and cycling-only for 5-s, 60-s, 5-min, and 20-min relative power. 20-min adjusted change about 0.22 vs 0.07 and 0.06 W/kg. Core beat cycling-only only at 5 s. Body mass unchanged. Reported VO2max was estimated from 5-min power.", "limitations": "Not blinded; mixed performance levels; exploratory.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11137631/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR11", "citation_ids": [ "STR11" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR11", "authors": "Sitko S, Lopez-Laval I, Cirer-Sastre R", "year": 2024, "title": "Influence of conventional resistance training compared to core exercises on road cycling power output", "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59371", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.59371", "pmid": "38817493", "design": "Three-arm training intervention", "population": "36 trained road cyclists, mixed licence levels, 12 per arm", "duration": "12 weeks; strength or core twice weekly plus matched cycling", "key_results": "Strength superior to core and cycling-only for 5-s, 60-s, 5-min, and 20-min relative power. 20-min adjusted change about 0.22 vs 0.07 and 0.06 W/kg. Core beat cycling-only only at 5 s. Body mass unchanged. Reported VO2max was estimated from 5-min power.", "limitations": "Not blinded; mixed performance levels; exploratory.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11137631/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR12", "authors": "Barranco-Gil D, Hernandez-Belmonte A, Rodriguez-Rielves V, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Off- and on-bike resistance training in cyclists: a randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39231694/", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003556", "pmid": "39231694", "design": "Randomised controlled trial", "population": "Well-trained male cyclists; off-bike n=12, on-bike n=12, control n=13", "duration": "10 weeks; 2 sessions/week at 70% 1RM; cycling volume and intensity matched", "key_results": "No VO2max effect. Strength rose 2.6-5.8% off-bike and 4.5-7.3% on-bike versus -5.8 to -3.9% in control. Wingate +4.1% and +4.3% versus -4.9%. Quadriceps CSA +2.5% and +2.2% versus -2.3%. Epub 2024-09-03; issue 2025-02-01.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not a time trial. Treat with STR13 as one programme, not two replications. Load was 70% 1RM, not 4-10RM.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39231694/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR12", "citation_ids": [ "STR12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR12", "authors": "Barranco-Gil D, Hernandez-Belmonte A, Rodriguez-Rielves V, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Off- and on-bike resistance training in cyclists: a randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39231694/", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000003556", "pmid": "39231694", "design": "Randomised controlled trial", "population": "Well-trained male cyclists; off-bike n=12, on-bike n=12, control n=13", "duration": "10 weeks; 2 sessions/week at 70% 1RM; cycling volume and intensity matched", "key_results": "No VO2max effect. Strength rose 2.6-5.8% off-bike and 4.5-7.3% on-bike versus -5.8 to -3.9% in control. Wingate +4.1% and +4.3% versus -4.9%. Quadriceps CSA +2.5% and +2.2% versus -2.3%. Epub 2024-09-03; issue 2025-02-01.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Not a time trial. Treat with STR13 as one programme, not two replications. Load was 70% 1RM, not 4-10RM.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39231694/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR13", "authors": "Pallares JG, Barranco-Gil D, Rodriguez-Rielves V, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Cyclists do not need to incorporate off-bike resistance training to increase strength, muscle-tendon structure, and pedaling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2025.146790", "doi": "10.5114/biolsport.2025.146790", "pmid": "40657002", "design": "Randomised controlled trial; same design size and protocol as STR12", "population": "Well-trained cyclists; VO2max about 62-63 ml/kg/min; weekly cycling about 10.7-10.9 h", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Both RT arms improved squat force; on-bike uniquely improved pedaling force. MAP rose within RT arms. Time to exhaustion and efficiency had no significant group-by-time interaction. Control lost force and quadriceps size. Off-bike pain and stiffness trends were not significant (ES 0.33 and 0.37).", "limitations": "Title overstates substitution. TTE not significant. Same programme as STR12.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12244400/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR13", "citation_ids": [ "STR13" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR13", "authors": "Pallares JG, Barranco-Gil D, Rodriguez-Rielves V, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Cyclists do not need to incorporate off-bike resistance training to increase strength, muscle-tendon structure, and pedaling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2025.146790", "doi": "10.5114/biolsport.2025.146790", "pmid": "40657002", "design": "Randomised controlled trial; same design size and protocol as STR12", "population": "Well-trained cyclists; VO2max about 62-63 ml/kg/min; weekly cycling about 10.7-10.9 h", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "Both RT arms improved squat force; on-bike uniquely improved pedaling force. MAP rose within RT arms. Time to exhaustion and efficiency had no significant group-by-time interaction. Control lost force and quadriceps size. Off-bike pain and stiffness trends were not significant (ES 0.33 and 0.37).", "limitations": "Title overstates substitution. TTE not significant. Same programme as STR12.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12244400/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR14", "authors": "Kristoffersen M, Sandbakk O, Ronnestad BR, Gundersen H", "year": 2019, "title": "Comparison of short-sprint and heavy strength training on cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01132", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01132", "pmid": "31555153", "design": "Randomised comparison after a shared strength period", "population": "28 competitive cyclists; VO2max 61.1+/-5.9 ml/kg/min", "duration": "4 weeks shared strength then 6 weeks heavy strength or short sprints", "key_results": "Short sprints superior for 6-s, 30-s, and 55 m sprint power. Heavy strength superior for maximal strength. No group difference in endurance-capacity changes.", "limitations": "Does not test plyometrics. Gross-efficiency statistic was not cleanly recoverable from the abstract markup.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31555153" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR14", "citation_ids": [ "STR14" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR14", "authors": "Kristoffersen M, Sandbakk O, Ronnestad BR, Gundersen H", "year": 2019, "title": "Comparison of short-sprint and heavy strength training on cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01132", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01132", "pmid": "31555153", "design": "Randomised comparison after a shared strength period", "population": "28 competitive cyclists; VO2max 61.1+/-5.9 ml/kg/min", "duration": "4 weeks shared strength then 6 weeks heavy strength or short sprints", "key_results": "Short sprints superior for 6-s, 30-s, and 55 m sprint power. Heavy strength superior for maximal strength. No group difference in endurance-capacity changes.", "limitations": "Does not test plyometrics. Gross-efficiency statistic was not cleanly recoverable from the abstract markup.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31555153" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR15", "authors": "Paton CD, Hopkins WG", "year": 2005, "title": "Combining explosive and high-resistance training improves performance in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-16334.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-16334.1", "pmid": "16287351", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "18 road cyclists; n=9 vs 9", "duration": "4-5 weeks; 12 sessions replacing part of usual training", "key_results": "Versus control: 1-km power +8.7% (+/-2.5% 90% CL), 4-km +8.1% (+/-4.1%), peak power +6.8%, oxygen cost -3.0%. Sessions mixed single-leg jumps with 5x30-s high-resistance cycling sprints.", "limitations": "Not plyometrics alone. Short. Magnitude-based reporting.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16287351" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR15", "citation_ids": [ "STR15" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR15", "authors": "Paton CD, Hopkins WG", "year": 2005, "title": "Combining explosive and high-resistance training improves performance in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-16334.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-16334.1", "pmid": "16287351", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "18 road cyclists; n=9 vs 9", "duration": "4-5 weeks; 12 sessions replacing part of usual training", "key_results": "Versus control: 1-km power +8.7% (+/-2.5% 90% CL), 4-km +8.1% (+/-4.1%), peak power +6.8%, oxygen cost -3.0%. Sessions mixed single-leg jumps with 5x30-s high-resistance cycling sprints.", "limitations": "Not plyometrics alone. Short. Magnitude-based reporting.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16287351" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR16", "authors": "Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT, McEniery M, Carey MF", "year": 1999, "title": "The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018", "pmid": "10378917", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "21 endurance-trained women cyclists, 18-42 years; RT n=14, control n=7", "duration": "12 weeks; parallel squat 5 sets to failure at 2-8RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "Squat 1RM +35.9% versus +3.7%. Authors concluded increased leg strength did not improve cycle endurance performance. Exact 1-h power change was not recoverable from the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Squat-only to failure. Outcome numbers partly stripped from the abstract markup.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10378917" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR16", "citation_ids": [ "STR16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1999 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR16", "authors": "Bishop D, Jenkins DG, Mackinnon LT, McEniery M, Carey MF", "year": 1999, "title": "The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018", "doi": "10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018", "pmid": "10378917", "design": "Randomised controlled intervention", "population": "21 endurance-trained women cyclists, 18-42 years; RT n=14, control n=7", "duration": "12 weeks; parallel squat 5 sets to failure at 2-8RM, twice weekly", "key_results": "Squat 1RM +35.9% versus +3.7%. Authors concluded increased leg strength did not improve cycle endurance performance. Exact 1-h power change was not recoverable from the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Squat-only to failure. Outcome numbers partly stripped from the abstract markup.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10378917" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR17", "authors": "Jackson NP, Hickey MS, Reiser RF", "year": 2007, "title": "High resistance/low repetition vs. low resistance/high repetition training: effects on performance of trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18465.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-18465.1", "pmid": "17313261", "design": "Three-arm training intervention", "population": "23 trained club-level cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks; resistance added to a shared cycling plan", "key_results": "Strength rose in both lifting groups. No group difference on the lactate-profile test or economy.", "limitations": "Not a time trial. Abstract markup dropped some p values.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17313261" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR17", "citation_ids": [ "STR17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR17", "authors": "Jackson NP, Hickey MS, Reiser RF", "year": 2007, "title": "High resistance/low repetition vs. low resistance/high repetition training: effects on performance of trained cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-18465.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-18465.1", "pmid": "17313261", "design": "Three-arm training intervention", "population": "23 trained club-level cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks; resistance added to a shared cycling plan", "key_results": "Strength rose in both lifting groups. No group difference on the lactate-profile test or economy.", "limitations": "Not a time trial. Abstract markup dropped some p values.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17313261" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR18", "authors": "Beattie K, Carson BP, Lyons M, Kenny IC", "year": 2017, "title": "The effect of maximal- and explosive-strength training on performance indicators in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0015", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0015", "pmid": "27618339", "design": "Controlled 20-week intervention", "population": "15 competitive road cyclists; intervention n=6, control n=9", "duration": "20 weeks maximal and explosive strength", "key_results": "Retrieved abstract reports changes in maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, absolute power at VO2max, and body composition. Economy result was not cleanly recoverable.", "limitations": "Small. Do not infer the economy result.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27618339" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR18", "citation_ids": [ "STR18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR18", "authors": "Beattie K, Carson BP, Lyons M, Kenny IC", "year": 2017, "title": "The effect of maximal- and explosive-strength training on performance indicators in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0015", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0015", "pmid": "27618339", "design": "Controlled 20-week intervention", "population": "15 competitive road cyclists; intervention n=6, control n=9", "duration": "20 weeks maximal and explosive strength", "key_results": "Retrieved abstract reports changes in maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, absolute power at VO2max, and body composition. Economy result was not cleanly recoverable.", "limitations": "Small. Do not infer the economy result.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27618339" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR19", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Mujika I", "year": 2014, "title": "Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: a review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12104", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12104", "pmid": "23914932", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance-trained runners and cyclists in the cited trials", "duration": "Not a single intervention", "key_results": "Heavy strength recommended for cycling economy; either heavy or explosive strength can improve running economy. Most compelling additive cycling-performance evidence was for heavy strength.", "limitations": "Narrative, superseded in part by the 2025/2026 meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23914932" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR19", "citation_ids": [ "STR19" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR19", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Mujika I", "year": 2014, "title": "Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: a review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12104", "doi": "10.1111/sms.12104", "pmid": "23914932", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance-trained runners and cyclists in the cited trials", "duration": "Not a single intervention", "key_results": "Heavy strength recommended for cycling economy; either heavy or explosive strength can improve running economy. Most compelling additive cycling-performance evidence was for heavy strength.", "limitations": "Narrative, superseded in part by the 2025/2026 meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23914932" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR20", "authors": "Berryman N, Mujika I, Arvisais D, Roubeix M, Binet C, Bosquet L", "year": 2018, "title": "Strength training for middle- and long-distance performance: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032", "pmid": "28459360", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "Middle- and long-distance runners, cyclists, skiers, and swimmers; 28 studies", "duration": "Strength mesocycles of varying length", "key_results": "Performance SMD 0.52 (0.33 to 0.70). Energy cost 0.65, maximal force 0.99, maximal power 0.50. Maximal-force training had larger effects than other intensities.", "limitations": "Not cycling-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28459360" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR20", "citation_ids": [ "STR20" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR20", "authors": "Berryman N, Mujika I, Arvisais D, Roubeix M, Binet C, Bosquet L", "year": 2018, "title": "Strength training for middle- and long-distance performance: a meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0032", "pmid": "28459360", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "Middle- and long-distance runners, cyclists, skiers, and swimmers; 28 studies", "duration": "Strength mesocycles of varying length", "key_results": "Performance SMD 0.52 (0.33 to 0.70). Energy cost 0.65, maximal force 0.99, maximal power 0.50. Maximal-force training had larger effects than other intensities.", "limitations": "Not cycling-only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28459360" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR21", "authors": "Yamamoto LM, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM", "year": 2010, "title": "The effects of resistance training on road cycling performance among highly trained cyclists: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c86583", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c86583", "pmid": "20072042", "design": "Systematic review of RCTs to September 2009", "population": "Highly trained road cyclists, more than 7 h/week or 150 km/week", "duration": "Five included trials", "key_results": "Two of five trials that added resistance on top of existing endurance training found no performance gain. Three that replaced some endurance training with resistance training improved performance; two of those three used explosive-type work.", "limitations": "Small early evidence base. Later add-on trials complicate the replacement rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20072042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR21", "citation_ids": [ "STR21" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR21", "authors": "Yamamoto LM, Klau JF, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM", "year": 2010, "title": "The effects of resistance training on road cycling performance among highly trained cyclists: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c86583", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c86583", "pmid": "20072042", "design": "Systematic review of RCTs to September 2009", "population": "Highly trained road cyclists, more than 7 h/week or 150 km/week", "duration": "Five included trials", "key_results": "Two of five trials that added resistance on top of existing endurance training found no performance gain. Three that replaced some endurance training with resistance training improved performance; two of those three used explosive-type work.", "limitations": "Small early evidence base. Later add-on trials complicate the replacement rule.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20072042" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR22", "authors": "Schumann M, Feuerbacher JF, Sunkeler M, Freitag N, Ronnestad BR, Doma K, Lundberg TR", "year": 2022, "title": "Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7", "pmid": "34757594", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Healthy adults; 43 studies; concurrent versus strength alone", "duration": "At least 4 weeks supervised", "key_results": "Maximal strength SMD -0.06 (-0.20 to 0.09); hypertrophy -0.01; explosive strength -0.28 (-0.48 to -0.08). Explosive-strength attenuation clearer in the same session than when separated by at least 3 h. Cycling versus running did not moderate the outcomes.", "limitations": "Outcome is strength, not cycling performance. Mostly non-cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34757594" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR22", "citation_ids": [ "STR22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR22", "authors": "Schumann M, Feuerbacher JF, Sunkeler M, Freitag N, Ronnestad BR, Doma K, Lundberg TR", "year": 2022, "title": "Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7", "pmid": "34757594", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Healthy adults; 43 studies; concurrent versus strength alone", "duration": "At least 4 weeks supervised", "key_results": "Maximal strength SMD -0.06 (-0.20 to 0.09); hypertrophy -0.01; explosive strength -0.28 (-0.48 to -0.08). Explosive-strength attenuation clearer in the same session than when separated by at least 3 h. Cycling versus running did not moderate the outcomes.", "limitations": "Outcome is strength, not cycling performance. Mostly non-cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34757594" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR23", "authors": "Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, Wilson SM, Loenneke JP, Anderson JC", "year": 2012, "title": "Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d", "pmid": "22002517", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "21 studies, 422 effect sizes; mixed", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Running, but not cycling, associated with decrements in hypertrophy and strength. Endurance frequency and duration negatively related to hypertrophy, strength, and power.", "limitations": "Older than Schumann 2022. Not a 6 h versus 24 h comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22002517" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR23", "citation_ids": [ "STR23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR23", "authors": "Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, Wilson SM, Loenneke JP, Anderson JC", "year": 2012, "title": "Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d", "pmid": "22002517", "design": "Meta-analysis", "population": "21 studies, 422 effect sizes; mixed", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Running, but not cycling, associated with decrements in hypertrophy and strength. Endurance frequency and duration negatively related to hypertrophy, strength, and power.", "limitations": "Older than Schumann 2022. Not a 6 h versus 24 h comparison.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22002517" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR24", "authors": "Robineau J, Babault N, Piscione J, Lacome M, Bigard AX", "year": 2016, "title": "Specific training effects of concurrent aerobic and strength exercises depend on recovery duration", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798", "pmid": "25546450", "design": "Randomised concurrent-training trial", "population": "58 amateur rugby players", "duration": "7 weeks; strength then aerobic; 0, 6, or 24 h gap", "key_results": "Maximal strength gains lower at 0 h than at 6 h, 24 h, or strength-only. Some high-velocity strength and the VO2peak gain favoured 24 h over 0 h.", "limitations": "Rugby, not cyclists. Magnitude-based inference in the original reporting.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25546450" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR24", "citation_ids": [ "STR24" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR24", "authors": "Robineau J, Babault N, Piscione J, Lacome M, Bigard AX", "year": 2016, "title": "Specific training effects of concurrent aerobic and strength exercises depend on recovery duration", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798", "pmid": "25546450", "design": "Randomised concurrent-training trial", "population": "58 amateur rugby players", "duration": "7 weeks; strength then aerobic; 0, 6, or 24 h gap", "key_results": "Maximal strength gains lower at 0 h than at 6 h, 24 h, or strength-only. Some high-velocity strength and the VO2peak gain favoured 24 h over 0 h.", "limitations": "Rugby, not cyclists. Magnitude-based inference in the original reporting.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25546450" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR25", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2012, "title": "High volume of endurance training impairs adaptations to 12 weeks of strength training in well-trained endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2112-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-011-2112-z", "pmid": "21833484", "design": "Controlled comparison of the same strength programme", "population": "Well-trained cyclists with no strength experience (n=11) versus non-endurance trainees (n=7)", "duration": "12 weeks, twice weekly", "key_results": "Both groups gained 1RM, thigh CSA, and jump performance; relative gains and peak RFD were greater without the high endurance volume.", "limitations": "Control group is not cyclists. Shows blunted strength adaptation, not blunted cycling adaptation.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21833484" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR25", "citation_ids": [ "STR25" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR25", "authors": "Ronnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T", "year": 2012, "title": "High volume of endurance training impairs adaptations to 12 weeks of strength training in well-trained endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2112-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-011-2112-z", "pmid": "21833484", "design": "Controlled comparison of the same strength programme", "population": "Well-trained cyclists with no strength experience (n=11) versus non-endurance trainees (n=7)", "duration": "12 weeks, twice weekly", "key_results": "Both groups gained 1RM, thigh CSA, and jump performance; relative gains and peak RFD were greater without the high endurance volume.", "limitations": "Control group is not cyclists. Shows blunted strength adaptation, not blunted cycling adaptation.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21833484" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR26", "authors": "Eddens L, van Someren K, Howatson G", "year": 2018, "title": "The role of intra-session exercise sequence in the interference effect: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0784-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0784-1", "pmid": "28917030", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Healthy adults; 10 studies", "duration": "At least 5 weeks", "key_results": "Resistance-then-endurance favoured lower-body dynamic strength by about 6.91% (95% CI 1.96 to 11.87). No sequence effect on hypertrophy, static strength, or VO2max.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Small sequence effect.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28917030" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR26", "citation_ids": [ "STR26" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR26", "authors": "Eddens L, van Someren K, Howatson G", "year": 2018, "title": "The role of intra-session exercise sequence in the interference effect: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0784-1", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0784-1", "pmid": "28917030", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Healthy adults; 10 studies", "duration": "At least 5 weeks", "key_results": "Resistance-then-endurance favoured lower-body dynamic strength by about 6.91% (95% CI 1.96 to 11.87). No sequence effect on hypertrophy, static strength, or VO2max.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Small sequence effect.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28917030" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR27", "authors": "Murlasits Z, Kneffel Z, Thalib L", "year": 2018, "title": "The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1364405", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2017.1364405", "pmid": "28783467", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Trials comparing strength-endurance versus endurance-strength order", "duration": "Chronic training", "key_results": "Lower-body 1RM higher by 3.96 kg (0.81 to 7.10) when strength preceded endurance. Aerobic capacity difference 0.39 ml/kg/min (-1.03 to 1.81).", "limitations": "Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28783467" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR27", "citation_ids": [ "STR27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR27", "authors": "Murlasits Z, Kneffel Z, Thalib L", "year": 2018, "title": "The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1364405", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2017.1364405", "pmid": "28783467", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Trials comparing strength-endurance versus endurance-strength order", "duration": "Chronic training", "key_results": "Lower-body 1RM higher by 3.96 kg (0.81 to 7.10) when strength preceded endurance. Aerobic capacity difference 0.39 ml/kg/min (-1.03 to 1.81).", "limitations": "Not cyclists.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28783467" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR28", "authors": "Held S, Wolf L, Rappelt L, Bloch W, Donath L, Micke F, Geisler S, Isenmann E", "year": 2026, "title": "Maximizing adaptations in concurrent training: an umbrella review of meta-analyses", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762427/", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-026-02401-y", "pmid": "41762427", "design": "Umbrella review of meta-analyses; search to 28 February 2025", "population": "17 meta-analyses, 144 studies, 1492 healthy participants; recreational emphasis", "duration": "Epub 28 February 2026; journal June 2026", "key_results": "Concurrent training comparable to resistance training for strength, power, and hypertrophy, and better than endurance-only for strength (SMD 0.59). Versus resistance-only, aerobic capacity SMD 0.77. Highly trained data scarce. Retrieved abstract does not establish a 6 h rule.", "limitations": "Not cyclist-specific. Abstract wording on sequence is internally tense and was not over-interpreted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762427/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR28", "citation_ids": [ "STR28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR28", "authors": "Held S, Wolf L, Rappelt L, Bloch W, Donath L, Micke F, Geisler S, Isenmann E", "year": 2026, "title": "Maximizing adaptations in concurrent training: an umbrella review of meta-analyses", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762427/", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-026-02401-y", "pmid": "41762427", "design": "Umbrella review of meta-analyses; search to 28 February 2025", "population": "17 meta-analyses, 144 studies, 1492 healthy participants; recreational emphasis", "duration": "Epub 28 February 2026; journal June 2026", "key_results": "Concurrent training comparable to resistance training for strength, power, and hypertrophy, and better than endurance-only for strength (SMD 0.59). Versus resistance-only, aerobic capacity SMD 0.77. Highly trained data scarce. Retrieved abstract does not establish a 6 h rule.", "limitations": "Not cyclist-specific. Abstract wording on sequence is internally tense and was not over-interpreted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762427/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR29", "authors": "Devantier-Thomas B, Deakin GB, Crowther F, Schumann M, Doma K", "year": 2024, "title": "The impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on various cycling performance metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241464/", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000004629", "pmid": "38241464", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Studies of cycling after muscle-damaging exercise", "duration": "Outcomes mainly 24-48 h after damage", "key_results": "Submaximal VO2 unchanged; ventilation and RPE increased; sprint and incremental peak power reduced; time-trial and distance-trial performance not significantly changed. CK, DOMS, and force confirmed damage.", "limitations": "No significant time-trial change is not proof of no effect. Damage protocols are often unaccustomed.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241464/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR29", "citation_ids": [ "STR29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR29", "authors": "Devantier-Thomas B, Deakin GB, Crowther F, Schumann M, Doma K", "year": 2024, "title": "The impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on various cycling performance metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241464/", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000004629", "pmid": "38241464", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "Studies of cycling after muscle-damaging exercise", "duration": "Outcomes mainly 24-48 h after damage", "key_results": "Submaximal VO2 unchanged; ventilation and RPE increased; sprint and incremental peak power reduced; time-trial and distance-trial performance not significantly changed. CK, DOMS, and force confirmed damage.", "limitations": "No significant time-trial change is not proof of no effect. Damage protocols are often unaccustomed.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241464/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR30", "authors": "Doma K, Deakin GB, Schumann M, Bentley DJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Training considerations for optimising endurance development: an alternate concurrent training perspective", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2", "pmid": "30847824", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Concurrent-training literature", "duration": "Not a single trial", "key_results": "Resistance-induced muscle damage can impair subsequent neuromuscular function and endurance performance; intensity, mode, sequence, recovery, and contraction velocity modify that effect.", "limitations": "Narrative. No new pooled estimate.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30847824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR30", "citation_ids": [ "STR30" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR30", "authors": "Doma K, Deakin GB, Schumann M, Bentley DJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Training considerations for optimising endurance development: an alternate concurrent training perspective", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2", "pmid": "30847824", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Concurrent-training literature", "duration": "Not a single trial", "key_results": "Resistance-induced muscle damage can impair subsequent neuromuscular function and endurance performance; intensity, mode, sequence, recovery, and contraction velocity modify that effect.", "limitations": "Narrative. No new pooled estimate.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30847824" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR31", "authors": "Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB", "year": 2014, "title": "The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538", "pmid": "24100287", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "25 trials, 26610 participants, 3464 injuries; not cycling-specific", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Strength training RR 0.315 (0.207-0.480). Stretching RR 0.963 (0.846-1.095). Proprioception RR 0.550.", "limitations": "Transfer to cycling overuse and crash injury is unproven.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24100287" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR31", "citation_ids": [ "STR31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR31", "authors": "Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB", "year": 2014, "title": "The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2013-092538", "pmid": "24100287", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "25 trials, 26610 participants, 3464 injuries; not cycling-specific", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Strength training RR 0.315 (0.207-0.480). Stretching RR 0.963 (0.846-1.095). Proprioception RR 0.550.", "limitations": "Transfer to cycling overuse and crash injury is unproven.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24100287" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR32", "authors": "Lauersen JB, Andersen TE, Andersen LB", "year": 2018, "title": "Strength training as superior, dose-dependent and safe prevention of acute and overuse sports injuries", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099078", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2018-099078", "pmid": "30131332", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "6 studies, 7738 participants aged 12-40, 177 injuries; not cyclists", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Cluster-adjusted RR 0.338 (0.238-0.480). A 10% increase in strength-training volume associated with more than a 4 percentage-point risk reduction.", "limitations": "Not cycling. Dose finding is across heterogeneous programmes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30131332" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR32", "citation_ids": [ "STR32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR32", "authors": "Lauersen JB, Andersen TE, Andersen LB", "year": 2018, "title": "Strength training as superior, dose-dependent and safe prevention of acute and overuse sports injuries", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099078", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2018-099078", "pmid": "30131332", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "6 studies, 7738 participants aged 12-40, 177 injuries; not cyclists", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "Cluster-adjusted RR 0.338 (0.238-0.480). A 10% increase in strength-training volume associated with more than a 4 percentage-point risk reduction.", "limitations": "Not cycling. Dose finding is across heterogeneous programmes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30131332" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR33", "authors": "Wu H, Brooke-Wavell K, Fong DTP, Paquette MR, Blagrove RC", "year": 2024, "title": "Do exercise-based prevention programs reduce injury in endurance runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01993-7", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-01993-7", "pmid": "38261240", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "9 articles, 1904 endurance runners", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "No overall difference in injury risk (p=0.110) or rate (p=0.329). Post hoc supervised programmes looked more favourable; the retrieved abstract truncated that p value.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Post hoc.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38261240" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR33", "citation_ids": [ "STR33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR33", "authors": "Wu H, Brooke-Wavell K, Fong DTP, Paquette MR, Blagrove RC", "year": 2024, "title": "Do exercise-based prevention programs reduce injury in endurance runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01993-7", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-01993-7", "pmid": "38261240", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "population": "9 articles, 1904 endurance runners", "duration": "Varied", "key_results": "No overall difference in injury risk (p=0.110) or rate (p=0.329). Post hoc supervised programmes looked more favourable; the retrieved abstract truncated that p value.", "limitations": "Runners, not cyclists. Post hoc.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38261240" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR34", "authors": "Clarsen B, Krosshaug T, Bahr R", "year": 2010, "title": "Overuse injuries in professional road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510376816", "doi": "10.1177/0363546510376816", "pmid": "20847225", "design": "Descriptive epidemiology; interviews", "population": "109 of 116 professional road cyclists from 7 teams", "duration": "Previous 12 months", "key_results": "94 overuse injuries; 45% low back, 23% knee. 58% had low-back pain; 36% anterior knee pain. Knee caused more time loss.", "limitations": "No prevention test. Professionals, not 7-12 h amateurs.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20847225" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR34", "citation_ids": [ "STR34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR34", "authors": "Clarsen B, Krosshaug T, Bahr R", "year": 2010, "title": "Overuse injuries in professional road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510376816", "doi": "10.1177/0363546510376816", "pmid": "20847225", "design": "Descriptive epidemiology; interviews", "population": "109 of 116 professional road cyclists from 7 teams", "duration": "Previous 12 months", "key_results": "94 overuse injuries; 45% low back, 23% knee. 58% had low-back pain; 36% anterior knee pain. Knee caused more time loss.", "limitations": "No prevention test. Professionals, not 7-12 h amateurs.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20847225" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR35", "authors": "Fallon T, Palmer D, Bigard X, Heron N", "year": 2025, "title": "Epidemiology of injury and illness across all the competitive cycling disciplines: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002364", "doi": "10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002364", "pmid": "40692620", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies", "population": "44 studies across MTB, road, track, BMX, and para-cycling", "duration": "Search August 2024", "key_results": "Upper-limb injuries, lacerations, abrasions, and fractures are common. Road cycling had a substantial share of head, neck, or face injuries. Not a prevention trial.", "limitations": "Surveillance, not intervention.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40692620" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR35", "citation_ids": [ "STR35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR35", "authors": "Fallon T, Palmer D, Bigard X, Heron N", "year": 2025, "title": "Epidemiology of injury and illness across all the competitive cycling disciplines: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002364", "doi": "10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002364", "pmid": "40692620", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies", "population": "44 studies across MTB, road, track, BMX, and para-cycling", "duration": "Search August 2024", "key_results": "Upper-limb injuries, lacerations, abrasions, and fractures are common. Road cycling had a substantial share of head, neck, or face injuries. Not a prevention trial.", "limitations": "Surveillance, not intervention.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40692620" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR36", "authors": "Panchal R, Rizvi MR, Sharma A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Comparing the effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ warm-up and conventional warm-up in enhancing cyclist performance and mitigating injury risk", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91005-z", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-91005-z", "pmid": "40108222", "design": "Pre-post comparative study; authors later call it quasi-experimental", "population": "Male competitive cyclists aged 18-45. Methods: 79 enrolled, 69 included; abstract says 80. A priori calculation asked for 104.", "duration": "8 weeks; FIFA 11+ 20 min, 4 days/week, versus a longer conventional warm-up", "key_results": "Authors claim better core strength, balance, RPE, 3 km performance, and lower regional injury incidence with FIFA 11+. Injury metric is injuries per cyclist, not per exposure hour. Results narrative also refers to 3 km running. Limitations state no control group and unclear long-term injury effects.", "limitations": "Not an RCT. Internal inconsistencies. Do not use as proof of cycling injury prevention.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11923219/fullTextXML", "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91005-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR36", "citation_ids": [ "STR36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR36", "authors": "Panchal R, Rizvi MR, Sharma A, et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Comparing the effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ warm-up and conventional warm-up in enhancing cyclist performance and mitigating injury risk", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91005-z", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-91005-z", "pmid": "40108222", "design": "Pre-post comparative study; authors later call it quasi-experimental", "population": "Male competitive cyclists aged 18-45. Methods: 79 enrolled, 69 included; abstract says 80. A priori calculation asked for 104.", "duration": "8 weeks; FIFA 11+ 20 min, 4 days/week, versus a longer conventional warm-up", "key_results": "Authors claim better core strength, balance, RPE, 3 km performance, and lower regional injury incidence with FIFA 11+. Injury metric is injuries per cyclist, not per exposure hour. Results narrative also refers to 3 km running. Limitations state no control group and unclear long-term injury effects.", "limitations": "Not an RCT. Internal inconsistencies. Do not use as proof of cycling injury prevention.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11923219/fullTextXML", "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91005-z" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR37", "authors": "Abt JP, Smoliga JM, Brick MJ, Jolly JT, Lephart SM, Fu FH", "year": 2007, "title": "Relationship between cycling mechanics and core stability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-21846.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-21846.1", "pmid": "18076271", "design": "Acute core-fatigue experiment", "population": "15 competitive cyclists", "duration": "Single session", "key_results": "Frontal-plane knee motion rose from 15.1+/-6.0 to 23.3+/-12.5 degrees after core fatigue. Pedal forces did not change.", "limitations": "Not a training or injury-outcome study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18076271" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR37", "citation_ids": [ "STR37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2007 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR37", "authors": "Abt JP, Smoliga JM, Brick MJ, Jolly JT, Lephart SM, Fu FH", "year": 2007, "title": "Relationship between cycling mechanics and core stability", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/R-21846.1", "doi": "10.1519/R-21846.1", "pmid": "18076271", "design": "Acute core-fatigue experiment", "population": "15 competitive cyclists", "duration": "Single session", "key_results": "Frontal-plane knee motion rose from 15.1+/-6.0 to 23.3+/-12.5 degrees after core fatigue. Pedal forces did not change.", "limitations": "Not a training or injury-outcome study.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18076271" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR38", "authors": "Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, Padua DA", "year": 2009, "title": "Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2796", "doi": "10.2519/jospt.2009.2796", "pmid": "19574661", "design": "Laboratory EMG comparison", "population": "21 healthy, physically active subjects", "duration": "Single session; 12 exercises", "key_results": "Quantified gluteus maximus and medius EMG. No performance or injury outcome.", "limitations": "EMG is not evidence of imbalance correction or cycling benefit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19574661" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR38", "citation_ids": [ "STR38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2009 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR38", "authors": "Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, Padua DA", "year": 2009, "title": "Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2796", "doi": "10.2519/jospt.2009.2796", "pmid": "19574661", "design": "Laboratory EMG comparison", "population": "21 healthy, physically active subjects", "duration": "Single session; 12 exercises", "key_results": "Quantified gluteus maximus and medius EMG. No performance or injury outcome.", "limitations": "EMG is not evidence of imbalance correction or cycling benefit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19574661" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR39", "authors": "Crow JF, Buttifant D, Kearny SG, Hrysomallis C", "year": 2012, "title": "Low load exercises targeting the gluteal muscle group acutely enhance explosive power output in elite athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220dfab", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220dfab", "pmid": "22233788", "design": "Randomised crossover acute warm-up study", "population": "22 elite Australian football players", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "Low-load glute protocol raised countermovement-jump peak power versus no warm-up and versus whole-body vibration.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Not a time trial. Not injury.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22233788" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR39", "citation_ids": [ "STR39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR39", "authors": "Crow JF, Buttifant D, Kearny SG, Hrysomallis C", "year": 2012, "title": "Low load exercises targeting the gluteal muscle group acutely enhance explosive power output in elite athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220dfab", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e318220dfab", "pmid": "22233788", "design": "Randomised crossover acute warm-up study", "population": "22 elite Australian football players", "duration": "Single sessions", "key_results": "Low-load glute protocol raised countermovement-jump peak power versus no warm-up and versus whole-body vibration.", "limitations": "Not cyclists. Not a time trial. Not injury.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22233788" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR40", "authors": "Kay AD, Blazevich AJ", "year": 2012, "title": "Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318225cb27", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e318225cb27", "pmid": "21659901", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "106 studies of acute static stretch and maximal muscular performance", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Detrimental effects mainly limited to stretches of at least 60 s. Shorter than 60 s can be used pre-exercise without compromising maximal muscle performance.", "limitations": "Mostly isolated force, not cycling time trials. Mixed training status.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21659901" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR40", "citation_ids": [ "STR40" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR40", "authors": "Kay AD, Blazevich AJ", "year": 2012, "title": "Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318225cb27", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0b013e318225cb27", "pmid": "21659901", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "106 studies of acute static stretch and maximal muscular performance", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Detrimental effects mainly limited to stretches of at least 60 s. Shorter than 60 s can be used pre-exercise without compromising maximal muscle performance.", "limitations": "Mostly isolated force, not cycling time trials. Mixed training status.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21659901" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR41", "authors": "Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M", "year": 2016, "title": "Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2015-0235", "pmid": "26642915", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Healthy active individuals", "duration": "Acute stretch and injury studies", "key_results": "Immediate performance change about -3.7% after static stretch, +1.3% after dynamic stretch, -4.4% after PNF. Deficit about -4.6% at or above 60 s per muscle versus -1.1% below 60 s. No clear injury effect of static or PNF stretch. When dynamic activity followed stretching, no clear performance effect.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Mixed populations.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26642915" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR41", "citation_ids": [ "STR41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR41", "authors": "Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M", "year": 2016, "title": "Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235", "doi": "10.1139/apnm-2015-0235", "pmid": "26642915", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Healthy active individuals", "duration": "Acute stretch and injury studies", "key_results": "Immediate performance change about -3.7% after static stretch, +1.3% after dynamic stretch, -4.4% after PNF. Deficit about -4.6% at or above 60 s per muscle versus -1.1% below 60 s. No clear injury effect of static or PNF stretch. When dynamic activity followed stretching, no clear performance effect.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Mixed populations.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26642915" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR42", "authors": "Warneke K, Lohmann LH", "year": 2024, "title": "Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735533/", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.002", "pmid": "38735533", "design": "Multilevel meta-analysis of controlled pre-post trials", "population": "83 studies, more than 400 effect sizes, 2012 participants; not restricted to trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Maximal strength ES -0.21 (p=0.003) versus passive control; ES -0.84 for bouts of at least 60 s. Athletic performance in general was not negatively affected. Adult jumping ES 0.15 (p=0.006).", "limitations": "Isolated strength is not a cycling time trial. Training status not restricted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735533/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR42", "citation_ids": [ "STR42" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR42", "authors": "Warneke K, Lohmann LH", "year": 2024, "title": "Revisiting the stretch-induced force deficit: a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis of acute effects", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735533/", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.002", "pmid": "38735533", "design": "Multilevel meta-analysis of controlled pre-post trials", "population": "83 studies, more than 400 effect sizes, 2012 participants; not restricted to trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Maximal strength ES -0.21 (p=0.003) versus passive control; ES -0.84 for bouts of at least 60 s. Athletic performance in general was not negatively affected. Adult jumping ES 0.15 (p=0.006).", "limitations": "Isolated strength is not a cycling time trial. Training status not restricted.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735533/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR43", "authors": "Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U", "year": 2019, "title": "Acute effects of static stretching on muscle strength and power: an attempt to clarify previous caveats", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01468", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01468", "pmid": "31849713", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Strength and power studies", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Static stretch of 60 s or less per muscle trivially impairs strength and power (about 1-2%) when short or embedded in a full warm-up. Holds longer than 60 s associated with about 4.0-7.5% declines. Injury-prevention suggestion for short stretch is not a new injury meta-analysis.", "limitations": "Conflicts with injury-trial reviews on stretching. Not cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31849713" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR43", "citation_ids": [ "STR43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR43", "authors": "Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U", "year": 2019, "title": "Acute effects of static stretching on muscle strength and power: an attempt to clarify previous caveats", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01468", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01468", "pmid": "31849713", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Strength and power studies", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Static stretch of 60 s or less per muscle trivially impairs strength and power (about 1-2%) when short or embedded in a full warm-up. Holds longer than 60 s associated with about 4.0-7.5% declines. Injury-prevention suggestion for short stretch is not a new injury meta-analysis.", "limitations": "Conflicts with injury-trial reviews on stretching. Not cycling.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31849713" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR44", "authors": "Small K, Mc Naughton L, Matthews M", "year": 2008, "title": "A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise-related injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620802310784", "doi": "10.1080/15438620802310784", "pmid": "18785063", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "7 trials meeting criteria, including 4 RCTs", "duration": "Post-1990 to January 2008", "key_results": "The four RCTs concluded static stretching was ineffective for reducing exercise-related injury.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Older than Lauersen 2014.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18785063" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR44", "citation_ids": [ "STR44" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR44", "authors": "Small K, Mc Naughton L, Matthews M", "year": 2008, "title": "A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise-related injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15438620802310784", "doi": "10.1080/15438620802310784", "pmid": "18785063", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "7 trials meeting criteria, including 4 RCTs", "duration": "Post-1990 to January 2008", "key_results": "The four RCTs concluded static stretching was ineffective for reducing exercise-related injury.", "limitations": "Not cycling-specific. Older than Lauersen 2014.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18785063" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR45", "authors": "Burnley M, Doust JH, Jones AM", "year": 2005, "title": "Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000162617.18250.77", "doi": "10.1249/01.MSS.0000162617.18250.77", "pmid": "15870639", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "12 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute; 7-min performance trial 10 min after moderate, heavy, or sprint exercise", "key_results": "Mean power: control 330+/-42 W, moderate 338+/-39 W, heavy 339+/-42 W, sprint 324+/-45 W. Moderate and heavy primes improved performance by about 2-3%. Sprint prime did not.", "limitations": "Short performance trial. Small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15870639" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR45", "citation_ids": [ "STR45" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR45", "authors": "Burnley M, Doust JH, Jones AM", "year": 2005, "title": "Effects of prior warm-up regime on severe-intensity cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000162617.18250.77", "doi": "10.1249/01.MSS.0000162617.18250.77", "pmid": "15870639", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "12 well-trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute; 7-min performance trial 10 min after moderate, heavy, or sprint exercise", "key_results": "Mean power: control 330+/-42 W, moderate 338+/-39 W, heavy 339+/-42 W, sprint 324+/-45 W. Moderate and heavy primes improved performance by about 2-3%. Sprint prime did not.", "limitations": "Short performance trial. Small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15870639" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR46", "authors": "Hajoglou A, Foster C, De Koning JJ, Lucia A, Kernozek TW, Porcari JP", "year": 2005, "title": "Effect of warm-up on cycle time trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000177589.02381.0a", "doi": "10.1249/01.MSS.0000177589.02381.0a", "pmid": "16177615", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 well-trained road cyclists", "duration": "Acute 3 km time trials after no, easy, or hard warm-up", "key_results": "Abstract concludes warm-up enhanced 3 km performance irrespective of easy versus hard intensity, related to faster VO2 kinetics. Exact power differences were not recoverable from the retrieved abstract markup.", "limitations": "Access limit on the wattage contrast. Small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16177615" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR46", "citation_ids": [ "STR46" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR46", "authors": "Hajoglou A, Foster C, De Koning JJ, Lucia A, Kernozek TW, Porcari JP", "year": 2005, "title": "Effect of warm-up on cycle time trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000177589.02381.0a", "doi": "10.1249/01.MSS.0000177589.02381.0a", "pmid": "16177615", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "8 well-trained road cyclists", "duration": "Acute 3 km time trials after no, easy, or hard warm-up", "key_results": "Abstract concludes warm-up enhanced 3 km performance irrespective of easy versus hard intensity, related to faster VO2 kinetics. Exact power differences were not recoverable from the retrieved abstract markup.", "limitations": "Access limit on the wattage contrast. Small.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/16177615" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR47", "authors": "Tomaras EK, MacIntosh BR", "year": 2011, "title": "Less is more: standard warm-up causes fatigue and less warm-up permits greater cycling power output", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2011", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2011", "pmid": "21551012", "design": "Crossover comparison of warm-ups", "population": "Track-sprint warm-up context; Wingate test", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Traditional warm-up of at least 50 min with repeated sprints reduced peak power (1303+/-89 W) and work versus a shorter lower-intensity warm-up (1390+/-80 W; 29.1+/-1.2 vs 27.7+/-1.2 kJ).", "limitations": "Sprint track context, not a road time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21551012" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR47", "citation_ids": [ "STR47" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR47", "authors": "Tomaras EK, MacIntosh BR", "year": 2011, "title": "Less is more: standard warm-up causes fatigue and less warm-up permits greater cycling power output", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2011", "doi": "10.1152/japplphysiol.00253.2011", "pmid": "21551012", "design": "Crossover comparison of warm-ups", "population": "Track-sprint warm-up context; Wingate test", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Traditional warm-up of at least 50 min with repeated sprints reduced peak power (1303+/-89 W) and work versus a shorter lower-intensity warm-up (1390+/-80 W; 29.1+/-1.2 vs 27.7+/-1.2 kJ).", "limitations": "Sprint track context, not a road time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21551012" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR48", "authors": "Jaen-Carrillo D, Leo P, Krohn L, Lawley JS, Lamberts RP, Rodrigues P", "year": 2026, "title": "Passive warm-up via hot-water immersion provides similar cycling performance benefits to active warm-up during a 12-minute cycling time trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0278", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2026-0278", "pmid": "42785717", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "27 tier 2-3 cyclists (20 men, 7 women); training 9+/-3 h/week", "duration": "Acute; first published 22 September 2026", "key_results": "12-min TT power did not differ: active warm-up 259+/-52 W, 42 C immersion for 45 min 255+/-53 W, combined 257+/-53 W, P=0.308.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Bath is impractical. One exact VO2 p value was stripped from the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42785717" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR48", "citation_ids": [ "STR48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR48", "authors": "Jaen-Carrillo D, Leo P, Krohn L, Lawley JS, Lamberts RP, Rodrigues P", "year": 2026, "title": "Passive warm-up via hot-water immersion provides similar cycling performance benefits to active warm-up during a 12-minute cycling time trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0278", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2026-0278", "pmid": "42785717", "design": "Randomised crossover", "population": "27 tier 2-3 cyclists (20 men, 7 women); training 9+/-3 h/week", "duration": "Acute; first published 22 September 2026", "key_results": "12-min TT power did not differ: active warm-up 259+/-52 W, 42 C immersion for 45 min 255+/-53 W, combined 257+/-53 W, P=0.308.", "limitations": "Abstract-only. Bath is impractical. One exact VO2 p value was stripped from the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42785717" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR49", "authors": "Earp JE, Joshi L, Mathisen C, Robinson D, Rehbein CO, Kraemer WJ, Penailillo L", "year": 2026, "title": "The acute effects of a cycling warm-up with and without foam rolling on biceps femoris stiffness and tissue homogeneity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005513", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005513", "pmid": "42483891", "design": "Crossover acute study", "population": "21 healthy active subjects; not specified as cyclists", "duration": "Acute; first published 22 July 2026", "key_results": "Biceps femoris stiffness fell similarly after cycling with or without foam rolling. No cycling performance test. Authors say future work must test injury incidence.", "limitations": "Not a performance or injury trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42483891" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR49", "citation_ids": [ "STR49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR49", "authors": "Earp JE, Joshi L, Mathisen C, Robinson D, Rehbein CO, Kraemer WJ, Penailillo L", "year": 2026, "title": "The acute effects of a cycling warm-up with and without foam rolling on biceps femoris stiffness and tissue homogeneity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005513", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000005513", "pmid": "42483891", "design": "Crossover acute study", "population": "21 healthy active subjects; not specified as cyclists", "duration": "Acute; first published 22 July 2026", "key_results": "Biceps femoris stiffness fell similarly after cycling with or without foam rolling. No cycling performance test. Authors say future work must test injury incidence.", "limitations": "Not a performance or injury trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42483891" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR50", "authors": "Silva RA, Silva-Junior FL, Pinheiro FA, Souza PF, Boullosa DA, Pires FO", "year": 2014, "title": "Acute prior heavy strength exercise bouts improve the 20-km cycling time trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442", "pmid": "24584047", "design": "Crossover acute potentiation study", "population": "11 trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute; 4x5RM leg press 10 min before a 20 km time trial", "key_results": "Time to complete the 20 km trial fell 6.1%. Cycling economy index was greater. Pacing, lactate, and RPE did not differ in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Acute, small, not a training adaptation. Can also fatigue other athletes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24584047" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR50", "citation_ids": [ "STR50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR50", "authors": "Silva RA, Silva-Junior FL, Pinheiro FA, Souza PF, Boullosa DA, Pires FO", "year": 2014, "title": "Acute prior heavy strength exercise bouts improve the 20-km cycling time trial performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442", "doi": "10.1519/JSC.0000000000000442", "pmid": "24584047", "design": "Crossover acute potentiation study", "population": "11 trained cyclists", "duration": "Acute; 4x5RM leg press 10 min before a 20 km time trial", "key_results": "Time to complete the 20 km trial fell 6.1%. Cycling economy index was greater. Pacing, lactate, and RPE did not differ in the retrieved abstract.", "limitations": "Acute, small, not a training adaptation. Can also fatigue other athletes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/24584047" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR51", "authors": "Blazevich AJ, Babault N", "year": 2019, "title": "Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01359", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01359", "pmid": "31736781", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human potentiation literature", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Twitch potentiation has a short half-life of about 28 s. Voluntary performance changes minutes later should not be equated with that mechanism.", "limitations": "Not a cycling trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31736781" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR51", "citation_ids": [ "STR51" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR51", "authors": "Blazevich AJ, Babault N", "year": 2019, "title": "Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01359", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2019.01359", "pmid": "31736781", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Human potentiation literature", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Twitch potentiation has a short half-life of about 28 s. Voluntary performance changes minutes later should not be equated with that mechanism.", "limitations": "Not a cycling trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31736781" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR52", "authors": "Vikestad V, Lyngstad IK, Dalen T", "year": 2025, "title": "Strength training among professional UCI road cyclists: practices, challenges, and rationales", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328195", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0328195", "pmid": "40638631", "design": "Questionnaire and interviews", "population": "147 professional road cyclists (88 men, 59 women); 10 interviews", "duration": "Cross-sectional practice survey", "key_results": "Common pattern was two strength sessions per week off- and pre-season, dropping to one in the race season. More women than men reported in-season lifting. Barriers: travel, fatigue, racing. Rationales included performance, injury prevention, and bone health.", "limitations": "Practice, not efficacy. Injury rationale is not a trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40638631" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR52", "citation_ids": [ "STR52" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR52", "authors": "Vikestad V, Lyngstad IK, Dalen T", "year": 2025, "title": "Strength training among professional UCI road cyclists: practices, challenges, and rationales", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328195", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0328195", "pmid": "40638631", "design": "Questionnaire and interviews", "population": "147 professional road cyclists (88 men, 59 women); 10 interviews", "duration": "Cross-sectional practice survey", "key_results": "Common pattern was two strength sessions per week off- and pre-season, dropping to one in the race season. More women than men reported in-season lifting. Barriers: travel, fatigue, racing. Rationales included performance, injury prevention, and bone health.", "limitations": "Practice, not efficacy. Injury rationale is not a trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40638631" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR53", "authors": "Vikestad V, Dalen T", "year": 2024, "title": "Strength training among male master cyclists-practices, challenges, and rationales", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040232", "doi": "10.3390/jfmk9040232", "pmid": "39584885", "design": "Questionnaire", "population": "555 male master cyclists aged 35 and older", "duration": "Cross-sectional", "key_results": "Strength frequency fell from off-season to race season. Barriers were fatigue and time. Bone health was a more common rationale in the older group.", "limitations": "Self-report. Not an outcome trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39584885" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR53", "citation_ids": [ "STR53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR53", "authors": "Vikestad V, Dalen T", "year": 2024, "title": "Strength training among male master cyclists-practices, challenges, and rationales", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040232", "doi": "10.3390/jfmk9040232", "pmid": "39584885", "design": "Questionnaire", "population": "555 male master cyclists aged 35 and older", "duration": "Cross-sectional", "key_results": "Strength frequency fell from off-season to race season. Barriers were fatigue and time. Bone health was a more common rationale in the older group.", "limitations": "Self-report. Not an outcome trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/39584885" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR54", "authors": "Vicari DSS, Filipas L, Giustino V, Drid P, Bianco A", "year": 2026, "title": "Strength training in the gym versus specific strength training on the bike in young off-road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaf024", "doi": "10.1093/bmb/ldaf024", "pmid": "41482961", "design": "Two-arm training comparison", "population": "19 young off-road cyclists; sex mix heterogeneous", "duration": "12 weeks; two sessions/week gym or on-bike strength plus endurance", "key_results": "Gym arm increased 30-s Wingate mean power (P=0.002). On-bike arm did not (P=0.276). No significant jump-height change in either arm.", "limitations": "Small. Abstract truncated some maximal-power statistics. Not a time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41482961" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR54", "citation_ids": [ "STR54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR54", "authors": "Vicari DSS, Filipas L, Giustino V, Drid P, Bianco A", "year": 2026, "title": "Strength training in the gym versus specific strength training on the bike in young off-road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaf024", "doi": "10.1093/bmb/ldaf024", "pmid": "41482961", "design": "Two-arm training comparison", "population": "19 young off-road cyclists; sex mix heterogeneous", "duration": "12 weeks; two sessions/week gym or on-bike strength plus endurance", "key_results": "Gym arm increased 30-s Wingate mean power (P=0.002). On-bike arm did not (P=0.276). No significant jump-height change in either arm.", "limitations": "Small. Abstract truncated some maximal-power statistics. Not a time trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/41482961" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR55", "authors": "Kordi M, Folland JP, Goodall S, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Cycling-specific isometric resistance training improves peak power output in elite sprint cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13742", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13742", "pmid": "32516483", "design": "Allocated training comparison", "population": "24 elite track sprint cyclists; EXP n=13, CON n=11", "duration": "6 weeks; isometric cycling-specific strength replaced usual compound lift", "key_results": "Absolute PPO +46+/-62 W and relative PPO +0.8+/-0.7 W/kg in EXP. Authors state about 3-4% PPO improvement.", "limitations": "Track sprinters, not road amateurs. One p value stripped from the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32516483" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR55", "citation_ids": [ "STR55" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR55", "authors": "Kordi M, Folland JP, Goodall S, et al.", "year": 2020, "title": "Cycling-specific isometric resistance training improves peak power output in elite sprint cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13742", "doi": "10.1111/sms.13742", "pmid": "32516483", "design": "Allocated training comparison", "population": "24 elite track sprint cyclists; EXP n=13, CON n=11", "duration": "6 weeks; isometric cycling-specific strength replaced usual compound lift", "key_results": "Absolute PPO +46+/-62 W and relative PPO +0.8+/-0.7 W/kg in EXP. Authors state about 3-4% PPO improvement.", "limitations": "Track sprinters, not road amateurs. One p value stripped from the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32516483" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR56", "authors": "Louis J, Hausswirth C, Easthope C, Brisswalter J", "year": 2012, "title": "Strength training improves cycling efficiency in master endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1", "pmid": "21638070", "design": "Pre-post training without an endurance-only control", "population": "9 masters (51.5+/-5.5 years) and 8 young endurance athletes", "duration": "3 weeks; knee extensions 10x10 at 70% maximal repetition, 3 times/week", "key_results": "Masters MVC +17.8% versus +5.9% in the young. Delta efficiency rose significantly in masters and only tended to rise in the young. MVC and delta efficiency correlated in masters (r=0.79).", "limitations": "No endurance-only control. Short. Not heavy 4-10RM multi-joint work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21638070" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR56", "citation_ids": [ "STR56" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR56", "authors": "Louis J, Hausswirth C, Easthope C, Brisswalter J", "year": 2012, "title": "Strength training improves cycling efficiency in master endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1", "pmid": "21638070", "design": "Pre-post training without an endurance-only control", "population": "9 masters (51.5+/-5.5 years) and 8 young endurance athletes", "duration": "3 weeks; knee extensions 10x10 at 70% maximal repetition, 3 times/week", "key_results": "Masters MVC +17.8% versus +5.9% in the young. Delta efficiency rose significantly in masters and only tended to rise in the young. MVC and delta efficiency correlated in masters (r=0.79).", "limitations": "No endurance-only control. Short. Not heavy 4-10RM multi-joint work.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21638070" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR57", "authors": "Hausswirth C, Argentin S, Bieuzen F, Le Meur Y, Couturier A, Brisswalter J", "year": 2010, "title": "Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008", "doi": "10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008", "pmid": "19473854", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "14 triathletes", "duration": "5 weeks; strength 3 times/week", "key_results": "Combined training prevented the fall in freely chosen cadence over a 2-h ride. Exact physiological deltas were not recoverable.", "limitations": "Abstract markup incomplete for numbers. Triathletes. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19473854" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR57", "citation_ids": [ "STR57" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2010 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR57", "authors": "Hausswirth C, Argentin S, Bieuzen F, Le Meur Y, Couturier A, Brisswalter J", "year": 2010, "title": "Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008", "doi": "10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008", "pmid": "19473854", "design": "Controlled training comparison", "population": "14 triathletes", "duration": "5 weeks; strength 3 times/week", "key_results": "Combined training prevented the fall in freely chosen cadence over a 2-h ride. Exact physiological deltas were not recoverable.", "limitations": "Abstract markup incomplete for numbers. Triathletes. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19473854" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR58", "authors": "Javaloyes A, Sanchez-Munoz C, Salas-Montoro JA, Lillo-Bevia JR, Moya-Ramon M, Mateo-March M", "year": 2026, "title": "Strength as a predictor of aerobic power in competitive cyclists: national team insights", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2702-4879", "doi": "10.1055/a-2702-4879", "pmid": "40957605", "design": "Cross-sectional association study", "population": "69 high-level and professional national-team cyclists", "duration": "2-day test protocol; first published 16 September 2025", "key_results": "1RM parallel squat associated with maximal aerobic power (r=0.73). Conclusion states strength was associated with maximal aerobic power but not time to exhaustion. Other coefficients were not cleanly recoverable.", "limitations": "Not causal. Not a training effect.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40957605" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR58", "citation_ids": [ "STR58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR58", "authors": "Javaloyes A, Sanchez-Munoz C, Salas-Montoro JA, Lillo-Bevia JR, Moya-Ramon M, Mateo-March M", "year": 2026, "title": "Strength as a predictor of aerobic power in competitive cyclists: national team insights", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2702-4879", "doi": "10.1055/a-2702-4879", "pmid": "40957605", "design": "Cross-sectional association study", "population": "69 high-level and professional national-team cyclists", "duration": "2-day test protocol; first published 16 September 2025", "key_results": "1RM parallel squat associated with maximal aerobic power (r=0.73). Conclusion states strength was associated with maximal aerobic power but not time to exhaustion. Other coefficients were not cleanly recoverable.", "limitations": "Not causal. Not a training effect.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/40957605" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR59", "authors": "Montalvo-Perez A, Alejo LB, Valenzuela PL, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Traditional versus velocity-based resistance training in competitive female cyclists: a randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.586113", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2021.586113", "pmid": "33716761", "design": "Randomised comparison of two lifting styles; no endurance-only arm", "population": "17 competitive female cyclists; traditional n=8, velocity-based n=9", "duration": "6 weeks, twice weekly, plus usual endurance", "key_results": "Both improved strength. Velocity-based training was better for hip-thrust strength and power. No group-by-time difference for body composition or endurance performance.", "limitations": "No cycling-only control. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33716761" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR59", "citation_ids": [ "STR59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR59", "authors": "Montalvo-Perez A, Alejo LB, Valenzuela PL, et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Traditional versus velocity-based resistance training in competitive female cyclists: a randomized controlled trial", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.586113", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2021.586113", "pmid": "33716761", "design": "Randomised comparison of two lifting styles; no endurance-only arm", "population": "17 competitive female cyclists; traditional n=8, velocity-based n=9", "duration": "6 weeks, twice weekly, plus usual endurance", "key_results": "Both improved strength. Velocity-based training was better for hip-thrust strength and power. No group-by-time difference for body composition or endurance performance.", "limitations": "No cycling-only control. Short.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33716761" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR60", "authors": "Bini R, Hume PA, Croft JL", "year": 2011, "title": "Effects of bicycle saddle height on knee injury risk and cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/11588740-000000000-00000", "doi": "10.2165/11588740-000000000-00000", "pmid": "21615188", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Saddle-height literature since 1960; 62 references", "duration": "Not a trial", "key_results": "Methods for setting saddle height disagree. Height can affect performance and knee-injury risk markers. Not a prevention RCT.", "limitations": "No single validated fit formula.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21615188" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR60", "citation_ids": [ "STR60" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2011 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR60", "authors": "Bini R, Hume PA, Croft JL", "year": 2011, "title": "Effects of bicycle saddle height on knee injury risk and cycling performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2165/11588740-000000000-00000", "doi": "10.2165/11588740-000000000-00000", "pmid": "21615188", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Saddle-height literature since 1960; 62 references", "duration": "Not a trial", "key_results": "Methods for setting saddle height disagree. Height can affect performance and knee-injury risk markers. Not a prevention RCT.", "limitations": "No single validated fit formula.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/21615188" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR61", "authors": "Kotler DH, Babu AN, Robidoux G", "year": 2016, "title": "Prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation of cycling-related injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000262", "doi": "10.1249/JSR.0000000000000262", "pmid": "27172085", "design": "Clinical commentary", "population": "Recreational and competitive cyclists", "duration": "Not a trial", "key_results": "Recommends understanding traumatic and overuse mechanisms and early correction of strength and flexibility imbalances, technique, and bike fit.", "limitations": "Not evidence that imbalance correction prevents cycling injury.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27172085" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR61", "citation_ids": [ "STR61" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR61", "authors": "Kotler DH, Babu AN, Robidoux G", "year": 2016, "title": "Prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation of cycling-related injury", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000262", "doi": "10.1249/JSR.0000000000000262", "pmid": "27172085", "design": "Clinical commentary", "population": "Recreational and competitive cyclists", "duration": "Not a trial", "key_results": "Recommends understanding traumatic and overuse mechanisms and early correction of strength and flexibility imbalances, technique, and bike fit.", "limitations": "Not evidence that imbalance correction prevents cycling injury.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27172085" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR62", "authors": "Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, Morrissey D", "year": 2012, "title": "The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-75", "doi": "10.1186/1741-7015-10-75", "pmid": "22812375", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Sports participants in neuromuscular warm-up trials", "duration": "Search to January 2012", "key_results": "Some equipment-free neuromuscular warm-ups reduced lower-limb injury in the sports studied.", "limitations": "Field and court sports, not a 5-minute cycling glute circuit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22812375" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR62", "citation_ids": [ "STR62" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR62", "authors": "Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, Morrissey D", "year": 2012, "title": "The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-75", "doi": "10.1186/1741-7015-10-75", "pmid": "22812375", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "Sports participants in neuromuscular warm-up trials", "duration": "Search to January 2012", "key_results": "Some equipment-free neuromuscular warm-ups reduced lower-limb injury in the sports studied.", "limitations": "Field and court sports, not a 5-minute cycling glute circuit.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22812375" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR63", "authors": "Opplert J, Babault N", "year": 2018, "title": "Acute effects of dynamic stretching on muscle flexibility and performance: an analysis of the current literature", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9", "pmid": "29063454", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Dynamic-stretching studies", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Dynamic stretching generally increases range of motion and can have small positive effects on subsequent force, power, sprint, and jump when not excessive.", "limitations": "Not cycling time-trial evidence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29063454" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR63", "citation_ids": [ "STR63" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR63", "authors": "Opplert J, Babault N", "year": 2018, "title": "Acute effects of dynamic stretching on muscle flexibility and performance: an analysis of the current literature", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-017-0797-9", "pmid": "29063454", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Dynamic-stretching studies", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Dynamic stretching generally increases range of motion and can have small positive effects on subsequent force, power, sprint, and jump when not excessive.", "limitations": "Not cycling time-trial evidence.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29063454" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "STR64", "authors": "Warneke K, Ploschberger G, Lohmann LH, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006", "pmid": "38244921", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "38 studies comparing stretching or foam rolling with other warm-up interventions", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Stretching and foam rolling did not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements versus other warm-ups that can raise muscle temperature.", "limitations": "Flexibility, not cycling power. Abstract used for the direction of the finding.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38244921" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "STR64", "citation_ids": [ "STR64" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2024 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "STR64", "authors": "Warneke K, Ploschberger G, Lohmann LH, et al.", "year": 2024, "title": "Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: a systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006", "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006", "pmid": "38244921", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "38 studies comparing stretching or foam rolling with other warm-up interventions", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Stretching and foam rolling did not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements versus other warm-ups that can raise muscle temperature.", "limitations": "Flexibility, not cycling power. Abstract used for the direction of the finding.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38244921" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON01", "authors": "Coggan AR", "year": 2016, "title": "Normalized Power, Intensity Factor and Training Stress Score", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/normalized-power-intensity-factor-training-stress/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor explainer", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Defines IF as NP/FTP. Describes NP as a model of delayed and curvilinear physiological responses, not a trial of the exponent or window.", "limitations": "Product documentation, updated 2026-05-11. Does not print the 30 s / fourth-power steps.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/normalized-power-intensity-factor-training-stress/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON01", "citation_ids": [ "MON01" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON01", "authors": "Coggan AR", "year": 2016, "title": "Normalized Power, Intensity Factor and Training Stress Score", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/normalized-power-intensity-factor-training-stress/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor explainer", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Defines IF as NP/FTP. Describes NP as a model of delayed and curvilinear physiological responses, not a trial of the exponent or window.", "limitations": "Product documentation, updated 2026-05-11. Does not print the 30 s / fourth-power steps.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/normalized-power-intensity-factor-training-stress/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON02", "authors": "Friel J", "year": 2009, "title": "Estimating Training Stress Score (TSS)", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/estimating-training-stress-score-tss/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor formula page", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "States TSS = (sec x NP x IF)/(FTP x 3600) x 100 and that 1 h at FTP is 100 TSS by definition.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-04-13. Estimation table is coaching practice.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/estimating-training-stress-score-tss/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON02", "citation_ids": [ "MON02" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2009 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON02", "authors": "Friel J", "year": 2009, "title": "Estimating Training Stress Score (TSS)", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/estimating-training-stress-score-tss/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor formula page", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "States TSS = (sec x NP x IF)/(FTP x 3600) x 100 and that 1 h at FTP is 100 TSS by definition.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-04-13. Estimation table is coaching practice.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/estimating-training-stress-score-tss/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON03", "authors": "TrainingPeaks", "year": 2015, "title": "What is the Performance Management Chart?", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/what-is-the-performance-management-chart/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor product page", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "ATL is a 7-day exponentially weighted average of TSS labelled fatigue; CTL a 42-day average labelled fitness; TSB is yesterday's CTL minus yesterday's ATL. Form band slightly negative to +25 is a rule of thumb.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-05-16. Labels are product names, not measured fitness. Exact EWMA algebra not published on the page.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/what-is-the-performance-management-chart/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON03", "citation_ids": [ "MON03" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON03", "authors": "TrainingPeaks", "year": 2015, "title": "What is the Performance Management Chart?", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/what-is-the-performance-management-chart/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor product page", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "ATL is a 7-day exponentially weighted average of TSS labelled fatigue; CTL a 42-day average labelled fitness; TSB is yesterday's CTL minus yesterday's ATL. Form band slightly negative to +25 is a rule of thumb.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-05-16. Labels are product names, not measured fitness. Exact EWMA algebra not published on the page.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/learn/articles/what-is-the-performance-management-chart/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON04", "authors": "Skiba PF", "year": 2008, "title": "Analysis of power output and training stress in cyclists: the development of the BikeScore algorithm", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/master/doc/user/bikescore.pdf", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor/methods note", "population": "Illustrative athlete files; small unpublished correlations", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Reconstructs Coggan NP as a 30 s moving average and a near-fourth-power lactate weighting. xPower steps: 25 s EWMA, raise to the 4th, mean, 4th root. Example NP 239 W vs xPower 236 W. Illustrative impulse-response fit used constants other than 42/7.", "limitations": "Not peer reviewed. 40 km correlations described as data not shown (n=5 and n=10).", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/master/doc/user/bikescore.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON04", "citation_ids": [ "MON04" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON04", "authors": "Skiba PF", "year": 2008, "title": "Analysis of power output and training stress in cyclists: the development of the BikeScore algorithm", "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/master/doc/user/bikescore.pdf", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Vendor/methods note", "population": "Illustrative athlete files; small unpublished correlations", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Reconstructs Coggan NP as a 30 s moving average and a near-fourth-power lactate weighting. xPower steps: 25 s EWMA, raise to the 4th, mean, 4th root. Example NP 239 W vs xPower 236 W. Illustrative impulse-response fit used constants other than 42/7.", "limitations": "Not peer reviewed. 40 km correlations described as data not shown (n=5 and n=10).", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/master/doc/user/bikescore.pdf" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON05", "authors": "GoldenCheetah project", "year": null, "title": "Glossary of terms", "url": "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Software documentation", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Documents 30 s moving average for TSS/NP versus 25 s EWMA for xPower; CTL/ATL default time constants 42 and 7, claimed to relate to fitness and fatigue; TSB = yesterday CTL minus yesterday ATL; session-RPE = post-session RPE x minutes (citing Foster 2001); decoupling >5% heuristic qualified by heat and dehydration.", "limitations": "Implementation doc, not a validation trial.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON05", "citation_ids": [ "MON05" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "year_note": "Publication year was not verified for this software glossary; 2026 in the original extraction matches the access year, not a confirmed publication date.", "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON05", "authors": "GoldenCheetah project", "year": 2026, "title": "Glossary of terms", "url": "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Software documentation", "population": "Not a study", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Documents 30 s moving average for TSS/NP versus 25 s EWMA for xPower; CTL/ATL default time constants 42 and 7, claimed to relate to fitness and fatigue; TSB = yesterday CTL minus yesterday ATL; session-RPE = post-session RPE x minutes (citing Foster 2001); decoupling >5% heuristic qualified by heat and dehydration.", "limitations": "Implementation doc, not a validation trial.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON06", "authors": "Friel J", "year": 2008, "title": "Aerobic decoupling and heart rate drift explained", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/coach-blog/aerobic-endurance-and-decoupling/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Coaching/vendor article", "population": "Not a trial", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Defines decoupling as first-half versus second-half power:HR. Publishes <5%, 5-10%, >10% bands and states there is no hard research-based rule for how long coupling should last. Lists heat, dehydration, glycogen, and fatigue as causes of drift.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-06-03. Bands are coaching practice.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/coach-blog/aerobic-endurance-and-decoupling/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON06", "citation_ids": [ "MON06" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2008 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON06", "authors": "Friel J", "year": 2008, "title": "Aerobic decoupling and heart rate drift explained", "url": "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/coach-blog/aerobic-endurance-and-decoupling/", "doi": null, "pmid": null, "design": "Coaching/vendor article", "population": "Not a trial", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Defines decoupling as first-half versus second-half power:HR. Publishes <5%, 5-10%, >10% bands and states there is no hard research-based rule for how long coupling should last. Lists heat, dehydration, glycogen, and fatigue as causes of drift.", "limitations": "Updated 2026-06-03. Bands are coaching practice.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.trainingpeaks.com/coach-blog/aerobic-endurance-and-decoupling/" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON07", "authors": "Foster C et al.", "year": 2001, "title": "A new approach to monitoring exercise training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015%3C0109:anatme%3E2.0.co;2", "doi": "10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0109:anatme>2.0.co;2", "pmid": "11708692", "design": "Methods paper (session-RPE)", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Not re-extracted", "key_results": "Cited as the source of session-RPE (RPE about 30 min post x duration in minutes) via GoldenCheetah and later reviews. Trial numbers were not retrieved.", "limitations": "Metadata plus secondary description only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON07", "citation_ids": [ "MON07" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2001 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON07", "authors": "Foster C et al.", "year": 2001, "title": "A new approach to monitoring exercise training", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015%3C0109:anatme%3E2.0.co;2", "doi": "10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0109:anatme>2.0.co;2", "pmid": "11708692", "design": "Methods paper (session-RPE)", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Not re-extracted", "key_results": "Cited as the source of session-RPE (RPE about 30 min post x duration in minutes) via GoldenCheetah and later reviews. Trial numbers were not retrieved.", "limitations": "Metadata plus secondary description only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://github.com/GoldenCheetah/GoldenCheetah/wiki/UG_Glossary" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON08", "authors": "Foster C; Rodriguez-Marroyo JA; de Koning JJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Monitoring training loads: the past, the present, and the future", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388", "pmid": "28253038", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Not a new sample", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Traces external-load monitoring to internal-load methods and presents session-RPE as the practical descendant of Banister TRIMP.", "limitations": "Abstract. No new effect sizes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON08", "citation_ids": [ "MON08" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON08", "authors": "Foster C; Rodriguez-Marroyo JA; de Koning JJ", "year": 2017, "title": "Monitoring training loads: the past, the present, and the future", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388", "pmid": "28253038", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Not a new sample", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Traces external-load monitoring to internal-load methods and presents session-RPE as the practical descendant of Banister TRIMP.", "limitations": "Abstract. No new effect sizes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON09", "authors": "Rodriguez-Marroyo JA; Villa JG; Garcia-Lopez J; Foster C", "year": 2012, "title": "Comparison of heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion methods of defining exercise load in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233", "pmid": "21997452", "design": "Observational field comparison", "population": "12 professional male cyclists, VO2max 78.5±1.7 mL/kg/min", "duration": "Two seasons; 5-, 7-, and 21-day races", "key_results": "sRPE load correlated with HR TRIMP (r=0.75; r=0.90 per km). Race-type ranking differed until normalized by distance.", "limitations": "Abstract. Men only. Competition, not training blocks.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON09", "citation_ids": [ "MON09" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2012 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON09", "authors": "Rodriguez-Marroyo JA; Villa JG; Garcia-Lopez J; Foster C", "year": 2012, "title": "Comparison of heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion methods of defining exercise load in cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233", "pmid": "21997452", "design": "Observational field comparison", "population": "12 professional male cyclists, VO2max 78.5±1.7 mL/kg/min", "duration": "Two seasons; 5-, 7-, and 21-day races", "key_results": "sRPE load correlated with HR TRIMP (r=0.75; r=0.90 per km). Race-type ranking differed until normalized by distance.", "limitations": "Abstract. Men only. Competition, not training blocks.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a4233&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON10", "authors": "Halson SL", "year": 2014, "title": "Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z", "pmid": "25200666", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes generally", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No single definitive fatigue marker. Describes Banister TRIMP from duration and resting/mean/max HR; Edwards as five arbitrary HR zones times a weight; Lucia as three individually anchored zones.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Exact Banister coefficients and Edwards zone cuts were not in the extracted passages.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4213373/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON10", "citation_ids": [ "MON10" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON10", "authors": "Halson SL", "year": 2014, "title": "Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z", "pmid": "25200666", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Athletes generally", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "No single definitive fatigue marker. Describes Banister TRIMP from duration and resting/mean/max HR; Edwards as five arbitrary HR zones times a weight; Lucia as three individually anchored zones.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Exact Banister coefficients and Edwards zone cuts were not in the extracted passages.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4213373/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON11", "authors": "Bourdon PC et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208", "pmid": "28463642", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Expert conference", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Frames load monitoring as multidisciplinary internal plus external load, aimed at adaptation and health.", "limitations": "Abstract is procedural; specific cut-offs not retrieved.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON11", "citation_ids": [ "MON11" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON11", "authors": "Bourdon PC et al.", "year": 2017, "title": "Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208", "pmid": "28463642", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Expert conference", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Frames load monitoring as multidisciplinary internal plus external load, aimed at adaptation and health.", "limitations": "Abstract is procedural; specific cut-offs not retrieved.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0208&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON12", "authors": "Impellizzeri FM; Marcora SM; Coutts AJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Internal and external training load: 15 years on", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935", "pmid": "30614348", "design": "Commentary", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Restates training load as two measurable components, internal and external, which are not the same construct.", "limitations": "Abstract. Conceptual, not a cycling trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON12", "citation_ids": [ "MON12" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON12", "authors": "Impellizzeri FM; Marcora SM; Coutts AJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Internal and external training load: 15 years on", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935", "pmid": "30614348", "design": "Commentary", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Restates training load as two measurable components, internal and external, which are not the same construct.", "limitations": "Abstract. Conceptual, not a cycling trial.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON16", "authors": "Sanders D; Abt G; Hesselink MKC; Myers T; Akubat I", "year": 2017, "title": "Methods of monitoring training load and their relationships to changes in fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454", "pmid": "28095061", "design": "Observational preseason", "population": "15 well-trained competitive road cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "All load methods correlated r=0.54-0.81 with changes in power at 2 and 4 mmol/L. Strongest fitness links: iTRIMP and TSS (r about 0.75-0.81). Strongest 8-min TT links: iTRIMP r=0.63 and Lucia TRIMP r=0.70.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not randomized. No CTL target.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON16", "citation_ids": [ "MON16" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON16", "authors": "Sanders D; Abt G; Hesselink MKC; Myers T; Akubat I", "year": 2017, "title": "Methods of monitoring training load and their relationships to changes in fitness and performance in competitive road cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454", "pmid": "28095061", "design": "Observational preseason", "population": "15 well-trained competitive road cyclists", "duration": "10 weeks", "key_results": "All load methods correlated r=0.54-0.81 with changes in power at 2 and 4 mmol/L. Strongest fitness links: iTRIMP and TSS (r about 0.75-0.81). Strongest 8-min TT links: iTRIMP r=0.63 and Lucia TRIMP r=0.70.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not randomized. No CTL target.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0454&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON17", "authors": "Wallace LK; Slattery KM; Coutts AJ", "year": 2014, "title": "A comparison of methods for quantifying training load: relationships between modelled and actual training responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1", "pmid": "24104194", "design": "Observational model fit", "population": "7 trained runners, VO2max 51.7±4.5", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "1500 m improved 5.4±2.6%. Modelled vs actual performance r about 0.60-0.70 for rTSS, sRPE, and TRIMP. Time constants were fitted.", "limitations": "Runners, n=7. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON17", "citation_ids": [ "MON17" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON17", "authors": "Wallace LK; Slattery KM; Coutts AJ", "year": 2014, "title": "A comparison of methods for quantifying training load: relationships between modelled and actual training responses", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1", "pmid": "24104194", "design": "Observational model fit", "population": "7 trained runners, VO2max 51.7±4.5", "duration": "15 weeks", "key_results": "1500 m improved 5.4±2.6%. Modelled vs actual performance r about 0.60-0.70 for rTSS, sRPE, and TRIMP. Time constants were fitted.", "limitations": "Runners, n=7. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s00421-013-2745-1&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON18", "authors": "Vermeire K et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "The influence of different training load quantification methods on the fitness-fatigue model", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662", "pmid": "33691278", "design": "Model comparison", "population": "9 subjects, interval cycling", "duration": "8 weeks training plus 3 weeks detraining; weekly 3 km TT", "key_results": "Prediction error similar across Banister, Lucia, Edwards, TSS, sRPE, and kJ. Methods not interchangeable: the day of largest positive influence differed by up to 19.6 days.", "limitations": "Small sample. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON18", "citation_ids": [ "MON18" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON18", "authors": "Vermeire K et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "The influence of different training load quantification methods on the fitness-fatigue model", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662", "pmid": "33691278", "design": "Model comparison", "population": "9 subjects, interval cycling", "duration": "8 weeks training plus 3 weeks detraining; weekly 3 km TT", "key_results": "Prediction error similar across Banister, Lucia, Edwards, TSS, sRPE, and kJ. Methods not interchangeable: the day of largest positive influence differed by up to 19.6 days.", "limitations": "Small sample. Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0662&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON19", "authors": "van Erp T; Foster C; de Koning JJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Relationship between various training-load measures in elite cyclists during training, road races, and time trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0722", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0722", "pmid": "30300025", "design": "Retrospective field", "population": "21 professional cyclists", "duration": "4 years; 11655 sessions, 5445 with RPE", "key_results": "kJ, sRPE, Lucia TRIMP, and TSS almost perfectly related in training and very large to almost perfect in races and TTs. TSS training-vs-race difference 120% versus 73%, 67%, and 68% for kJ, sRPE, and Lucia TRIMP.", "limitations": "Abstract. Elite men. Correlation is not interchangeability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30300025&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON19", "citation_ids": [ "MON19" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON19", "authors": "van Erp T; Foster C; de Koning JJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Relationship between various training-load measures in elite cyclists during training, road races, and time trials", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0722", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0722", "pmid": "30300025", "design": "Retrospective field", "population": "21 professional cyclists", "duration": "4 years; 11655 sessions, 5445 with RPE", "key_results": "kJ, sRPE, Lucia TRIMP, and TSS almost perfectly related in training and very large to almost perfect in races and TTs. TSS training-vs-race difference 120% versus 73%, 67%, and 68% for kJ, sRPE, and Lucia TRIMP.", "limitations": "Abstract. Elite men. Correlation is not interchangeability.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30300025&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON20", "authors": "van Erp T; Hoozemans MPM; Foster C; de Koning JJ", "year": 2019, "title": "The influence of exercise intensity on the association between kilojoules spent and various training loads in professional cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0877", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0877", "pmid": "30958053", "design": "Retrospective field", "population": "21 professional team cyclists", "duration": "4 years; 11716 sessions", "key_results": "Training IF 0.59±0.03 versus race IF 0.73±0.03. kJ predicted sRPE and Lucia TRIMP without an IF interaction; the kJ-TSS association depended on IF, consistent with quadratic IF weighting.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30958053&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON20", "citation_ids": [ "MON20" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON20", "authors": "van Erp T; Hoozemans MPM; Foster C; de Koning JJ", "year": 2019, "title": "The influence of exercise intensity on the association between kilojoules spent and various training loads in professional cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0877", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2018-0877", "pmid": "30958053", "design": "Retrospective field", "population": "21 professional team cyclists", "duration": "4 years; 11716 sessions", "key_results": "Training IF 0.59±0.03 versus race IF 0.73±0.03. kJ predicted sRPE and Lucia TRIMP without an IF interaction; the kJ-TSS association depended on IF, consistent with quadratic IF weighting.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30958053&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON22", "authors": "Passfield L; Hopker JG; Jobson S; Friel D; Zabala M", "year": 2017, "title": "Knowledge is power: issues of measuring training and performance in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504", "pmid": "27686573", "design": "Review", "population": "Field power-meter users; grand-tour example", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Power meters can be valid and reliable. Simple summaries miss power distribution and metabolic stress. Suggests critical power or record power profile for tracking change.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON22", "citation_ids": [ "MON22" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON22", "authors": "Passfield L; Hopker JG; Jobson S; Friel D; Zabala M", "year": 2017, "title": "Knowledge is power: issues of measuring training and performance in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504", "pmid": "27686573", "design": "Review", "population": "Field power-meter users; grand-tour example", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Power meters can be valid and reliable. Simple summaries miss power distribution and metabolic stress. Suggests critical power or record power profile for tracking change.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1080/02640414.2016.1215504&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON23", "authors": "Bossi AH; Matta G; Lima P; Bara-Filho M", "year": 2026, "title": "Quantifying and comparing training load metrics in cycling: a methodology review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028", "pmid": "42315095", "design": "Methodology review / single-athlete worked example", "population": "One competitive cyclist in the worked example", "duration": "Not stated in the retrieved abstract", "key_results": "Shows how to compute TSS, Edwards TRIMP, and session-RPE and how to compare them with regression and partial correlation controlling for duration.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Fit statistics from secondary search summaries were not used. Not generalizable.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON23", "citation_ids": [ "MON23" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON23", "authors": "Bossi AH; Matta G; Lima P; Bara-Filho M", "year": 2026, "title": "Quantifying and comparing training load metrics in cycling: a methodology review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028", "pmid": "42315095", "design": "Methodology review / single-athlete worked example", "population": "One competitive cyclist in the worked example", "duration": "Not stated in the retrieved abstract", "key_results": "Shows how to compute TSS, Edwards TRIMP, and session-RPE and how to compare them with regression and partial correlation controlling for duration.", "limitations": "Abstract only. Fit statistics from secondary search summaries were not used. Not generalizable.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON27", "authors": "Inglis EC; Iannetta D; Passfield L; Murias JM", "year": 2020, "title": "Maximal lactate steady state versus the 20-minute functional threshold power test", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214", "pmid": "31689684", "design": "Cross-sectional plus 7-month follow-up", "population": "18 well-trained adults (12 men, 6 women); 10 returned", "duration": "7 months in the subset", "key_results": "MLSS was 88.5±4.8% of FTP20 and 93.1±5.1% of FTP95%. MLSS rose 12±8 W; FTP20 and FTP95% did not (P=0.75).", "limitations": "Abstract. Mixed sex, not all identified as cyclists in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON27", "citation_ids": [ "MON27" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON27", "authors": "Inglis EC; Iannetta D; Passfield L; Murias JM", "year": 2020, "title": "Maximal lactate steady state versus the 20-minute functional threshold power test", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214", "pmid": "31689684", "design": "Cross-sectional plus 7-month follow-up", "population": "18 well-trained adults (12 men, 6 women); 10 returned", "duration": "7 months in the subset", "key_results": "MLSS was 88.5±4.8% of FTP20 and 93.1±5.1% of FTP95%. MLSS rose 12±8 W; FTP20 and FTP95% did not (P=0.75).", "limitations": "Abstract. Mixed sex, not all identified as cyclists in the abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0214&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON28", "authors": "Lillo-Bevia JR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Is the functional threshold power a valid metric to estimate the maximal lactate steady state in cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403", "pmid": "31714462", "design": "Laboratory validity and repeatability", "population": "11 trained men, VO2max 59.7±3.0", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "TT20 SEM ±3 W, smallest detectable change ±9 W. MLSS bias 26±7 W vs TT20 and 12±7 W vs 95%. In-sample 91% factor and regression reduced bias.", "limitations": "Abstract. Corrections were fit on the same sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON28", "citation_ids": [ "MON28" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON28", "authors": "Lillo-Bevia JR et al.", "year": 2022, "title": "Is the functional threshold power a valid metric to estimate the maximal lactate steady state in cyclists?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403", "pmid": "31714462", "design": "Laboratory validity and repeatability", "population": "11 trained men, VO2max 59.7±3.0", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "TT20 SEM ±3 W, smallest detectable change ±9 W. MLSS bias 26±7 W vs TT20 and 12±7 W vs 95%. In-sample 91% factor and regression reduced bias.", "limitations": "Abstract. Corrections were fit on the same sample.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003403&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON29", "authors": "Borszcz FK; Tramontin AF; Costa VP", "year": 2020, "title": "Reliability of the functional threshold power in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1018-1965", "doi": "10.1055/a-1018-1965", "pmid": "31952081", "design": "Test-retest", "population": "25 trained cyclists", "duration": "Familiarization plus two tests 7 days apart", "key_results": "20-min protocol CV 2.9%, ICC 0.97. Warm-up CV 5.5%, ICC 0.84. Pacing consistent.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/a-1018-1965&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON29", "citation_ids": [ "MON29" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON29", "authors": "Borszcz FK; Tramontin AF; Costa VP", "year": 2020, "title": "Reliability of the functional threshold power in competitive cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1018-1965", "doi": "10.1055/a-1018-1965", "pmid": "31952081", "design": "Test-retest", "population": "25 trained cyclists", "duration": "Familiarization plus two tests 7 days apart", "key_results": "20-min protocol CV 2.9%, ICC 0.97. Warm-up CV 5.5%, ICC 0.84. Pacing consistent.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/a-1018-1965&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON31", "authors": "Sitko S; Cirer-Sastre R; Lopez-Laval I", "year": 2022, "title": "Time to exhaustion at estimated functional threshold power in road cyclists of different performance levels", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007", "pmid": "35835698", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "Road cyclists grouped by VO2max; n not in retrieved abstract", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Median TTE at Allen & Coggan FTP: 35 min recreational, 42 trained, 47 well-trained, 51 professional.", "limitations": "Abstract missing sample size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON31", "citation_ids": [ "MON31" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON31", "authors": "Sitko S; Cirer-Sastre R; Lopez-Laval I", "year": 2022, "title": "Time to exhaustion at estimated functional threshold power in road cyclists of different performance levels", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007", "pmid": "35835698", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "Road cyclists grouped by VO2max; n not in retrieved abstract", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Median TTE at Allen & Coggan FTP: 35 min recreational, 42 trained, 47 well-trained, 51 professional.", "limitations": "Abstract missing sample size.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.007&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON32", "authors": "Sitko S; Cirer-Sastre R; Corbi F; Lopez-Laval I", "year": 2022, "title": "Functional threshold power as an alternative to lactate thresholds in road cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070", "pmid": "34127613", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "46 road cyclists, VO2max 61.1±9.1", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Large correlations with some lactate landmarks (r=0.68-0.93) and significant differences from others. Not a free substitute.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON32", "citation_ids": [ "MON32" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2022 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON32", "authors": "Sitko S; Cirer-Sastre R; Corbi F; Lopez-Laval I", "year": 2022, "title": "Functional threshold power as an alternative to lactate thresholds in road cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070", "pmid": "34127613", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "46 road cyclists, VO2max 61.1±9.1", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Large correlations with some lactate landmarks (r=0.68-0.93) and significant differences from others. Not a free substitute.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004070&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON33", "authors": "Mackey J; Horner K", "year": 2021, "title": "What is known about the FTP20 test related to cycling? A scoping review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515", "pmid": "34304689", "design": "Scoping review", "population": "15 studies, mostly trained men", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "FTP20 reported reliable. Large limits of agreement argue against interchange with other markers. Physiological justification still thin.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON33", "citation_ids": [ "MON33" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON33", "authors": "Mackey J; Horner K", "year": 2021, "title": "What is known about the FTP20 test related to cycling? A scoping review", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515", "doi": "10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515", "pmid": "34304689", "design": "Scoping review", "population": "15 studies, mostly trained men", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "FTP20 reported reliable. Large limits of agreement argue against interchange with other markers. Physiological justification still thin.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1080/02640414.2021.1955515&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON34", "authors": "Karsten B et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Relationship between the critical power test and a 20-min functional threshold power test in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.613151", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2020.613151", "pmid": "33551839", "design": "Cross-sectional agreement", "population": "17 trained cyclists and triathletes, VO2peak 51±10, MAP 350±56 W", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "CP vs 95% of 20 min: r=0.969, bias 7±13 W, LoA -19 to 33 W. CP likely higher.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Single-visit CP protocol.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7862708/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON34", "citation_ids": [ "MON34" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON34", "authors": "Karsten B et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "Relationship between the critical power test and a 20-min functional threshold power test in cycling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.613151", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2020.613151", "pmid": "33551839", "design": "Cross-sectional agreement", "population": "17 trained cyclists and triathletes, VO2peak 51±10, MAP 350±56 W", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "CP vs 95% of 20 min: r=0.969, bias 7±13 W, LoA -19 to 33 W. CP likely higher.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Single-visit CP protocol.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7862708/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON35", "authors": "Karsten B; Jobson SA; Hopker J; Stevens L; Beedie C", "year": 2015, "title": "Validity and reliability of critical power field testing", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z", "pmid": "25260244", "design": "Field validity and reliability", "population": "Cyclists; n not in retrieved abstract portion", "duration": "Acute repeated efforts", "key_results": "Field CP CV 2.4%, 6.5%, and 3.5% across three protocols. SEE 4.5-5.8%. Limits of agreement wide.", "limitations": "Abstract. Sample size not captured.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON35", "citation_ids": [ "MON35" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2015 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON35", "authors": "Karsten B; Jobson SA; Hopker J; Stevens L; Beedie C", "year": 2015, "title": "Validity and reliability of critical power field testing", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z", "pmid": "25260244", "design": "Field validity and reliability", "population": "Cyclists; n not in retrieved abstract portion", "duration": "Acute repeated efforts", "key_results": "Field CP CV 2.4%, 6.5%, and 3.5% across three protocols. SEE 4.5-5.8%. Limits of agreement wide.", "limitations": "Abstract. Sample size not captured.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON36", "authors": "Bartram JC; Thewlis D; Martin DT; Norton KI", "year": 2017, "title": "Predicting critical power in elite cyclists: questioning the validity of the 3-minute all-out test", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376", "pmid": "27834562", "design": "Cross-sectional validity", "population": "6 elite Australian track endurance cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "3-min end-test power 402±33 W versus traditional CP 351±27 W, significantly higher. Not suitable in that group.", "limitations": "Abstract. n=6.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON36", "citation_ids": [ "MON36" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON36", "authors": "Bartram JC; Thewlis D; Martin DT; Norton KI", "year": 2017, "title": "Predicting critical power in elite cyclists: questioning the validity of the 3-minute all-out test", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376", "pmid": "27834562", "design": "Cross-sectional validity", "population": "6 elite Australian track endurance cyclists", "duration": "3 weeks", "key_results": "3-min end-test power 402±33 W versus traditional CP 351±27 W, significantly higher. Not suitable in that group.", "limitations": "Abstract. n=6.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0376&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON37", "authors": "Quittmann OJ; Piehl MA", "year": 2026, "title": "The 3-min all-out test in cycling: a systematic review and meta-analysis on its reliability and validity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w", "pmid": "42479066", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "20 studies, N=284, mostly small and male, 2006-2025", "duration": "Search 20 June 2025", "key_results": "EP ICC 0.89-0.99 and WEP ICC 0.76-0.98 if retested within 3 weeks with familiarization. EP overestimated CP (gz=0.408, PI 0.024 to 0.792). WEP underestimated W' (gz=-0.389, PI -0.954 to 0.176). Pooled EP vs CP: r=0.993, SEE 21 W, bias +11.7 W, LoA -37 to +61 W. WEP vs W' r=0.499, SEE 5.4 kJ.", "limitations": "Full text. Heterogeneous protocols. Prediction intervals wide.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13541879/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON37", "citation_ids": [ "MON37" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON37", "authors": "Quittmann OJ; Piehl MA", "year": 2026, "title": "The 3-min all-out test in cycling: a systematic review and meta-analysis on its reliability and validity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w", "pmid": "42479066", "design": "Systematic review and meta-analysis", "population": "20 studies, N=284, mostly small and male, 2006-2025", "duration": "Search 20 June 2025", "key_results": "EP ICC 0.89-0.99 and WEP ICC 0.76-0.98 if retested within 3 weeks with familiarization. EP overestimated CP (gz=0.408, PI 0.024 to 0.792). WEP underestimated W' (gz=-0.389, PI -0.954 to 0.176). Pooled EP vs CP: r=0.993, SEE 21 W, bias +11.7 W, LoA -37 to +61 W. WEP vs W' r=0.499, SEE 5.4 kJ.", "limitations": "Full text. Heterogeneous protocols. Prediction intervals wide.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13541879/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON38", "authors": "Habets MA; de Jong J; de Groot S; Hesselink MKC; Sanders D", "year": 2026, "title": "Comparison of modelled maximal lactate steady state with critical power in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2917-0233", "doi": "10.1055/a-2917-0233", "pmid": "42586158", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "12 highly trained professional men", "duration": "Acute field MMP", "key_results": "Modelled MLSS 357±30.6 W vs CP from 3- and 20-min MMP 364±21.5 W, r=0.881. Substantial individual variation.", "limitations": "Abstract. CP was a two-duration field estimate, not a full laboratory series.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/a-2917-0233&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON38", "citation_ids": [ "MON38" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON38", "authors": "Habets MA; de Jong J; de Groot S; Hesselink MKC; Sanders D", "year": 2026, "title": "Comparison of modelled maximal lactate steady state with critical power in elite cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2917-0233", "doi": "10.1055/a-2917-0233", "pmid": "42586158", "design": "Cross-sectional", "population": "12 highly trained professional men", "duration": "Acute field MMP", "key_results": "Modelled MLSS 357±30.6 W vs CP from 3- and 20-min MMP 364±21.5 W, r=0.881. Substantial individual variation.", "limitations": "Abstract. CP was a two-duration field estimate, not a full laboratory series.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1055/a-2917-0233&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON39", "authors": "Saw AE; Main LC; Gastin PB", "year": 2016, "title": "Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758", "pmid": "26423706", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "54 studies of athletes in training", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Subjective measures were more sensitive and consistent than objective measures in 22 of 54 studies. Objective markers were often unresponsive to acute load changes.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Not cycling-specific. Many small studies.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4789708/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON39", "citation_ids": [ "MON39" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2016 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON39", "authors": "Saw AE; Main LC; Gastin PB", "year": 2016, "title": "Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2015-094758", "pmid": "26423706", "design": "Systematic review", "population": "54 studies of athletes in training", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Subjective measures were more sensitive and consistent than objective measures in 22 of 54 studies. Objective markers were often unresponsive to acute load changes.", "limitations": "Full text consulted. Not cycling-specific. Many small studies.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4789708/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON40", "authors": "Buchheit M", "year": 2014, "title": "Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00073", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2014.00073", "pmid": "24578692", "design": "Narrative review with error table", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Resting HR typical error ~10% versus smallest worthwhile change ~2% (SNR ~0.7). ln rMSSD typical error ~12% versus SWC ~3%. Exercise HR typical error ~3%, SNR ~1.6.", "limitations": "Full text table consulted. Figures are illustrative typical errors, not a new cyclist sample.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3936188/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON40", "citation_ids": [ "MON40" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2014 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON40", "authors": "Buchheit M", "year": 2014, "title": "Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00073", "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2014.00073", "pmid": "24578692", "design": "Narrative review with error table", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Resting HR typical error ~10% versus smallest worthwhile change ~2% (SNR ~0.7). ln rMSSD typical error ~12% versus SWC ~3%. Exercise HR typical error ~3%, SNR ~1.6.", "limitations": "Full text table consulted. Figures are illustrative typical errors, not a new cyclist sample.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC3936188/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON41", "authors": "Plews DJ; Laursen PB; Stanley J; Kilding AE; Buchheit M", "year": 2013, "title": "Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8", "pmid": "23852425", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "HRV up/down is not a simple adaptation signal in elites. Saturation occurs. Recommends individual averages and an individual fingerprint.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON41", "citation_ids": [ "MON41" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2013 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON41", "authors": "Plews DJ; Laursen PB; Stanley J; Kilding AE; Buchheit M", "year": 2013, "title": "Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8", "pmid": "23852425", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Elite endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "HRV up/down is not a simple adaptation signal in elites. Saturation occurs. Recommends individual averages and an individual fingerprint.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON42", "authors": "Manresa-Rocamora A et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "HRV-guided training for enhancing cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, and endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910299", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph181910299", "pmid": "34639599", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "Endurance trainees; search to October 2020", "duration": "Mostly short interventions", "key_results": "Vagal HRV SMD 0.50 (0.09 to 0.91). Resting HR SMD 0.04. Maximal aerobic capacity SMD 0.20 (-0.07 to 0.47). VT2 SMD 0.26 (-0.05 to 0.57). Performance SMD 0.20 (-0.09 to 0.48).", "limitations": "Full text consulted for pooled SMDs. Mixed sports. Small non-significant performance effects.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8507742/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON42", "citation_ids": [ "MON42" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON42", "authors": "Manresa-Rocamora A et al.", "year": 2021, "title": "HRV-guided training for enhancing cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, and endurance performance", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910299", "doi": "10.3390/ijerph181910299", "pmid": "34639599", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "Endurance trainees; search to October 2020", "duration": "Mostly short interventions", "key_results": "Vagal HRV SMD 0.50 (0.09 to 0.91). Resting HR SMD 0.04. Maximal aerobic capacity SMD 0.20 (-0.07 to 0.47). VT2 SMD 0.26 (-0.05 to 0.57). Performance SMD 0.20 (-0.09 to 0.48).", "limitations": "Full text consulted for pooled SMDs. Mixed sports. Small non-significant performance effects.", "access_level": "full-text", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8507742/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON43", "authors": "Duking P; Zinner C; Trabelsi K; Reed JL; Holmberg HC", "year": 2021, "title": "Monitoring and adapting endurance training on the basis of heart rate variability: systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012", "pmid": "34489178", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "8 studies, 198 participants, 9 interventions", "duration": "Search March 2020", "key_results": "Submaximal parameters g=0.296 (0.031 to 0.562). Performance g=0.079 n.s. VO2peak g=0.171 n.s. Fewer non-responders reported.", "limitations": "Abstract. Mixed sports. HRV arms often did fewer hard sessions.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34489178&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON43", "citation_ids": [ "MON43" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2021 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON43", "authors": "Duking P; Zinner C; Trabelsi K; Reed JL; Holmberg HC", "year": 2021, "title": "Monitoring and adapting endurance training on the basis of heart rate variability: systematic review with meta-analysis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012", "doi": "10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.012", "pmid": "34489178", "design": "Systematic review with meta-analysis", "population": "8 studies, 198 participants, 9 interventions", "duration": "Search March 2020", "key_results": "Submaximal parameters g=0.296 (0.031 to 0.562). Performance g=0.079 n.s. VO2peak g=0.171 n.s. Fewer non-responders reported.", "limitations": "Abstract. Mixed sports. HRV arms often did fewer hard sessions.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:34489178&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON46", "authors": "Alfonso C; Clarke DC; Capdevila L", "year": 2025, "title": "Individual training prescribed by heart rate variability, heart rate and well-being scores in experienced cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13540-z", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-13540-z", "pmid": "41028151", "design": "Three-arm readiness prescription, no fixed-plan control", "population": "28 experienced male cyclists", "duration": "40 days", "key_results": "All groups improved 1-, 5-, 20-min power and FTP. Combined vmHRV+well-being+RHR improved most (5-min 310.5±60 to 337.9±71 W; 20-min 260.9±55 to 284.5±64 W). Individual correlations heterogeneous. Stress was the most consistent subjective item.", "limitations": "Abstract/front matter. No predefined-plan control. Men only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12485039/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON46", "citation_ids": [ "MON46" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON46", "authors": "Alfonso C; Clarke DC; Capdevila L", "year": 2025, "title": "Individual training prescribed by heart rate variability, heart rate and well-being scores in experienced cyclists", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13540-z", "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-13540-z", "pmid": "41028151", "design": "Three-arm readiness prescription, no fixed-plan control", "population": "28 experienced male cyclists", "duration": "40 days", "key_results": "All groups improved 1-, 5-, 20-min power and FTP. Combined vmHRV+well-being+RHR improved most (5-min 310.5±60 to 337.9±71 W; 20-min 260.9±55 to 284.5±64 W). Individual correlations heterogeneous. Stress was the most consistent subjective item.", "limitations": "Abstract/front matter. No predefined-plan control. Men only.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12485039/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON47", "authors": "Schaffarczyk M; Sperlich B", "year": 2026, "title": "Heart rate variability-guided endurance training: a SWOT evaluation", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271", "pmid": "42724227", "design": "Perspective", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues the bottleneck is transparent decision rules, not data availability. Does not add a new pooled effect size.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not a meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON47", "citation_ids": [ "MON47" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2026 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON47", "authors": "Schaffarczyk M; Sperlich B", "year": 2026, "title": "Heart rate variability-guided endurance training: a SWOT evaluation", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271", "doi": "10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271", "pmid": "42724227", "design": "Perspective", "population": "n/a", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Argues the bottleneck is transparent decision rules, not data availability. Does not add a new pooled effect size.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not a meta-analysis.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.3389/fspor.2026.1858271&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON48", "authors": "Rothschild JA et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability of the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition can be predicted using markers of physiological decoupling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05815-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05815-0", "pmid": "40402269", "design": "Pooled analysis of four laboratory studies", "population": "51 trained cyclists; 12 tested hourly to task failure", "duration": "About 2.5 h moderate cycling", "key_results": "HR and respiratory decoupling tracked durability of power at VT1. A model predicted concurrent VT1 power with mean absolute error about 7.2 W and R2 0.95 in that dataset.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not a validation of a 5% outdoor pass/fail. Model fit is not independent confirmation.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12479576/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON48", "citation_ids": [ "MON48" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON48", "authors": "Rothschild JA et al.", "year": 2025, "title": "Durability of the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition can be predicted using markers of physiological decoupling", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-025-05815-0", "doi": "10.1007/s00421-025-05815-0", "pmid": "40402269", "design": "Pooled analysis of four laboratory studies", "population": "51 trained cyclists; 12 tested hourly to task failure", "duration": "About 2.5 h moderate cycling", "key_results": "HR and respiratory decoupling tracked durability of power at VT1. A model predicted concurrent VT1 power with mean absolute error about 7.2 W and R2 0.95 in that dataset.", "limitations": "Abstract. Not a validation of a 5% outdoor pass/fail. Model fit is not independent confirmation.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12479576/fullTextXML" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON49", "authors": "Rothschild JA; Hofmeyr S; McLaren SJ; Maunder E", "year": 2025, "title": "Predict carbohydrate and energy expenditure during endurance exercise using measures of training load", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z", "pmid": "39487383", "design": "Laboratory prediction study", "population": "15 cyclists (5 women), VO2max 51.9±7.2, plus a validation sample", "duration": "Four laboratory sessions", "key_results": "Within-subject r=0.76-0.96 between load metrics and carbohydrate use or energy expenditure. Error grew before individual calibration.", "limitations": "Abstract. Cited only to bound what load tracks, not as fueling guidance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON49", "citation_ids": [ "MON49" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2025 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON49", "authors": "Rothschild JA; Hofmeyr S; McLaren SJ; Maunder E", "year": 2025, "title": "Predict carbohydrate and energy expenditure during endurance exercise using measures of training load", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z", "doi": "10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z", "pmid": "39487383", "design": "Laboratory prediction study", "population": "15 cyclists (5 women), VO2max 51.9±7.2, plus a validation sample", "duration": "Four laboratory sessions", "key_results": "Within-subject r=0.76-0.96 between load metrics and carbohydrate use or energy expenditure. Error grew before individual calibration.", "limitations": "Abstract. Cited only to bound what load tracks, not as fueling guidance.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s40279-024-02131-z&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON50", "authors": "Manzi V; Iellamo F; Impellizzeri F; D'Ottavio S; Castagna C", "year": 2009, "title": "Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959", "pmid": "19812506", "design": "Observational training", "population": "8 recreational long-distance runners", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "Individual lactate-weighted TRIMP tracked submaximal speed and 5/10 km performance better than group-average TRIMP. Speed at 2 mmol rose 21.3±5.2%.", "limitations": "Runners. Abstract truncated on some outcomes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON50", "citation_ids": [ "MON50" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2009 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON50", "authors": "Manzi V; Iellamo F; Impellizzeri F; D'Ottavio S; Castagna C", "year": 2009, "title": "Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959", "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959", "pmid": "19812506", "design": "Observational training", "population": "8 recreational long-distance runners", "duration": "8 weeks", "key_results": "Individual lactate-weighted TRIMP tracked submaximal speed and 5/10 km performance better than group-average TRIMP. Speed at 2 mmol rose 21.3±5.2%.", "limitations": "Runners. Abstract truncated on some outcomes.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a6a959&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON51", "authors": "Lucia A; Hoyos J; Santalla A; Earnest C; Chicharro JL", "year": 2003, "title": "Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4", "pmid": "12750600", "design": "Observational race comparison", "population": "7 professional men, VO2max 74.6±2.2", "duration": "Stage races", "key_results": "Three HR phases bounded by VT and respiratory compensation point, duration times a phase weight, summed. Total loads did not differ despite longer Tour stages.", "limitations": "Abstract does not state the integer weights. n=7.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON51", "citation_ids": [ "MON51" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2003 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON51", "authors": "Lucia A; Hoyos J; Santalla A; Earnest C; Chicharro JL", "year": 2003, "title": "Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4", "pmid": "12750600", "design": "Observational race comparison", "population": "7 professional men, VO2max 74.6±2.2", "duration": "Stage races", "key_results": "Three HR phases bounded by VT and respiratory compensation point, duration times a phase weight, summed. Total loads did not differ despite longer Tour stages.", "limitations": "Abstract does not state the integer weights. n=7.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000064999.82036.b4&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON52", "authors": "Denham J; Scott-Hamilton J; Hagstrom AD; Gray AJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Cycling power outputs predict functional threshold power and maximum oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253", "pmid": "28930880", "design": "Cross-sectional association", "population": "Heterogeneous cohort", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Power outputs associated with FTP and VO2max. Used only to reject treating FTP as a VO2max measurement. No conversion equation reproduced.", "limitations": "Abstract. Association is not measurement.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON52", "citation_ids": [ "MON52" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2020 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON52", "authors": "Denham J; Scott-Hamilton J; Hagstrom AD; Gray AJ", "year": 2020, "title": "Cycling power outputs predict functional threshold power and maximum oxygen uptake", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253", "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253", "pmid": "28930880", "design": "Cross-sectional association", "population": "Heterogeneous cohort", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Power outputs associated with FTP and VO2max. Used only to reject treating FTP as a VO2max measurement. No conversion equation reproduced.", "limitations": "Abstract. Association is not measurement.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002253&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON53", "authors": "Mujika I", "year": 2017, "title": "Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: methods and applications", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403", "pmid": "27918666", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "External workload does not measure biological stress. Power, HR, lactate, and perception are complementary.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON53", "citation_ids": [ "MON53" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2017 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON53", "authors": "Mujika I", "year": 2017, "title": "Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: methods and applications", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403", "pmid": "27918666", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Endurance athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "External workload does not measure biological stress. Power, HR, lactate, and perception are complementary.", "limitations": "Abstract.", "access_level": "abstract", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON54", "authors": "Coyle EF; Gonzalez-Alonso J", "year": 2001, "title": "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009", "doi": "10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009", "pmid": "11337829", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Indexed as the review of cardiovascular drift in prolonged exercise. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Metadata/title. Not used for numeric claims.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON54", "citation_ids": [ "MON54" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2001 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON54", "authors": "Coyle EF; Gonzalez-Alonso J", "year": 2001, "title": "Cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise: new perspectives", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009", "doi": "10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009", "pmid": "11337829", "design": "Narrative review", "population": "Exercise physiology", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Indexed as the review of cardiovascular drift in prolonged exercise. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Metadata/title. Not used for numeric claims.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1097/00003677-200104000-00009&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON55", "authors": "Montain SJ; Coyle EF", "year": 1992, "title": "Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340", "pmid": "1447078", "design": "Controlled laboratory study", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Title result: graded dehydration amplifies hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Title-level use only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON55", "citation_ids": [ "MON55" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 1992 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON55", "authors": "Montain SJ; Coyle EF", "year": 1992, "title": "Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340", "doi": "10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340", "pmid": "1447078", "design": "Controlled laboratory study", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Title result: graded dehydration amplifies hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Title-level use only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1340&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON56", "authors": "Wingo JE; Lafrenz AJ; Ganio MS; Edwards GL", "year": 2005, "title": "Cardiovascular drift is related to reduced maximal oxygen uptake during heat stress", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95", "pmid": "15692320", "design": "Laboratory study", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Title result: drift in the heat is related to reduced VO2max. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Title-level use only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON56", "citation_ids": [ "MON56" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2005 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON56", "authors": "Wingo JE; Lafrenz AJ; Ganio MS; Edwards GL", "year": 2005, "title": "Cardiovascular drift is related to reduced maximal oxygen uptake during heat stress", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95", "doi": "10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95", "pmid": "15692320", "design": "Laboratory study", "population": "Not re-extracted", "duration": "Acute", "key_results": "Title result: drift in the heat is related to reduced VO2max. Magnitudes not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Title-level use only.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1249/01.mss.0000152731.33450.95&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }, { "source_id": "MON58", "authors": "Kellmann M et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Recovery and performance in sport: consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759", "pmid": "29345524", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Cited for scope only: recovery is multidimensional. Recommendations not re-extracted.", "limitations": "Metadata.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON58", "citation_ids": [ "MON58" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2018 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON58", "authors": "Kellmann M et al.", "year": 2018, "title": "Recovery and performance in sport: consensus statement", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759", "doi": "10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759", "pmid": "29345524", "design": "Consensus statement", "population": "Athletes", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Cited for scope only: recovery is multidimensional. 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Not expanded.", "limitations": "Metadata.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098925&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "primary_extraction_id": "MON59", "citation_ids": [ "MON59" ], "topic_files": [ "topics/load-monitoring.md" ], "year_variants": [ 2019 ], "extractions": [ { "source_id": "MON59", "authors": "Windt J; Gabbett TJ", "year": 2019, "title": "Is it all for naught? What does mathematical coupling mean for acute:chronic workload ratios?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098925", "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2017-098925", "pmid": "29807930", "design": "Methodological commentary", "population": "ACWR literature", "duration": "n/a", "key_results": "Identified as the mathematical-coupling critique of acute:chronic ratios. Not expanded.", "limitations": "Metadata.", "access_level": "metadata", "verified_via": [ "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098925&format=json&resultType=core" ], "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] } ], "claims": [ { "claim_id": "PHY-C01", "conclusion": "Sustainable cycling power is the interaction of VO2max, the fraction that can be held, and efficiency, not an FTP trait.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "PHY01", "PHY02", "PHY09", "PHY14" ], "anchor": "phy-c01", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY01", "PHY02", "PHY09", "PHY14" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C02", "conclusion": "Short-term VO2max gains are mostly oxygen delivery; extraction is already high in well-trained athletes.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "PHY02", "PHY03", "PHY04", "PHY05", "PHY06", "PHY07", "PHY08" ], "anchor": "phy-c02", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY02", "PHY03", "PHY04", "PHY05", "PHY06", "PHY07", "PHY08" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C03", "conclusion": "Critical power, MLSS, second thresholds and FTP are related and not interchangeable.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "PHY10", "PHY11", "PHY12", "PHY13", "PHY40", "PHY41", "PHY42" ], "anchor": "phy-c03", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY10", "PHY11", "PHY12", "PHY13", "PHY40", "PHY41", "PHY42" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C04", "conclusion": "Mitochondrial and capillary gains follow training load, not a unique Zone 2 pathway.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "PHY23", "PHY24", "PHY25", "PHY26", "PHY27", "PHY56" ], "anchor": "phy-c04", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY23", "PHY24", "PHY25", "PHY26", "PHY27", "PHY56" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C05", "conclusion": "Lower gains at higher baseline fitness and a null study-level volume regression are not a randomized weekly-hour dose-response trial.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "PHY23", "PHY28", "PHY29", "PHY30", "PHY34", "PHY60", "PHY61" ], "anchor": "phy-c05", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY23", "PHY28", "PHY29", "PHY30", "PHY34", "PHY60", "PHY61" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C06", "conclusion": "Progress volume by recoverable steps; a universal 10% rule is not validated for cyclists.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "PHY46", "PHY47", "PHY48", "PHY49", "PHY50", "PHY51" ], "anchor": "phy-c06", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY46", "PHY47", "PHY48", "PHY49", "PHY50", "PHY51" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C07", "conclusion": "One long ride and two shorter rides of equal time are not known to be equal training stimuli.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "PHY30", "PHY57", "PHY21", "PHY19" ], "anchor": "phy-c07", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY30", "PHY57", "PHY21", "PHY19" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C08", "conclusion": "No retrieved direct longitudinal comparison ranks 55-60% versus 65-75% FTP. Whether those bands differ in performance adaptation is uncertain. Fixed percentages of maximum misclassify intensity domains on separate evidence.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "PHY55", "PHY45", "PHY38", "PHY39", "PHY40" ], "anchor": "phy-c08", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY55", "PHY45", "PHY38", "PHY39", "PHY40" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C09", "conclusion": "Research Zone 1, cycling Zone 2 and popular Zone 2 are different constructs.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "PHY31", "PHY32", "PHY56", "PHY13" ], "anchor": "phy-c09", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY31", "PHY32", "PHY56", "PHY13" ] }, { "claim_id": "PHY-C10", "conclusion": "Riding easier as weekly hours rise is a recovery-oriented coaching choice, not a proven workload rule.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "PHY33", "PHY30", "PHY22" ], "anchor": "phy-c10", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY33", "PHY30", "PHY22" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C01", "conclusion": "80/20 describes a common high-volume session pattern; it is not an experimentally identified optimum for every volume, phase, or event.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "TID01", "TID02", "TID15", "TID36", "TID53" ], "anchor": "tid-c01", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY32", "PHY31", "PHY60", "TID36", "TID53" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C02", "conclusion": "Polarized training has not been shown superior to pyramidal or other non-polarized distributions for trained cyclists' time-trial performance; a small VO2peak edge and older threshold-heavy contrasts are narrower claims.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "TID04", "TID05", "TID06", "TID07", "TID08", "TID09", "TID10", "TID11", "TID12", "TID13" ], "anchor": "tid-c02", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID04", "TID05", "TID06", "TID07", "PHY29", "PHY61", "TID10", "TID11", "TID12", "TID13" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C03", "conclusion": "Session-goal, time-in-zone, and 3/5/7-zone labels are different measurements and must not be treated as interchangeable prescriptions.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "TID01", "TID03", "TID15" ], "anchor": "tid-c03", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY32", "TID03", "PHY60" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C04", "conclusion": "When load is matched, ordering 4-, 8-, and 16-minute mesocycles as longer/lower-intensity first versus shorter/higher-intensity first has not been shown to matter over 12 weeks. Neither Sylta order is a pure VO2-before-threshold or threshold-before-VO2 sequence. Elaborate base-build-peak or reverse sequencing is not a demonstrated requirement.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "TID17", "TID41", "TID42", "TID43" ], "anchor": "tid-c04", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID17", "TID41", "TID42", "TID43" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C05", "conclusion": "Short HIT or moderate-intensity blocks can improve well-trained cyclists, but superiority over even spacing is conflicting and not established.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "TID18", "TID19", "TID20", "TID21", "TID22", "TID44", "TID45", "TID46" ], "anchor": "tid-c05", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID18", "TID19", "TID20", "TID21", "TID22", "TID44", "TID45", "TID46" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C06", "conclusion": "About two hard endurance sessions per week is a workable and commonly studied dose, not an experimentally proven optimum versus one or three.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "TID23", "TID37", "TID38", "TID39", "TID47", "TID48" ], "anchor": "tid-c06", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID23", "TID37", "TID38", "TID39", "TID47", "TID48" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C07", "conclusion": "About 48 hours is a reasonable default gap after severe work based on autonomic recovery summaries, not a performance law; multi-hour easy rides are training, not free recovery.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "TID24", "TID25", "TID26", "TID49" ], "anchor": "tid-c07", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID24", "PHY33", "TID26", "TID49" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C08", "conclusion": "A universal maintenance minimum and an obligatory mathematical deload cannot be prescribed; pre-event tapers have better evidence than routine 3:1 unload weeks.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "TID27", "TID28", "TID29", "TID30", "TID31", "TID32", "TID33", "TID34", "TID50", "TID56" ], "anchor": "tid-c08", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID27", "TID28", "TID29", "TID30", "TID31", "TID32", "TID33", "TID34", "TID50", "TID56" ] }, { "claim_id": "TID-C09", "conclusion": "Distribution should change with volume, days, phase, and event, but specific zone percentages for amateur cyclists are not fixed by factorial trials.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "TID15", "TID16", "TID35", "TID36", "TID53", "TID54" ], "anchor": "tid-c09", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY60", "PHY35", "PHY30", "TID36", "TID53", "TID54" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C01", "conclusion": "In one well-trained cyclist cohort, higher mean %VO2max during 5x8 min intervals at PO40min was associated with larger gains in VO2max, Wmax, power at 4 mmol, and a composite index. This is not proof that raising the fraction causes the gain.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT01", "INT24", "INT46" ], "anchor": "int-c01", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT01", "INT24", "INT46" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C02", "conclusion": "Time ≥90% VO2max is a noisy acute marker, not a validated surrogate for subsequent adaptation.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT01", "INT21", "INT22", "INT25", "INT33", "INT40", "INT46" ], "anchor": "int-c02", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT01", "INT21", "INT22", "INT25", "INT33", "INT40", "INT46" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C03", "conclusion": "Effort-matched 30/15 series can outperform 4x5 min intervals on several outcomes in trained male cyclists, but this is not a universal short-versus-long rule, and the 2015 trial did not measure the proposed time≥90% mechanism.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT03", "INT04", "INT05", "INT06", "INT21", "INT26", "INT41", "INT54" ], "anchor": "int-c03", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT03", "INT04", "INT05", "INT06", "INT21", "INT26", "INT41", "INT54" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C04", "conclusion": "Ordering 4x16, 4x8, and 4x4 over 12 weeks does not detectably change outcomes when load is matched.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT09", "INT10", "INT48" ], "anchor": "int-c04", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID17", "INT10", "TID19" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C05", "conclusion": "A unique 4-8 minute sweet spot is not established for well-trained cyclists. It is supported only as an intensity-by-duration interaction in one recreational cohort.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "INT12", "INT13", "INT09", "INT10" ], "anchor": "int-c05", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID48", "TID47", "TID17", "INT10" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C06", "conclusion": "Exact 5x5 and isolated 1-minute VO2 formats still lack a trained-cyclist performance head-to-head. 40/20 has one 4-week randomized comparison against 4x8 that did not separate VO2peak; calling any of these optimal remains coaching practice.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "INT14", "INT17", "INT42", "INT46", "INT13", "INT12", "INT53" ], "anchor": "int-c06", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT14", "INT17", "INT42", "INT46", "TID47", "TID48", "INT53" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C07", "conclusion": "Fixed %FTP, %MAP, or %VO2max anchors are weak. Self-paced maximal effort raises acute time near VO2max, especially for longer intervals.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT06", "INT11", "INT34", "INT44" ], "anchor": "int-c07", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT06", "INT11", "INT34", "PHY55" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C08", "conclusion": "Within-interval power variation sometimes raises acute time near VO2max and sometimes does not. No retrieved trial shows this changes adaptation.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "INT07", "INT08", "INT02", "INT21" ], "anchor": "int-c08", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT07", "INT08", "INT02", "INT21" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C09", "conclusion": "Near-maximal intervals are not uniquely required for endurance gains in well-trained cyclists. RPE and breathlessness are not measurements of %VO2max.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT37", "INT38", "INT39", "INT01", "INT17" ], "anchor": "int-c09", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID20", "TID21", "TID22", "INT01", "INT17" ] }, { "claim_id": "INT-C10", "conclusion": "Maximal aerobic power is test-protocol dependent, so an unnamed %MAP target is not portable across ramp designs.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "INT35", "INT36" ], "anchor": "int-c10", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "INT35", "INT36" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C01", "conclusion": "FTP, CP, MLSS and RCP correlate at group level but are not interchangeable for an individual.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "DUR01", "DUR02", "DUR03", "DUR04", "DUR05", "DUR06", "DUR07", "DUR08", "DUR09", "DUR10" ], "anchor": "dur-c01", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY40", "PHY41", "PHY42", "DUR04", "DUR05", "DUR06", "PHY11", "PHY10", "DUR09", "DUR10" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C02", "conclusion": "Sustainable power is raised by more than one intensity domain. A threshold-heavy week is a viable stimulus, not a proven best or exclusive system. Cove 2025's null polarised versus non-polarised contrast is not a measured 80/20 or pyramidal comparison.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "DUR11", "DUR12", "DUR13", "DUR14", "DUR15", "DUR16", "DUR17", "DUR18", "DUR19", "DUR20", "DUR21" ], "anchor": "dur-c02", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID48", "INT04", "INT03", "TID23", "INT14", "TID17", "TID20", "TID04", "TID05", "PHY29", "TID47" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C03", "conclusion": "Named FTP recipes and a uniquely efficient sweet-spot band are coaching practice, not trial-established optima.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "DUR11", "DUR15", "DUR16", "DUR22" ], "anchor": "dur-c03", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "TID48", "INT14", "TID17", "DUR22" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C04", "conclusion": "Threshold and short time-trial power fall after prior work; absolute 1500/2000/3000 kJ cut-points are not universal.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "DUR27", "DUR28", "DUR29", "DUR31", "DUR32", "DUR34", "DUR36", "DUR40", "DUR51" ], "anchor": "dur-c04", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR27", "DUR28", "DUR29", "DUR31", "DUR32", "DUR34", "DUR36", "DUR40", "DUR51" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C05", "conclusion": "Fresh FTP or VO2max does not fully identify who retains power after prior work.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "DUR32", "DUR33", "DUR34", "DUR35", "DUR39", "DUR41", "DUR30" ], "anchor": "dur-c05", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR32", "DUR33", "DUR34", "DUR35", "DUR39", "DUR41", "DUR30" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C06", "conclusion": "Durability can improve. Heavy strength twice weekly for 12 weeks improved 5-min power after 185 min in one controlled cyclist study; that does not prove an effect independent of fresh fitness. The optimal endurance-session type is uncertain. No matched fresh-versus-late interval trial was retrieved.", "grade": "Plausible but uncertain", "sources": [ "DUR43", "DUR44", "DUR45", "DUR46", "DUR47", "DUR42", "DUR30", "DUR33" ], "anchor": "dur-c06", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR43", "DUR44", "DUR45", "DUR46", "DUR47", "PHY20", "DUR30", "DUR33" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C07", "conclusion": "No controlled evidence shows fatigue-state intervals improve late-race performance more than the same intervals done fresh. A higher recovery cost is a plausible risk, not a matched early-versus-late result.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "DUR32", "DUR34", "DUR30", "DUR50", "DUR40" ], "anchor": "dur-c07", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR32", "DUR34", "DUR30", "DUR50", "DUR40" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C08", "conclusion": "No trial establishes an optimal long-ride duration or weekly share. A 25-40% share of cycling time is an untested coaching span, not a ceiling. One example that already includes strength inside 7/9/12 h is 120/390, 180/480 and 210/660 cycling minutes (~31%, ~38%, ~32%).", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "DUR57", "DUR58", "DUR23", "DUR30", "DUR39" ], "anchor": "dur-c08", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY57", "DUR58", "PHY56", "DUR30", "DUR39" ] }, { "claim_id": "DUR-C09", "conclusion": "Carbohydrate availability can change the moderate-to-heavy transition and estimated CP, but that is not structural durability. Main 2026 is depletion plus 24 h of ≤1 vs ≥9 g/kg CHO, not a skipped breakfast. Norte 2026 used 3 h at 95% GET, not FTP; 120 g/h beat water for preserving CP and raised some GI scores versus water, while 120 vs 60 g/h was not significant and 90 g/h was not tested. Neither universal tolerance nor a fasted long ride as a durability method is supported.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "DUR51", "DUR52", "DUR27", "DUR28", "DUR35", "DUR53", "DUR54", "DUR55", "DUR56", "DUR49", "DUR50" ], "anchor": "dur-c09", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR51", "DUR52", "DUR27", "DUR28", "DUR35", "DUR53", "DUR54", "DUR55", "DUR56", "DUR49", "DUR50" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C01", "conclusion": "Carbohydrate versus none during prolonged exercise is strong evidence. The hourly target is moderate evidence. Superiority of 100-120 g/h over 60-90 g/h is plausible but uncertain; high dose is optional, not mandatory. The claim grade is Moderate because the practical conclusion is the hourly/high-dose claim, not the placebo contrast.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL01", "FUEL02", "FUEL03", "FUEL04", "FUEL05", "FUEL06", "FUEL07" ], "anchor": "fuel-c01", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL01", "FUEL02", "FUEL03", "FUEL04", "FUEL05", "DUR51", "FUEL07" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C02", "conclusion": "Glucose or maltodextrin plus fructose, via SGLT1 and GLUT5, raises exogenous oxidation above a single-source ceiling; 2:1 and about 1:0.8 both work, and ratio differences are smaller than mixed versus glucose alone.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL03", "FUEL08", "FUEL09", "FUEL10", "FUEL11", "FUEL12", "FUEL13", "FUEL14", "FUEL15" ], "anchor": "fuel-c02", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL03", "FUEL08", "FUEL09", "FUEL10", "FUEL11", "FUEL12", "FUEL13", "FUEL14", "FUEL15" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C03", "conclusion": "Glucose plus sucrose supplying the same overall 2:1 glucose:fructose as free glucose plus fructose oxidised similarly in Trommelen 2017 (10 trained men, 108 g/h; 0.6 g/min glucose + 1.2 g/min sucrose vs 1.2 glucose + 0.6 fructose). Sucrose alone was not tested in that comparison and is not claimed to match a free mix. Separately, sucrose versus glucose protects liver glycogen during moderate cycling and speeds liver, not muscle, repletion. Table sugar is a cheap legitimate carbohydrate, not a proven sports-drink clone.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL16", "FUEL17", "FUEL18", "FUEL19", "FUEL20", "FUEL21" ], "anchor": "fuel-c03", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL16", "FUEL17", "FUEL18", "FUEL19", "FUEL20", "FUEL21" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C04", "conclusion": "Oxidation, absorption, and tolerance are separable. Short gut training can reduce symptoms in some runners but does not reliably unlock 120 g/h as a performance requirement.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL09", "FUEL15", "FUEL22", "FUEL23", "FUEL24", "FUEL25", "FUEL26", "FUEL27" ], "anchor": "fuel-c04", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL09", "FUEL15", "FUEL22", "FUEL23", "FUEL24", "FUEL25", "FUEL26", "FUEL27" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C05", "conclusion": "In-ride and around-session carbohydrate mainly protects session quality and next-day work; it is not evidence of a separate structural adaptation from extra carbohydrate.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL26", "FUEL28", "FUEL29", "FUEL31", "FUEL32", "FUEL33", "FUEL34", "FUEL35", "FUEL05" ], "anchor": "fuel-c05", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL26", "FUEL28", "FUEL29", "FUEL31", "DUR52", "FUEL33", "FUEL34", "FUEL35", "FUEL05" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C06", "conclusion": "Periodised carbohydrate restriction has not reliably improved endurance performance in trained athletes. Gejl 2021 SMD 0.17 (95% CI -0.15 to 0.49) is an imprecise null, not proof of zero or of universal no benefit. Not fasting quality sessions is a risk-oriented practical choice, not proof of a null. A benefit of train-low remains plausible but uncertain.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL28", "FUEL29", "FUEL30", "FUEL36", "FUEL37", "FUEL38", "FUEL39", "FUEL40", "FUEL41", "FUEL42", "FUEL43", "FUEL44", "FUEL45", "FUEL46", "FUEL47", "FUEL48", "FUEL49", "FUEL58" ], "anchor": "fuel-c06", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL28", "FUEL29", "FUEL30", "FUEL36", "DUR55", "FUEL38", "FUEL39", "DUR56", "DUR54", "FUEL42", "FUEL43", "FUEL44", "FUEL45", "FUEL46", "FUEL47", "FUEL48", "FUEL49", "FUEL58" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C07", "conclusion": "When rapid glycogen restoration is the goal, about 1.2 g/kg/h early is the rate at which muscle resynthesis is described as maximised. It is not a minimum after every ride. Sucrose or glucose-fructose favours liver glycogen. Even 10 g/kg over 12 h may not fully restore muscle glycogen. Sollie 2023 is design-only here; the title is not an outcome.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL21", "FUEL50", "FUEL51", "FUEL52", "FUEL53", "FUEL77", "FUEL78" ], "anchor": "fuel-c07", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL21", "FUEL50", "FUEL51", "FUEL52", "FUEL53", "FUEL77", "FUEL78" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C08", "conclusion": "Endurance protein needs are credibly about 1.4-2.1 g/kg/day, with point estimates near 1.6-1.8 on hard days; timing is secondary to the daily total unless carbohydrate is inadequate.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL53", "FUEL54", "FUEL55", "FUEL56", "FUEL57", "FUEL58", "FUEL59" ], "anchor": "fuel-c08", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL53", "FUEL54", "FUEL55", "FUEL56", "FUEL57", "FUEL58", "FUEL59" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C09", "conclusion": "Fluid and sodium replacement must be individualised. Overdrinking, not a missed universal sodium dose, is the dominant cause of exercise-associated hyponatremia.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL15", "FUEL60", "FUEL61", "FUEL62", "FUEL63", "FUEL64" ], "anchor": "fuel-c09", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL15", "FUEL60", "FUEL61", "FUEL62", "FUEL63", "FUEL64" ] }, { "claim_id": "FUEL-C10", "conclusion": "Low energy availability and REDs can limit health and training, but screening is not diagnosis and there is no universal caloric threshold. The share of recovery limited by intake versus programming is not a known percentage.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "FUEL69", "FUEL70", "FUEL71", "FUEL72", "FUEL73", "FUEL74", "FUEL75", "FUEL35", "FUEL44" ], "anchor": "fuel-c10", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "FUEL69", "FUEL70", "FUEL71", "FUEL72", "FUEL73", "FUEL74", "FUEL75", "FUEL35", "FUEL44" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C01", "conclusion": "Acute sleep loss impairs physical performance, including endurance; total deprivation and late restriction are clearer harms than every partial short night, and afternoon tests are more vulnerable.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "REC02", "REC03", "REC04", "REC06", "REC01" ], "anchor": "rec-c01", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC02", "REC03", "REC04", "REC06", "REC01" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C02", "conclusion": "Nine hours plus a nap is not a proven requirement. Elite athletes often sleep about 6.5-7 h and report needing about 8.3 h; short sleep is strongly tied to schedule, not a demonstrated extra biological need from training hours.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "REC10", "REC11", "REC12", "REC13", "REC01" ], "anchor": "rec-c02", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC10", "REC11", "REC12", "REC13", "REC01" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C03", "conclusion": "A few nights of sleep extension can maintain endurance time-trial performance better than normal or restricted sleep in a small cyclist crossover; basketball and tennis extension trials do not establish a cycling adaptation dose.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "REC05", "REC08", "REC07", "REC09", "REC01" ], "anchor": "rec-c03", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC05", "REC08", "REC07", "REC09", "REC01" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C04", "conclusion": "Daytime naps can improve acute physical performance and perceived fatigue, especially 30 to <60 min with a buffer before testing; 20-30 min naps do not reliably avoid sleep inertia, and cycling time-trial evidence is thin.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "REC14", "REC15", "REC16", "REC17", "REC20", "REC21", "REC18", "REC19" ], "anchor": "rec-c04", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC14", "REC15", "REC16", "REC17", "REC20", "REC21", "REC18", "REC19" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C05", "conclusion": "Severe sleep loss lowers muscle protein synthesis in young adults, and endurance overreaching can reduce objective sleep efficiency, but this is not evidence that ordinary short nights block VO2max or FTP adaptation.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "REC22", "REC23", "REC24", "REC25" ], "anchor": "rec-c05", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC22", "REC23", "REC24", "REC25" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C06", "conclusion": "Heat acclimation improves performance and tolerance in the heat more consistently than in cool conditions. Post-exercise sauna or hot-water immersion has uncertain performance effects in meta-analysis.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "REC28", "REC29", "REC30", "REC31", "REC33", "REC37", "REC41", "REC42", "REC57" ], "anchor": "rec-c06", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC28", "REC29", "REC30", "REC31", "REC33", "REC37", "REC41", "REC42", "REC57" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C07", "conclusion": "Plasma-volume expansion within days is not the same as a rise in haemoglobin mass over weeks. A lower haemoglobin concentration after heat or training is often dilution. Heat-driven erythropoiesis is not established as the same mechanism as hypoxia.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "REC36", "REC29", "REC43", "REC35", "REC44", "REC45", "REC47", "REC48", "REC49", "REC53", "REC54" ], "anchor": "rec-c07", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC36", "REC29", "REC43", "REC35", "REC44", "REC45", "REC47", "REC48", "REC49", "REC53", "REC54" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C08", "conclusion": "Validated heat doses must be stated exactly, and sauna is not hot-water immersion. No retrieved trial specifically tested 3x45 min/week sauna, so that dose should not be declared effective or ineffective. Jenkins 2025 tested 45 min hot-water immersion at 5 sessions/week, a different modality and frequency. Daily sauna has not been shown head-to-head to beat three sauna sessions for the same outcome.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "REC39", "REC35", "REC52", "REC56", "REC45", "REC51", "REC49", "REC41" ], "anchor": "rec-c08", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC39", "REC35", "REC52", "REC56", "REC45", "REC51", "REC49", "REC41" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C09", "conclusion": "Heat acclimation reduces heat strain but remains a stressor. Dehydration is not an effective haemoglobin-mass strategy. A studied hot-water block did not worsen sleep as an overreaching marker. Maximal heat is not a default amateur prescription, and adaptations decay within days to two weeks.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "REC33", "REC34", "REC56", "REC58", "REC31", "REC49", "REC54" ], "anchor": "rec-c09", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC33", "REC34", "REC56", "REC58", "REC31", "REC49", "REC54" ] }, { "claim_id": "REC-C10", "conclusion": "No indiscriminate supplementation in an iron-replete athlete. Treat documented deficiency under professional assessment, not a ferritin-alone rule. Acute-phase ferritin can mask deficiency; the clinician uses haemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation or other iron markers, inflammation, and context. A normal or high ferritin alone does not exclude deficiency or make treatment categorically contraindicated. Cycling causes less foot-strike haemolysis than running, and one temperate bout loses little sweat iron, but hepcidin versus sweat versus menstrual loss is sex- and context-dependent, not a universal ranking.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "REC59", "REC60", "REC62", "REC63", "REC64", "REC66", "REC68", "REC69", "REC70", "REC71", "REC72", "REC76" ], "anchor": "rec-c10", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "REC59", "REC60", "REC62", "REC63", "REC64", "REC66", "REC68", "REC69", "REC70", "REC71", "REC72", "REC76" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C01", "conclusion": "Heavy lower-body strength can improve cycling time-trial or time-to-exhaustion performance without a reliable VO2max increase.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR01", "STR02", "STR03", "STR07", "STR09", "STR11", "STR16", "STR17", "STR06" ], "anchor": "str-c01", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR01", "DUR47", "DUR46", "STR07", "STR09", "STR11", "STR16", "STR17", "STR06" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C02", "conclusion": "Economy and anaerobic power are the more consistent companions of that performance effect; threshold and VO2max are not guaranteed.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR01", "STR05", "STR07", "STR09", "STR10" ], "anchor": "str-c02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR01", "STR05", "STR07", "STR09", "STR10" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C03", "conclusion": "Sprint and plyometric work are task-specific and are not a proven replacement for heavy strength.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR14", "STR15", "STR19", "STR20", "STR18", "STR55" ], "anchor": "str-c03", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR14", "STR15", "STR19", "STR20", "STR18", "STR55" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C04", "conclusion": "Low-load core and activation routines are not a required performance method. There is no adequate evidence that they correct a claimed imbalance or prevent cycling injury; that gap is not proof that every such routine is ineffective.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR11", "STR37", "STR38", "STR39" ], "anchor": "str-c04", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR11", "STR37", "STR38", "STR39" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C05", "conclusion": "Concurrent interference is real for explosive strength and next-day peak power, but a 6-hour cyclist rule is not established.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR22", "STR23", "STR24", "STR25", "STR26", "STR27", "STR28", "STR29", "STR30" ], "anchor": "str-c05", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR22", "STR23", "STR24", "STR25", "STR26", "STR27", "STR28", "STR29", "STR30" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C06", "conclusion": "Two weekly sessions can build the strength effect and one session often maintains it. Those minutes and their recovery cost count inside a 7/9/12 h total budget by replacing easy cycling (examples 390+30, 480+60, 660+60 min), or add about 1-1.5 h if the hours were cycling-only. This is a supported implementation, not a 30-minute optimum.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "STR02", "STR04", "STR12", "STR13", "STR21", "STR52" ], "anchor": "str-c06", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "DUR47", "STR04", "STR12", "STR13", "STR21", "STR52" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C07", "conclusion": "A short cycling warm-up changes output; prolonged static stretching can impair isolated force; band activation is not required.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "STR40", "STR41", "STR42", "STR45", "STR46", "STR47", "STR48" ], "anchor": "str-c07", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR40", "STR41", "STR42", "STR45", "STR46", "STR47", "STR48" ] }, { "claim_id": "STR-C08", "conclusion": "Strength, mobility, and activation have not been shown in adequate cyclist trials to prevent cycling injury or correct imbalances.", "grade": "Mostly coaching practice", "sources": [ "STR31", "STR32", "STR33", "STR34", "STR35", "STR36", "STR60", "STR61" ], "anchor": "str-c08", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "STR31", "STR32", "STR33", "STR34", "STR35", "STR36", "STR60", "STR61" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C01", "conclusion": "TSS, NP, IF, CTL, ATL, and TSB are deterministic bookkeeping models. One hour at the entered FTP is 100 TSS by construction. CTL is not measured fitness. Default 42- and 7-day constants are vendor conventions, not fitted biological time constants.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "MON01", "MON02", "MON03", "MON04", "MON05", "MON17", "MON18" ], "anchor": "mon-c01", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON01", "MON02", "MON03", "MON04", "MON05", "MON17", "MON18" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C02", "conclusion": "Equal TSS is not equal physiological stress. Steady-state TSS scales with IF squared, so the same TSS can represent very different kilojoules. A high FTP setting systematically understates TSS and inflates prescribed zones.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "MON01", "MON02", "MON04", "MON19", "MON20", "MON24" ], "anchor": "mon-c02", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON01", "MON02", "MON04", "MON19", "MON20", "PHY40" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C03", "conclusion": "Hours, kilojoules, heart-rate TRIMP, and session-RPE answer different questions. They correlate, especially when duration is shared, but are not interchangeable and should not be converted by a universal equation.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "MON08", "MON09", "MON10", "MON12", "MON16", "MON18", "MON19", "MON22", "MON23", "MON49", "MON50", "MON51", "MON53" ], "anchor": "mon-c03", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON08", "MON09", "MON10", "MON12", "MON16", "MON18", "MON19", "MON22", "MON23", "MON49", "MON50", "MON51", "MON53" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C04", "conclusion": "TSS and related impulses show dose-response associations with fitness changes in some observational blocks. That does not validate CTL targets, ramp-rate rules, or the default 42/7 constants as decision thresholds.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "MON03", "MON04", "MON10", "MON14", "MON15", "MON16", "MON17", "MON18" ], "anchor": "mon-c04", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON03", "MON04", "MON10", "PHY50", "PHY51", "MON16", "MON17", "MON18" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C05", "conclusion": "Acute:chronic workload ratios are not established causal injury models. TSB is a description of recent versus chronic load timing, not a measurement of readiness or injury risk.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "MON03", "MON05", "MON13", "MON59" ], "anchor": "mon-c05", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON03", "MON05", "PHY49", "MON59" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C06", "conclusion": "Whether a program is working is judged from standardized performance beyond test noise, not from a rising CTL. A 20-minute FTP test can miss a real maximal-lactate-steady-state change.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "MON03", "MON16", "MON27" ], "anchor": "mon-c06", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON03", "MON16", "MON27" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C07", "conclusion": "A 20-minute test is reliable for tracking threshold-domain performance. Ninety-five percent of that power, critical power, and 3-minute end-test power are related but not interchangeable, and none measures VO2max. W' and 3-minute work above end-test power are too noisy or biased for week-to-week decisions.", "grade": "Strong evidence", "sources": [ "MON24", "MON25", "MON26", "MON27", "MON28", "MON29", "MON30", "MON31", "MON32", "MON33", "MON34", "MON35", "MON36", "MON37", "MON38", "MON52" ], "anchor": "mon-c07", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY40", "PHY42", "PHY41", "MON27", "MON28", "MON29", "DUR04", "MON31", "MON32", "MON33", "MON34", "MON35", "MON36", "MON37", "MON38", "MON52" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C08", "conclusion": "Heart rate at fixed power, decoupling, resting heart rate, and HRV can show multi-week trends but are too noisy and confounded for single-day pass/fail decisions. The 5% decoupling rule is coaching practice, not a trial endpoint.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "MON05", "MON06", "MON40", "MON41", "MON48", "MON54", "MON55", "MON56" ], "anchor": "mon-c08", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON05", "MON06", "MON40", "MON41", "MON48", "MON54", "MON55", "MON56" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C09", "conclusion": "Subjective wellness is often more sensitive to acute load than common objective markers. HRV-guided training has small, often non-significant group effects on performance. A composite of HRV, resting heart rate, and wellness is more defensible than HRV alone and is not proven superior to a well-built fixed plan.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "MON39", "MON42", "MON43", "MON44", "MON45", "MON46", "MON47", "MON57", "MON58" ], "anchor": "mon-c09", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "MON39", "MON42", "MON43", "TID34", "TID52", "MON46", "MON47", "PHY52", "MON58" ] }, { "claim_id": "MON-C10", "conclusion": "When metrics conflict, the repeated performance test and the internal response outrank the smoothed external-load score. The exact weekly checklist is a practical synthesis, not a tested package.", "grade": "Moderate evidence", "sources": [ "MON13", "MON19", "MON27", "MON39", "MON40" ], "anchor": "mon-c10", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "canonical_sources": [ "PHY49", "MON19", "MON27", "MON39", "MON40" ] } ], "searches": [ { "query": "(TITLE:mitochondri* OR ABSTRACT:mitochondri*) AND (dose-response OR meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND training AND FIRST_PDATE:[2022-01-01 TO 2026-10-02]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find 2022-2026 mitochondrial dose-response syntheses; identified Molmen 2025", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "AUTH:Molmen OR (TITLE:mitochondri* AND TITLE:capillar* AND meta-analysis)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate mitochondrial and capillary meta-regression", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "TITLE:critical power AND (MLSS OR metabolic steady state)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "CP versus MLSS non-equivalence", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "AUTH:Jamnick AND intensity; AUTH:Iannetta AND intensity", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Fixed-percentage prescription error", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "TITLE:gross efficiency AND cycling", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Efficiency training evidence", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "10% rule OR graded training AND running injury Nielsen OR Buist", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Test the 10% progression rule", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "professional cyclist training volume OR training characteristics", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Trained-cyclist volume evidence", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "TITLE:durability AND (cycling OR endurance)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Durability as a performance determinant", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "55% FTP OR 60% FTP endurance training cyclist", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Direct 55-60 vs 65-75% FTP trials; no hit", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "session duration OR twice daily endurance adaptation mitochondria", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "4 h versus split-session adaptation trials", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:39788807 Cove cyclist volume meta-regression", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:39788807&resultType=core&format=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve cyclist-only volume meta-regression", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "DOI:10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536", "url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC11319183", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Long versus split moderate session, full text", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "mitochondrial capillary dose-response exercise training meta-analysis OR meta-regression 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search update after restoration; no newer synthesis than Molmen 2025 verified", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "professional cyclist weekly training hours volume van Erp Sanders", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search discovery of weekly-hour papers; unverified weekly means not used", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "55% OR 60% FTP OR 65% FTP endurance training adaptation cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search for direct easy-intensity FTP trials; none verified", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "4-hour ride versus two 2-hour rides endurance cycling adaptation", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search discovery of Talsnes 2024; original full text then retrieved", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "Cove Chalmers training volume cyclists meta-regression", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39788807/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Complete Cove abstract from PubMed after Europe PMC truncation", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "Inglis Murias 2024 exercise training intensity domains VO2max", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38376995/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify domain-training trial population and outcomes", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "Sitko zone 2 training experts viewpoint PMID 40010355", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40010355/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify 2025 zone-2 expert commentary; adaptations not unique", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "PMID:42220588 Mateo-March WorldTour training characteristics before competitive phase", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13217385", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve parent-identified 2026 WorldTour weekly-hour paper in full text", "topic_file": "topics/physiology-volume-endurance.md", "topic_prefix": "PHY" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:42560532 OR DOI:10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42560532&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve Moran-MacDonald 2026 polarized vs HIIT cyclist trial", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS:polarized AND cycling PUB_YEAR 2018-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3Apolarized%20AND%20TITLE_ABS%3Atraining%20AND%20TITLE_ABS%3Acycling&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find recent polarized cycling trials", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS:training intensity distribution PUB_YEAR 2023-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22training%20intensity%20distribution%22%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2023%20TO%202026%5D&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2023-2026 TID update scan", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "block periodization endurance cyclist; reverse periodization; Sylta; Ronnestad", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate block, reverse, and interval-order trials", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "polarized vs pyramidal vs threshold training intensity distribution cyclists meta-analysis 2024 2025 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search discovery of 2024-2026 TID syntheses including Cove and Rosenblat IPD", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "Moran-MacDonald polarized versus high-intensity training moderately trained cyclists 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Confirm 2026 cyclist trial identity and DOI", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "WorldTour professional road cyclists training intensity distribution Mateo-March 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate professional cyclist TID paper", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "Cove Chalmers 2025 cyclists polarized classification PMID 39788807", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find Cove full text to verify classification rule rather than rely on search synthesis", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "Rosenblat 2025 IPD network meta-analysis PMID 39888556", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Confirm Rosenblat 2025 citation before extracting the abstract", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "24 vs 48 hours between high-intensity interval sessions endurance cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Search for spacing trials; Gross 2007 identified and then abstract-verified", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "PMID batch: Neal, Sylta 2016, Ronnestad 2014, Seiler 2007, Hickson, taper, HRV, frequency", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?resultType=core&format=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve abstracts for periodization, frequency, recovery, and maintenance claims", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "PMC13217385 and PMC11329428 fullTextXML", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13217385/fullTextXML", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify WorldTour zone table and Silva Oliveira subgroup estimates from full text", "topic_file": "topics/distribution-periodization-recovery.md", "topic_prefix": "TID" }, { "query": "AUTH:Rønnestad BR AND (interval OR VO2 OR cyclist)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3A%22R%C3%B8nnestad%20BR%22%20AND%20%28interval%20OR%20VO2%20OR%20cyclist%29&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=10", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify Rønnestad interval trials including 2024-2026 updates", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "AUTH:Sylta AND interval", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ASylta%20AND%20%28interval%20OR%20HIT%20OR%20high-intensity%29&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=12", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify 4/8/16 sequencing papers", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "TITLE:Short intervals AND cyclist", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22superior%20training%20adaptations%22%20AND%20interval&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=6", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate Rønnestad 2015 short vs long trial", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "power-output variation interval", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22power-output%20variation%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22power%20output%20variation%22%20AND%20interval&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=6", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate Bossi 2020 work-rate variation paper", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Similar Time Near VO2max work rate", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3A%22Turnes%20T%22%20AND%20interval&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=8", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate Wommer 2022 and related time-near-VO2max papers", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "time spent VO2max interval systematic review 2025-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22time%20spent%22%20AND%20%28VO2max%20OR%20%22peak%20oxygen%22%29%20AND%20interval&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=8", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find Schoenmakers 2026 and related acute time-near-VO2max reviews", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "40/20 HIIT cycling training trial", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%2240/20%22%20AND%20%28HIIT%20OR%20interval%20OR%20cycling%29&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=8", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Check whether a dedicated 40/20 cycling training trial exists; hits were mostly unrelated", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "PubMed batch of core interval abstracts", "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=24382021,31977120,32267032,32244222,34261134,33771941,40328438,27300278,28121800,21812820,17414804,10331896,12439086&retmode=xml", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve full PubMed abstracts after Europe PMC truncation", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Rønnestad short intervals superior training adaptations cyclists 30/15 4x5 effort-matched", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: discover original 2015 PDF and confirm 30/15 vs 4x5 protocol", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "fraction of maximal oxygen uptake interval training cycling performance gain Odden 2024", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: confirm Odden 2024 DOI and PMC full text", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Sylta Different High-Intensity Periodization Models 4 x 16 4 x 8 4 x 4 cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: confirm Sylta 2016 as the sequencing candidate", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "cycling interval training VO2max 30/15 OR time above 90 2025 OR 2026 cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: 2025-2026 update scan", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "PMID 31194601 interval cycling work rate VO2max", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: test suggested work-rate PMID; result was a case study mismatch", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "40/20 OR 5x5 OR 4x4 cycling interval training trial cyclists 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search: hunt missing named formats and 2025 5x4 heat trial", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "DOI:10.1111/sms.12165 PDF", "url": "https://www.paulogentil.com/pdf/Short%20intervals%20induce%20superior%20training%20adaptations%20compared%20with%20long%20intervals%20in%20cyclists%20%E2%80%93%20An%20effort-matched%20approach.pdf", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Read Rønnestad 2015 full text for protocol and outcomes not in the abstract", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "PMC11534653 fullTextXML Odden 2024", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11534653/fullTextXML", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify Odden regression, covariates, post-hoc split, and training-volume confound", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "efetch PMID 39977025 31194601", "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=39977025,31194601&retmode=xml", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify Boynton 2025 5x4 heat trial and reject PMID 31194601 as work-rate paper", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Hanstock interval training illness biomarkers cyclists", "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=Hanstock%5BAuthor%5D+AND+interval+training+AND+illness&retmode=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify Hanstock 40/20 paper suggested via Cove table", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a", "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a%5Bdoi%5D&retmode=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify the acute 30/15 MAP paper by DOI", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Hanstock Influence of Immune and Nutritional Biomarkers 4x8 40/20", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web search for Hanstock full text; numbers taken from the DiVA PDF, not the snippet", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Optimizing Interval Training at Power Output Associated With Peak Oxygen Uptake Ronnestad Hansen", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web search for the 2016 acute PDF; numbers taken from the PDF", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Hanstock accepted manuscript PDF", "url": "https://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A1313361/FULLTEXT01.pdf", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Read protocols and VO2peak result directly", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "Ronnestad Hansen 2016 optimizing interval PDF", "url": "https://paulogentil.com/pdf/Optimizing%20Interval%20Training%20at%20Power%20Output%20Associated%20With%20Peak%20Oxygen%20Uptake%20in%20Well-Trained%20Cyclists.pdf", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Read acute 30/15 vs Tmax protocols and time ≥90% results directly", "topic_file": "topics/vo2-intervals.md", "topic_prefix": "INT" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS:functional threshold power AND (cycling OR cyclists) AND PUB_YEAR 2016-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22functional+threshold+power%22+AND+%28cycling+OR+cyclists%29+AND+%28PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2016+TO+2026%5D%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=15", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "FTP validity, CP and MLSS agreement", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "TITLE:critical power AND (cycling OR exercise) 2016-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22critical+power%22+AND+%28cycling+OR+exercise%29+AND+%28PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2016+TO+2026%5D%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "CP reviews and MMSS papers", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "MLSS AND critical power 2015-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE_ABS%3A%22maximal+lactate+steady+state%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3AMLSS%29+AND+TITLE_ABS%3A%22critical+power%22&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "CP versus MLSS discrepancy", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS sweet spot AND cycling OR endurance 2010-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22sweet+spot%22+AND+%28cycling+OR+cyclist+OR+endurance%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Negative search for sweet-spot training trials; hits were unrelated", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS sweet spot AND (FTP OR functional threshold OR Coggan)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22sweet+spot%22+AND+%28FTP+OR+%22functional+threshold%22+OR+Coggan%29&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Second negative search; two hits, neither a cycling training trial", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "named recipes 2x20, 3x15, over-under intervals, sweet-spot AND cycl", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE_ABS%3A%222x20%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3A%222+%C3%97+20%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3A%223+%C3%97+15%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3A%22over-under+intervals%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3A%22sweet-spot%22%29+AND+cycl&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Negative search for named FTP recipes; one unrelated hit", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Seiler AND TITLE Adaptations AND interval", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ASeiler+AND+TITLE%3AAdaptations+AND+interval&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Seiler 2013 interval-duration trial", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Neal AND polarized AND cyclists", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ANeal+AND+polarized+AND+cyclists&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Polarised versus threshold cyclist crossover", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Stepto AND interval AND cycling", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AStepto+AND+interval+AND+cycling&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "1999 interval-format time-trial trial", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Laursen AND interval training AND cyclists AND optimization", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ALaursen+AND+%22interval+training%22+AND+cyclists&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "HIT optimisation in highly trained cyclists", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Rønnestad AND interval AND threshold AND cycling", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AR%C3%B8nnestad+AND+%28interval+OR+threshold%29+AND+cycling&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Short versus long interval cyclist trials and strength papers", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Helgerud AND interval AND lactate", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AHelgerud+AND+interval+AND+%28lactate+OR+threshold%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Work-matched threshold versus 4x4 running trial", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "carbohydrate periodization OR sleep low OR train low 2010-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3A%22train+low%22+OR+TITLE%3A%22carbohydrate+periodization%22+OR+TITLE%3A%22sleep+low%22%29+AND+endurance&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Sleep-low, Gejl, Impey", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "TITLE durability OR physiological resilience AND cycling 2018-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3Adurability+OR+TITLE%3A%22physiological+resilience%22%29+AND+%28cycling+OR+cyclists%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Initial durability search; first pass too broad, refined by author", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Spragg OR Maunder OR Leo OR Podlogar AND durability", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28AUTH%3ASpragg+OR+AUTH%3AMaunder+OR+AUTH%3A%22Leo+P%22+OR+AUTH%3APodlogar%29+AND+durability&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Maunder definition, Spragg season and lab papers, Stevenson", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Clark AND Vanhatalo AND critical power AND carbohydrate", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AClark+AND+AUTH%3AVanhatalo+AND+%22critical+power%22+AND+carbohydrate&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Clark 2019 CP decline and carbohydrate", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "(TITLE durability OR resilience) AND (cycling OR endurance) PUB_YEAR 2024-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3Adurability+OR+TITLE%3Aresilience%29+AND+%28cycling+OR+cyclists+OR+endurance%29+AND+%28PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2024+TO+2026%5D%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2024-2026 durability update; first pass noisy, followed by PMID retrieval", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "kJ durability OR prior work AND cyclist 2019-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE_ABS%3A%22prior+work%22+OR+TITLE_ABS%3A%22mean+maximal+power%22%29+AND+%28durability+OR+fatigue%29+AND+cyclist&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Found Sánchez-Jiménez review and Mateo-March reliability", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "EXT_ID batch of landmark PMIDs", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:33886100&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Core abstracts for FTP, threshold, durability and fueling papers listed in sources", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "durability cycling physiological resilience training 2025 2026 review", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search update scan; snippets not used as results", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "sweet spot training cycling FTP randomized trial OR over-under intervals cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search for recipe trials; no RCT of sweet spot or over-unders retrieved", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "critical power decline prolonged cycling carbohydrate Clark Jones 2019", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Pointed to Clark 2019; numbers confirmed on PubMed, not from the snippet", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "Voet durability cyclists training load eight weeks fatigued power output", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identified Voet 2025 PMID 40054482; results taken from publisher PDF", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "Matomäki durability training intervention endurance 2023 2024 2025", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identified Matomäki 2023 untrained intervention; results from PMC full text", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "PMID 42322010 cycling durability OR critical power", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identified Norte 2026 graded carbohydrate trial; results from PMC XML", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "long ride duration versus split sessions endurance training cyclists randomized 2024 2025 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "No cyclist chronic split-versus-continuous trial; found Talsnes 2024 running acute crossover and Mølmen 2025 MIT block", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "TITLE fasted AND meta-analysis AND exercise", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3Afasted+AND+%28meta-analysis+OR+%22systematic+review%22%29+AND+exercise&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Aird 2018 fasted versus fed meta-analysis", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "AUTH Valenzuela AND durability AND cyclist; AUTH Leo AND durability", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AValenzuela+AND+durability+AND+cyclist&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Mateo-March fatigue-matters and intensity-of-work papers", "topic_file": "topics/threshold-durability-long-rides.md", "topic_prefix": "DUR" }, { "query": "Europe PMC TITLE multiple transportable carbohydrates; Jeukendrup carbohydrate oxidation 2004-2016; Rowlands fructose maltodextrin", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22multiple%20transportable%20carbohydrates%22&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify original multiple-transportable carbohydrate oxidation and performance trials", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "Europe PMC sucrose oxidation glycogen cycling; train-low and sleep-low titles; Mountjoy REDs; hyponatremia consensus; Podlogar and Hearris 2020-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3APodlogar%20AND%20carbohydrate%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2020%20TO%202026%5D&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Primary sucrose, train-low, REDs, hydration, and high-dose carbohydrate identifiers", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "Europe PMC core abstracts by DOI for dose, sucrose, train-low, recovery, REDs, dental, and 2025-2026 papers", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A10.1186%2Fs12970-021-00435-3&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve abstracts used for quantitative claims", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "PMC full text Norte 2026 critical power; Jeukendrup 2014 SGLT1; Podlogar Wallis 2022 GLUT5; Wilson 2026 high-dose review; Main 2026 correction notice", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC13282445/fullTextXML", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Verify full-text numbers and transporter names not fully stated in abstracts", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "carbohydrate ingestion 90 OR 120 g/h cycling performance randomized 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2025-2026 high-dose carbohydrate update scan after web_search access restored; hits then retrieved via Europe PMC or PMC", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "train low OR carbohydrate periodization endurance performance meta-analysis OR review 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2024-2026 train-low update scan; Diaz-Lara, Prieto-Bellver, and Kripp then retrieved", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "Mountjoy 2023 IOC REDs consensus energy availability threshold", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate 2023 consensus; full text blocked, abstract and CAT2 companion used instead of an unverified 30 kcal quotation", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "Main 2026 low carbohydrate availability female cyclists DOI 10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve the flagged 2026 female cycling RCT abstract", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "Main 2026 correction DOI 10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4 Springer full text", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve actual correction content rather than the Europe PMC notice-only record", "topic_file": "topics/fueling-energy-availability.md", "topic_prefix": "FUEL" }, { "query": "(TITLE_ABS:\"sleep restriction\" OR TITLE_ABS:\"sleep deprivation\" OR TITLE_ABS:\"sleep loss\") AND (TITLE_ABS:endurance OR TITLE_ABS:athlete) AND PUB_YEAR:[2018 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22sleep+restriction%22+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Aathlete&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=15", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify sleep-loss performance reviews and athlete trials", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "sleep extension athletes systematic review", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22sleep+extension%22+AND+athlete&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate athlete sleep-extension trials and reviews including Mah, Silva, Roberts", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "napping athletic performance systematic review", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3Anapping+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Aathlete&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate nap meta-analyses and sleep-inertia reviews", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "sleep restriction OR deprivation sports performance systematic review 2025 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search update scan after restored access for 2025-2026 sleep reviews", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Sargent How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need 2021", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Confirm elite sleep-need observational study before using numbers from the retrieved abstract", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "AUTH:Scoon AND TITLE_ABS:sauna", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AScoon+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Asauna&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve the original post-exercise sauna runner trial", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "AUTH:Kirby AND sauna OR heat acclimation", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3AKirby+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Asauna&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve Kirby intermittent sauna and 4- vs 9-day female trials", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Rønnestad heat haemoglobin mass cyclists", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ARonnestad+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Aheat+AND+TITLE_ABS%3Ahaemoglobin&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve Rønnestad heat-training haemoglobin-mass trials rather than relying on memory", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "heat training hemoglobin mass review 2025 2026 cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2025-2026 update scan for heat-training and haemoglobin-mass papers", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Cubel heat suit training hemoglobin mass elite cyclists", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify Cubel time-course paper; numbers taken from subsequently retrieved abstract", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Jenkins hot water immersion haemoglobin mass passive heat runners 2025", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify passive hot-water haemoglobin-mass trial; numbers taken from retrieved abstract PMID 41267396", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Tyler heat adaptation meta-analysis; Zurawlew hot water; Lorenzo heat acclimation", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ATyler+AND+TITLE%3A%22heat+adaptation%22&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve classic heat-acclimation meta-analysis and cool-versus-hot performance trials", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "post-exercise heat exposure performance systematic review meta-analysis 2025", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3Aheat+AND+TITLE%3A%22meta-analysis%22+AND+PUB_YEAR%3A2025&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate Solomon 2025 and McDonald 2025 syntheses", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "iron deficiency hepcidin ferritin endurance athletes review 2025 2026 supplementation", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2025-2026 iron update scan; quantitative claims limited to retrieved abstracts", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "AUTH:Clenin iron; AUTH:Burden iron meta-analysis; AUTH:Peeling hepcidin", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22iron+deficiency+in+sports%22&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve iron consensus, supplementation meta-analysis, and hepcidin trials", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "Telford footstrike hemolysis running versus cycling", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Confirm cycling-versus-running haemolysis trial before citing the fourfold free-haemoglobin contrast", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "sweat iron losses exercise; heat acclimation sweat minerals; heat acclimation hepcidin", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22sweat+iron%22&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Quantify sweat iron and whether heat acclimation changes hepcidin", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "daytime napping physical performance athletes meta-analysis BJSM 2023", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify Mesas 2023 nap meta-analysis; effect sizes taken from retrieved abstract", "topic_file": "topics/sleep-heat-iron.md", "topic_prefix": "REC" }, { "query": "(TITLE:strength training OR resistance training OR heavy strength) AND (TITLE:cycling OR cyclist OR cyclists) AND (TITLE:review OR meta-analysis) AND PUB_YEAR:[2010 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3A%22strength%20training%22%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22resistance%20training%22%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22heavy%20strength%22%29%20AND%20%28TITLE%3Acycling%20OR%20TITLE%3Acyclist%20OR%20TITLE%3Acyclists%29%20AND%20%28TITLE%3Areview%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22meta-analysis%22%29%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2010%20TO%202026%5D&format=json&resultType=lite&pageSize=25", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find cyclist strength systematic reviews, including Llanos-Lagos 2025/2026", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "AUTH:Ronnestad AND (strength OR resistance) AND (cyclist OR cycling) AND PUB_YEAR:[2008 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3ARonnestad%20AND%20%28strength%20OR%20resistance%29%20AND%20%28cyclist%20OR%20cycling%29&format=json&resultType=lite", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Identify primary Ronnestad cyclist strength trials and the maintenance study", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "(TITLE:concurrent training OR interference) AND (TITLE:meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND PUB_YEAR:[2012 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3A%22concurrent%20training%22%20OR%20TITLE%3Ainterference%29%20AND%20%28TITLE%3A%22meta-analysis%22%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22systematic%20review%22%29%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2012%20TO%202026%5D&format=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate concurrent-training interference meta-analyses", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "(TITLE:warm-up OR warmup) AND (cycling OR cyclist OR time trial) AND PUB_YEAR:[2005 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3A%22warm-up%22%20OR%20TITLE%3Awarmup%29%20AND%20%28cycling%20OR%20cyclist%29%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2005%20TO%202026%5D&format=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find cycling warm-up trials with performance outcomes", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "(TITLE:static stretching OR dynamic stretching) AND (TITLE:meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND PUB_YEAR:[2010 TO 2026]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3A%22static%20stretching%22%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22dynamic%20stretching%22%29%20AND%20%28TITLE%3A%22meta-analysis%22%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22systematic%20review%22%29%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2010%20TO%202026%5D&format=json", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Find stretch meta-analyses for acute performance and injury", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "(TITLE:cyclist OR cyclists) AND (TITLE:strength OR resistance OR plyometric OR core OR warm-up OR stretching OR mobility) AND FIRST_PDATE:[2024-01-01 TO 2026-10-02]", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=%28TITLE%3Acyclist%20OR%20TITLE%3Acyclists%29%20AND%20%28TITLE%3Astrength%20OR%20TITLE%3Aresistance%20OR%20TITLE%3Aplyometric%20OR%20TITLE%3Acore%20OR%20TITLE%3A%22warm-up%22%20OR%20TITLE%3Astretching%20OR%20TITLE%3Amobility%29%20AND%20FIRST_PDATE%3A%5B2024-01-01%20TO%202026-10-02%5D&format=json&sort=P_PDATE_D%20desc", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2024-2026 update scan that found Barranco-Gil, Pallares, FIFA 11+, Vicari, and practice surveys", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "heavy strength training endurance cyclists systematic review meta-analysis 2025 2026 Llanos-Lagos", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search confirmation of Llanos-Lagos online 9 July 2025 and 2026 journal issue", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "cyclists off-bike versus on-bike resistance training Pallares Barranco-Gil 2025 time trial", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search check that the two 2025 papers are one programme and not a time-trial trial", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "FIFA 11+ warm-up cyclists injury prevention Panchal 2025 randomized", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search check of design and reporting limits in the FIFA 11+ cyclist paper", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "static stretching acute performance meta-analysis trained athletes 2024 2025 2026 Behm Kay", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Restored web_search discovery of Warneke 2024 multilevel stretch meta-analysis", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "glute activation band warm-up cycling performance injury 2024 2025 2026 systematic review", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Confirm no retrieved 2024-2026 systematic review of band glute activation for cycling performance or injury", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "concurrent training recovery interval 6 hours 24 hours meta-analysis cyclists 2023 2024 2025 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Update scan for a cyclist 6 h versus 24 h meta-analysis; none found. Led to Held 2026 abstract retrieval", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "Devantier-Thomas exercise-induced muscle damage cycling performance meta-analysis 2024", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Locate the 2024 cycling muscle-damage meta-analysis for DOMS scheduling", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:38735533 Warneke Lohmann stretch-induced force deficit", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735533/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve original abstract for acute static-stretch effect sizes", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:41762427 Held concurrent training umbrella review", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41762427/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve original abstract and confirm publication before 2026-10-02", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:38241464 Devantier-Thomas cycling muscle damage", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38241464/", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Retrieve original abstract for DOMS effects on cycling outcomes", "topic_file": "topics/strength-warmups-mobility.md", "topic_prefix": "STR" }, { "query": "TITLE_ABS:\"functional threshold power\" AND (cycling OR cyclist)", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22functional%20threshold%20power%22%20AND%20%28cycling%20OR%20cyclist%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=12", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "FTP validity and reliability in cyclists", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "TITLE:critical power AND (reliability OR validity) AND cycling", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE%3A%22critical%20power%22%20AND%20%28reliability%20OR%20validity%29%20AND%20cycling&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Critical-power test reliability", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "session-RPE training load", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22session-RPE%22%20AND%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22training%20load%22&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Session-RPE validation literature", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "TRIMP cycling OR endurance", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3ATRIMP%20AND%20%28cycling%20OR%20endurance%29&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Heart-rate training-impulse methods", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "HRV-guided training", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22heart%20rate%20variability%22%20AND%20guided%20AND%20training&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "HRV-guided training trials", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "Monitoring Athlete Training Loads consensus", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Monitoring%20Athlete%20Training%20Loads%22&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Bourdon consensus", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "Saw subjective monitoring athletes", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=AUTH%3A%22Saw%20AE%22%20AND%20TITLE_ABS%3Amonitoring&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Subjective wellness systematic review", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "acute:chronic workload pitfalls", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22acute%3Achronic%22%20AND%20workload%20AND%20pitfall&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "ACWR critique, not expanded into an injury system", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "cardiovascular drift cycling heart rate", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22cardiovascular%20drift%22%20AND%20%22heart%20rate%22&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Drift confounders for decoupling", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "training load cycling PUB_YEAR 2023-2026", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22training%20load%22%20AND%20cycling%20AND%20PUB_YEAR%3A%5B2023%20TO%202026%5D&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Recent cycling load papers", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "DOI:10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2026 3-min all-out systematic review", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "2026 cycling load-metric methodology review", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "EXT_ID:30300025 and EXT_ID:30958053", "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30300025&format=json&resultType=core", "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Professional cyclist TSS versus sRPE, kJ, and Lucia TRIMP", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "training load monitoring cycling TSS CTL session-RPE review 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search update scan after access restored; snippets not used as quantitative results", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "HRV-guided training endurance meta-analysis cyclists 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search check for a newer HRV meta-analysis; none retrieved beyond 2021 pools plus 2025-2026 primary/perspective papers", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "functional threshold power MLSS validity cyclists critical power 3-min all-out 2025 OR 2026", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search update scan for FTP and CP; quantitative claims taken only from subsequently retrieved abstracts or full text", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" }, { "query": "Banister TRIMP formula Edwards Lucia training impulse", "url": null, "checked_on": "2026-10-02", "purpose": "Web-search for original TRIMP coefficients; coefficients not copied because the cited chapter was not retrieved", "topic_file": "topics/load-monitoring.md", "topic_prefix": "MON" } ] }