Search and retrieval register¶

Reference contents · Methods · Bibliography

Queries and routes below are recorded discovery/access history, not a reproducible exhaustive systematic-review search. Some entries group related queries. A missing persistent URL is not replaced with an invented link. Source extraction/access is recorded separately in references.json; search summaries are not quantitative study evidence. General web search was restored during the investigation. Checked 2026-10-02.

Aerobic fitness, volume and easy intensity¶

PHY search 1¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:mitochondri* OR ABSTRACT:mitochondri*) AND (dose-response OR meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND training AND FIRST_PDATE:[2022-01-01 TO 2026-10-02]
Purpose / result: Find 2022-2026 mitochondrial dose-response syntheses; identified Molmen 2025
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 2¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Molmen OR (TITLE:mitochondri* AND TITLE:capillar* AND meta-analysis)
Purpose / result: Locate mitochondrial and capillary meta-regression
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 3¶

Recorded query: TITLE:critical power AND (MLSS OR metabolic steady state)
Purpose / result: CP versus MLSS non-equivalence
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 4¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Jamnick AND intensity; AUTH:Iannetta AND intensity
Purpose / result: Fixed-percentage prescription error
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 5¶

Recorded query: TITLE:gross efficiency AND cycling
Purpose / result: Efficiency training evidence
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 6¶

Recorded query: 10% rule OR graded training AND running injury Nielsen OR Buist
Purpose / result: Test the 10% progression rule
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 7¶

Recorded query: professional cyclist training volume OR training characteristics
Purpose / result: Trained-cyclist volume evidence
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 8¶

Recorded query: TITLE:durability AND (cycling OR endurance)
Purpose / result: Durability as a performance determinant
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 9¶

Recorded query: 55% FTP OR 60% FTP endurance training cyclist
Purpose / result: Direct 55-60 vs 65-75% FTP trials; no hit
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 10¶

Recorded query: session duration OR twice daily endurance adaptation mitochondria
Purpose / result: 4 h versus split-session adaptation trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 11¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:39788807 Cove cyclist volume meta-regression
Purpose / result: Retrieve cyclist-only volume meta-regression
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 12¶

Recorded query: DOI:10.3389/fphys.2024.1428536
Purpose / result: Long versus split moderate session, full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 13¶

Recorded query: mitochondrial capillary dose-response exercise training meta-analysis OR meta-regression 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search update after restoration; no newer synthesis than Molmen 2025 verified
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

PHY search 14¶

Recorded query: professional cyclist weekly training hours volume van Erp Sanders
Purpose / result: Web-search discovery of weekly-hour papers; unverified weekly means not used
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

PHY search 15¶

Recorded query: 55% OR 60% FTP OR 65% FTP endurance training adaptation cyclists
Purpose / result: Web-search for direct easy-intensity FTP trials; none verified
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

PHY search 16¶

Recorded query: 4-hour ride versus two 2-hour rides endurance cycling adaptation
Purpose / result: Web-search discovery of Talsnes 2024; original full text then retrieved
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

PHY search 17¶

Recorded query: Cove Chalmers training volume cyclists meta-regression
Purpose / result: Complete Cove abstract from PubMed after Europe PMC truncation
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 18¶

Recorded query: Inglis Murias 2024 exercise training intensity domains VO2max
Purpose / result: Verify domain-training trial population and outcomes
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 19¶

Recorded query: Sitko zone 2 training experts viewpoint PMID 40010355
Purpose / result: Verify 2025 zone-2 expert commentary; adaptations not unique
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

PHY search 20¶

Recorded query: PMID:42220588 Mateo-March WorldTour training characteristics before competitive phase
Purpose / result: Retrieve parent-identified 2026 WorldTour weekly-hour paper in full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

Distribution, periodization and recovery¶

TID search 1¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:42560532 OR DOI:10.1007/s00421-026-06380-w
Purpose / result: Retrieve Moran-MacDonald 2026 polarized vs HIIT cyclist trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

TID search 2¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS:polarized AND cycling PUB_YEAR 2018-2026
Purpose / result: Find recent polarized cycling trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

TID search 3¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS:training intensity distribution PUB_YEAR 2023-2026
Purpose / result: 2023-2026 TID update scan
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

TID search 4¶

Recorded query: block periodization endurance cyclist; reverse periodization; Sylta; Ronnestad
Purpose / result: Locate block, reverse, and interval-order trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

TID search 5¶

Recorded query: polarized vs pyramidal vs threshold training intensity distribution cyclists meta-analysis 2024 2025 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search discovery of 2024-2026 TID syntheses including Cove and Rosenblat IPD
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 6¶

Recorded query: Moran-MacDonald polarized versus high-intensity training moderately trained cyclists 2026
Purpose / result: Confirm 2026 cyclist trial identity and DOI
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 7¶

Recorded query: WorldTour professional road cyclists training intensity distribution Mateo-March 2026
Purpose / result: Locate professional cyclist TID paper
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 8¶

Recorded query: Cove Chalmers 2025 cyclists polarized classification PMID 39788807
Purpose / result: Find Cove full text to verify classification rule rather than rely on search synthesis
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 9¶

Recorded query: Rosenblat 2025 IPD network meta-analysis PMID 39888556
Purpose / result: Confirm Rosenblat 2025 citation before extracting the abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 10¶

Recorded query: 24 vs 48 hours between high-intensity interval sessions endurance cyclists
Purpose / result: Search for spacing trials; Gross 2007 identified and then abstract-verified
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

TID search 11¶

Recorded query: PMID batch: Neal, Sylta 2016, Ronnestad 2014, Seiler 2007, Hickson, taper, HRV, frequency
Purpose / result: Retrieve abstracts for periodization, frequency, recovery, and maintenance claims
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

TID search 12¶

Recorded query: PMC13217385 and PMC11329428 fullTextXML
Purpose / result: Verify WorldTour zone table and Silva Oliveira subgroup estimates from full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

VO₂-focused intervals¶

INT search 1¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Rønnestad BR AND (interval OR VO2 OR cyclist)
Purpose / result: Identify Rønnestad interval trials including 2024-2026 updates
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 2¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Sylta AND interval
Purpose / result: Identify 4/8/16 sequencing papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 3¶

Recorded query: TITLE:Short intervals AND cyclist
Purpose / result: Locate Rønnestad 2015 short vs long trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 4¶

Recorded query: power-output variation interval
Purpose / result: Locate Bossi 2020 work-rate variation paper
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 5¶

Recorded query: Similar Time Near VO2max work rate
Purpose / result: Locate Wommer 2022 and related time-near-VO2max papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 6¶

Recorded query: time spent VO2max interval systematic review 2025-2026
Purpose / result: Find Schoenmakers 2026 and related acute time-near-VO2max reviews
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 7¶

Recorded query: 40/20 HIIT cycling training trial
Purpose / result: Check whether a dedicated 40/20 cycling training trial exists; hits were mostly unrelated
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 8¶

Recorded query: PubMed batch of core interval abstracts
Purpose / result: Retrieve full PubMed abstracts after Europe PMC truncation
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 9¶

Recorded query: Rønnestad short intervals superior training adaptations cyclists 30/15 4x5 effort-matched
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: discover original 2015 PDF and confirm 30/15 vs 4x5 protocol
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 10¶

Recorded query: fraction of maximal oxygen uptake interval training cycling performance gain Odden 2024
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: confirm Odden 2024 DOI and PMC full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 11¶

Recorded query: Sylta Different High-Intensity Periodization Models 4 x 16 4 x 8 4 x 4 cyclists
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: confirm Sylta 2016 as the sequencing candidate
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 12¶

Recorded query: cycling interval training VO2max 30/15 OR time above 90 2025 OR 2026 cyclists
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: 2025-2026 update scan
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 13¶

Recorded query: PMID 31194601 interval cycling work rate VO2max
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: test suggested work-rate PMID; result was a case study mismatch
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 14¶

Recorded query: 40/20 OR 5x5 OR 4x4 cycling interval training trial cyclists 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: Restored web_search: hunt missing named formats and 2025 5x4 heat trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 15¶

Recorded query: DOI:10.1111/sms.12165 PDF
Purpose / result: Read Rønnestad 2015 full text for protocol and outcomes not in the abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 16¶

Recorded query: PMC11534653 fullTextXML Odden 2024
Purpose / result: Verify Odden regression, covariates, post-hoc split, and training-volume confound
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 17¶

Recorded query: efetch PMID 39977025 31194601
Purpose / result: Verify Boynton 2025 5x4 heat trial and reject PMID 31194601 as work-rate paper
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 18¶

Recorded query: Hanstock interval training illness biomarkers cyclists
Purpose / result: Identify Hanstock 40/20 paper suggested via Cove table
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 19¶

Recorded query: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a73e8a
Purpose / result: Identify the acute 30/15 MAP paper by DOI
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 20¶

Recorded query: Hanstock Influence of Immune and Nutritional Biomarkers 4x8 40/20
Purpose / result: Web search for Hanstock full text; numbers taken from the DiVA PDF, not the snippet
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 21¶

Recorded query: Optimizing Interval Training at Power Output Associated With Peak Oxygen Uptake Ronnestad Hansen
Purpose / result: Web search for the 2016 acute PDF; numbers taken from the PDF
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

INT search 22¶

Recorded query: Hanstock accepted manuscript PDF
Purpose / result: Read protocols and VO2peak result directly
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

INT search 23¶

Recorded query: Ronnestad Hansen 2016 optimizing interval PDF
Purpose / result: Read acute 30/15 vs Tmax protocols and time ≥90% results directly
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

Threshold, durability and long rides¶

DUR search 1¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS:functional threshold power AND (cycling OR cyclists) AND PUB_YEAR 2016-2026
Purpose / result: FTP validity, CP and MLSS agreement
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 2¶

Recorded query: TITLE:critical power AND (cycling OR exercise) 2016-2026
Purpose / result: CP reviews and MMSS papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 3¶

Recorded query: MLSS AND critical power 2015-2026
Purpose / result: CP versus MLSS discrepancy
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 4¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS sweet spot AND cycling OR endurance 2010-2026
Purpose / result: Negative search for sweet-spot training trials; hits were unrelated
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 5¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS sweet spot AND (FTP OR functional threshold OR Coggan)
Purpose / result: Second negative search; two hits, neither a cycling training trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 6¶

Recorded query: named recipes 2x20, 3x15, over-under intervals, sweet-spot AND cycl
Purpose / result: Negative search for named FTP recipes; one unrelated hit
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 7¶

Recorded query: AUTH Seiler AND TITLE Adaptations AND interval
Purpose / result: Seiler 2013 interval-duration trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 8¶

Recorded query: AUTH Neal AND polarized AND cyclists
Purpose / result: Polarised versus threshold cyclist crossover
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 9¶

Recorded query: AUTH Stepto AND interval AND cycling
Purpose / result: 1999 interval-format time-trial trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 10¶

Recorded query: AUTH Laursen AND interval training AND cyclists AND optimization
Purpose / result: HIT optimisation in highly trained cyclists
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 11¶

Recorded query: AUTH Rønnestad AND interval AND threshold AND cycling
Purpose / result: Short versus long interval cyclist trials and strength papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 12¶

Recorded query: AUTH Helgerud AND interval AND lactate
Purpose / result: Work-matched threshold versus 4x4 running trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 13¶

Recorded query: carbohydrate periodization OR sleep low OR train low 2010-2026
Purpose / result: Sleep-low, Gejl, Impey
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 14¶

Recorded query: TITLE durability OR physiological resilience AND cycling 2018-2026
Purpose / result: Initial durability search; first pass too broad, refined by author
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 15¶

Recorded query: AUTH Spragg OR Maunder OR Leo OR Podlogar AND durability
Purpose / result: Maunder definition, Spragg season and lab papers, Stevenson
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 16¶

Recorded query: AUTH Clark AND Vanhatalo AND critical power AND carbohydrate
Purpose / result: Clark 2019 CP decline and carbohydrate
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 17¶

Recorded query: (TITLE durability OR resilience) AND (cycling OR endurance) PUB_YEAR 2024-2026
Purpose / result: 2024-2026 durability update; first pass noisy, followed by PMID retrieval
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 18¶

Recorded query: kJ durability OR prior work AND cyclist 2019-2026
Purpose / result: Found Sánchez-Jiménez review and Mateo-March reliability
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 19¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID batch of landmark PMIDs
Purpose / result: Core abstracts for FTP, threshold, durability and fueling papers listed in sources
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 20¶

Recorded query: durability cycling physiological resilience training 2025 2026 review
Purpose / result: Restored web_search update scan; snippets not used as results
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 21¶

Recorded query: sweet spot training cycling FTP randomized trial OR over-under intervals cyclists
Purpose / result: Restored web_search for recipe trials; no RCT of sweet spot or over-unders retrieved
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 22¶

Recorded query: critical power decline prolonged cycling carbohydrate Clark Jones 2019
Purpose / result: Pointed to Clark 2019; numbers confirmed on PubMed, not from the snippet
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 23¶

Recorded query: Voet durability cyclists training load eight weeks fatigued power output
Purpose / result: Identified Voet 2025 PMID 40054482; results taken from publisher PDF
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 24¶

Recorded query: Matomäki durability training intervention endurance 2023 2024 2025
Purpose / result: Identified Matomäki 2023 untrained intervention; results from PMC full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 25¶

Recorded query: PMID 42322010 cycling durability OR critical power
Purpose / result: Identified Norte 2026 graded carbohydrate trial; results from PMC XML
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 26¶

Recorded query: long ride duration versus split sessions endurance training cyclists randomized 2024 2025 2026
Purpose / result: No cyclist chronic split-versus-continuous trial; found Talsnes 2024 running acute crossover and Mølmen 2025 MIT block
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

DUR search 27¶

Recorded query: TITLE fasted AND meta-analysis AND exercise
Purpose / result: Aird 2018 fasted versus fed meta-analysis
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

DUR search 28¶

Recorded query: AUTH Valenzuela AND durability AND cyclist; AUTH Leo AND durability
Purpose / result: Mateo-March fatigue-matters and intensity-of-work papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

Fueling and energy availability¶

FUEL search 1¶

Recorded query: Europe PMC TITLE multiple transportable carbohydrates; Jeukendrup carbohydrate oxidation 2004-2016; Rowlands fructose maltodextrin
Purpose / result: Identify original multiple-transportable carbohydrate oxidation and performance trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

FUEL search 2¶

Recorded query: Europe PMC sucrose oxidation glycogen cycling; train-low and sleep-low titles; Mountjoy REDs; hyponatremia consensus; Podlogar and Hearris 2020-2026
Purpose / result: Primary sucrose, train-low, REDs, hydration, and high-dose carbohydrate identifiers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

FUEL search 3¶

Recorded query: Europe PMC core abstracts by DOI for dose, sucrose, train-low, recovery, REDs, dental, and 2025-2026 papers
Purpose / result: Retrieve abstracts used for quantitative claims
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

FUEL search 4¶

Recorded query: PMC full text Norte 2026 critical power; Jeukendrup 2014 SGLT1; Podlogar Wallis 2022 GLUT5; Wilson 2026 high-dose review; Main 2026 correction notice
Purpose / result: Verify full-text numbers and transporter names not fully stated in abstracts
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

FUEL search 5¶

Recorded query: carbohydrate ingestion 90 OR 120 g/h cycling performance randomized 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: 2025-2026 high-dose carbohydrate update scan after web_search access restored; hits then retrieved via Europe PMC or PMC
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

FUEL search 6¶

Recorded query: train low OR carbohydrate periodization endurance performance meta-analysis OR review 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: 2024-2026 train-low update scan; Diaz-Lara, Prieto-Bellver, and Kripp then retrieved
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

FUEL search 7¶

Recorded query: Mountjoy 2023 IOC REDs consensus energy availability threshold
Purpose / result: Locate 2023 consensus; full text blocked, abstract and CAT2 companion used instead of an unverified 30 kcal quotation
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

FUEL search 8¶

Recorded query: Main 2026 low carbohydrate availability female cyclists DOI 10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3
Purpose / result: Retrieve the flagged 2026 female cycling RCT abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

FUEL search 9¶

Recorded query: Main 2026 correction DOI 10.1007/s00421-026-06340-4 Springer full text
Purpose / result: Retrieve actual correction content rather than the Europe PMC notice-only record
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

Sleep, heat and iron¶

REC search 1¶

Recorded query: (TITLE_ABS:"sleep restriction" OR TITLE_ABS:"sleep deprivation" OR TITLE_ABS:"sleep loss") AND (TITLE_ABS:endurance OR TITLE_ABS:athlete) AND PUB_YEAR:[2018 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Identify sleep-loss performance reviews and athlete trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 2¶

Recorded query: sleep extension athletes systematic review
Purpose / result: Locate athlete sleep-extension trials and reviews including Mah, Silva, Roberts
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 3¶

Recorded query: napping athletic performance systematic review
Purpose / result: Locate nap meta-analyses and sleep-inertia reviews
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 4¶

Recorded query: sleep restriction OR deprivation sports performance systematic review 2025 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search update scan after restored access for 2025-2026 sleep reviews
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 5¶

Recorded query: Sargent How Much Sleep Does an Elite Athlete Need 2021
Purpose / result: Confirm elite sleep-need observational study before using numbers from the retrieved abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 6¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Scoon AND TITLE_ABS:sauna
Purpose / result: Retrieve the original post-exercise sauna runner trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 7¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Kirby AND sauna OR heat acclimation
Purpose / result: Retrieve Kirby intermittent sauna and 4- vs 9-day female trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 8¶

Recorded query: Rønnestad heat haemoglobin mass cyclists
Purpose / result: Retrieve Rønnestad heat-training haemoglobin-mass trials rather than relying on memory
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 9¶

Recorded query: heat training hemoglobin mass review 2025 2026 cyclists
Purpose / result: 2025-2026 update scan for heat-training and haemoglobin-mass papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 10¶

Recorded query: Cubel heat suit training hemoglobin mass elite cyclists
Purpose / result: Identify Cubel time-course paper; numbers taken from subsequently retrieved abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 11¶

Recorded query: Jenkins hot water immersion haemoglobin mass passive heat runners 2025
Purpose / result: Identify passive hot-water haemoglobin-mass trial; numbers taken from retrieved abstract PMID 41267396
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 12¶

Recorded query: Tyler heat adaptation meta-analysis; Zurawlew hot water; Lorenzo heat acclimation
Purpose / result: Retrieve classic heat-acclimation meta-analysis and cool-versus-hot performance trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 13¶

Recorded query: post-exercise heat exposure performance systematic review meta-analysis 2025
Purpose / result: Locate Solomon 2025 and McDonald 2025 syntheses
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 14¶

Recorded query: iron deficiency hepcidin ferritin endurance athletes review 2025 2026 supplementation
Purpose / result: 2025-2026 iron update scan; quantitative claims limited to retrieved abstracts
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 15¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Clenin iron; AUTH:Burden iron meta-analysis; AUTH:Peeling hepcidin
Purpose / result: Retrieve iron consensus, supplementation meta-analysis, and hepcidin trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 16¶

Recorded query: Telford footstrike hemolysis running versus cycling
Purpose / result: Confirm cycling-versus-running haemolysis trial before citing the fourfold free-haemoglobin contrast
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

REC search 17¶

Recorded query: sweat iron losses exercise; heat acclimation sweat minerals; heat acclimation hepcidin
Purpose / result: Quantify sweat iron and whether heat acclimation changes hepcidin
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

REC search 18¶

Recorded query: daytime napping physical performance athletes meta-analysis BJSM 2023
Purpose / result: Identify Mesas 2023 nap meta-analysis; effect sizes taken from retrieved abstract
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

Strength, warm-ups and mobility¶

STR search 1¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:strength training OR resistance training OR heavy strength) AND (TITLE:cycling OR cyclist OR cyclists) AND (TITLE:review OR meta-analysis) AND PUB_YEAR:[2010 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Find cyclist strength systematic reviews, including Llanos-Lagos 2025/2026
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 2¶

Recorded query: AUTH:Ronnestad AND (strength OR resistance) AND (cyclist OR cycling) AND PUB_YEAR:[2008 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Identify primary Ronnestad cyclist strength trials and the maintenance study
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 3¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:concurrent training OR interference) AND (TITLE:meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND PUB_YEAR:[2012 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Locate concurrent-training interference meta-analyses
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 4¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:warm-up OR warmup) AND (cycling OR cyclist OR time trial) AND PUB_YEAR:[2005 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Find cycling warm-up trials with performance outcomes
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 5¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:static stretching OR dynamic stretching) AND (TITLE:meta-analysis OR systematic review) AND PUB_YEAR:[2010 TO 2026]
Purpose / result: Find stretch meta-analyses for acute performance and injury
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 6¶

Recorded query: (TITLE:cyclist OR cyclists) AND (TITLE:strength OR resistance OR plyometric OR core OR warm-up OR stretching OR mobility) AND FIRST_PDATE:[2024-01-01 TO 2026-10-02]
Purpose / result: 2024-2026 update scan that found Barranco-Gil, Pallares, FIFA 11+, Vicari, and practice surveys
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 7¶

Recorded query: heavy strength training endurance cyclists systematic review meta-analysis 2025 2026 Llanos-Lagos
Purpose / result: Restored web_search confirmation of Llanos-Lagos online 9 July 2025 and 2026 journal issue
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 8¶

Recorded query: cyclists off-bike versus on-bike resistance training Pallares Barranco-Gil 2025 time trial
Purpose / result: Restored web_search check that the two 2025 papers are one programme and not a time-trial trial
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 9¶

Recorded query: FIFA 11+ warm-up cyclists injury prevention Panchal 2025 randomized
Purpose / result: Restored web_search check of design and reporting limits in the FIFA 11+ cyclist paper
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 10¶

Recorded query: static stretching acute performance meta-analysis trained athletes 2024 2025 2026 Behm Kay
Purpose / result: Restored web_search discovery of Warneke 2024 multilevel stretch meta-analysis
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 11¶

Recorded query: glute activation band warm-up cycling performance injury 2024 2025 2026 systematic review
Purpose / result: Confirm no retrieved 2024-2026 systematic review of band glute activation for cycling performance or injury
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 12¶

Recorded query: concurrent training recovery interval 6 hours 24 hours meta-analysis cyclists 2023 2024 2025 2026
Purpose / result: Update scan for a cyclist 6 h versus 24 h meta-analysis; none found. Led to Held 2026 abstract retrieval
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 13¶

Recorded query: Devantier-Thomas exercise-induced muscle damage cycling performance meta-analysis 2024
Purpose / result: Locate the 2024 cycling muscle-damage meta-analysis for DOMS scheduling
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

STR search 14¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:38735533 Warneke Lohmann stretch-induced force deficit
Purpose / result: Retrieve original abstract for acute static-stretch effect sizes
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 15¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:41762427 Held concurrent training umbrella review
Purpose / result: Retrieve original abstract and confirm publication before 2026-10-02
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

STR search 16¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:38241464 Devantier-Thomas cycling muscle damage
Purpose / result: Retrieve original abstract for DOMS effects on cycling outcomes
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

Load and adaptation monitoring¶

MON search 1¶

Recorded query: TITLE_ABS:"functional threshold power" AND (cycling OR cyclist)
Purpose / result: FTP validity and reliability in cyclists
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 2¶

Recorded query: TITLE:critical power AND (reliability OR validity) AND cycling
Purpose / result: Critical-power test reliability
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 3¶

Recorded query: session-RPE training load
Purpose / result: Session-RPE validation literature
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 4¶

Recorded query: TRIMP cycling OR endurance
Purpose / result: Heart-rate training-impulse methods
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 5¶

Recorded query: HRV-guided training
Purpose / result: HRV-guided training trials
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 6¶

Recorded query: Monitoring Athlete Training Loads consensus
Purpose / result: Bourdon consensus
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 7¶

Recorded query: Saw subjective monitoring athletes
Purpose / result: Subjective wellness systematic review
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 8¶

Recorded query: acute:chronic workload pitfalls
Purpose / result: ACWR critique, not expanded into an injury system
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 9¶

Recorded query: cardiovascular drift cycling heart rate
Purpose / result: Drift confounders for decoupling
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 10¶

Recorded query: training load cycling PUB_YEAR 2023-2026
Purpose / result: Recent cycling load papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 11¶

Recorded query: DOI:10.1007/s00421-026-06356-w
Purpose / result: 2026 3-min all-out systematic review
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 12¶

Recorded query: DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0028
Purpose / result: 2026 cycling load-metric methodology review
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 13¶

Recorded query: EXT_ID:30300025 and EXT_ID:30958053
Purpose / result: Professional cyclist TSS versus sRPE, kJ, and Lucia TRIMP
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: retrieval endpoint

MON search 14¶

Recorded query: training load monitoring cycling TSS CTL session-RPE review 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search update scan after access restored; snippets not used as quantitative results
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

MON search 15¶

Recorded query: HRV-guided training endurance meta-analysis cyclists 2024 OR 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search check for a newer HRV meta-analysis; none retrieved beyond 2021 pools plus 2025-2026 primary/perspective papers
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

MON search 16¶

Recorded query: functional threshold power MLSS validity cyclists critical power 3-min all-out 2025 OR 2026
Purpose / result: Web-search update scan for FTP and CP; quantitative claims taken only from subsequently retrieved abstracts or full text
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

MON search 17¶

Recorded query: Banister TRIMP formula Edwards Lucia training impulse
Purpose / result: Web-search for original TRIMP coefficients; coefficients not copied because the cited chapter was not retrieved
Checked: 2026-10-02
Recorded route: no persistent result URL in the extraction log; see the cited source records for direct retrieval.

Parent reconciliation¶

Retrieved Cove’s original PDF to verify classification, sex-specific study-mean inclusion, search-close date and internal numerical discrepancies. Those limitations were propagated into the physiology/distribution/durability chapters.
Retrieved the original Europe PMC abstract for PMID 42560532 to integrate the six-week randomized added-volume trial into PHY-C05; DOI metadata alone did not supply an abstract.
Independent reviews checked the higher-risk interval/durability/monitoring and nutrition/heat/iron/strength claims against original sources; corrected protocol, formulation, validity-versus-repeatability and source-reporting inconsistencies are retained in the chapters and extractions.